Suchergebnisse

The central subject of this thesis concerns the developments of the electoral rule in postcommunistregimes and discusses the contribution of these changes to the democratization ofpolitical systems of Southeast Europe, from a sample of states (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia,Romania and Serbia-Montenegro). Democratic transition and regime change involves theconstruction of a new political legitimacy. This legitimacy is through elections that are at theheart of democracy. This work seeks to understand how the rules are chosen these elections.The choice of electoral system is, to a large extent, the result of several processes. The focus onthe determinants of adoption and electoral reform to understanding the motivations and goalsof the developments of the electoral rule in post-communist Europe. The study of the reformedlegislation and behavior analysis of electoral allow players to see that the political leaders haveoften bypassed the democratic sense of the electoral standard. In this sample of countries,changes in the electoral rule had consequences on the number of political parties represented inParliament. Regime change has favored the alternation of parliamentary and electoralmajorities. This alternation shows that the democratic principles of elections contribute to thedemocratic stabilization, even if the context and the political stakes in this region favor a relativeinstability of parliamentary and government majority. ; Le sujet central de cette thèse concerne les évolutions de la règle électorale dans les régimespost-communistes et traite de la contribution de ces évolutions à la démocratisation dessystèmes politiques de l'Europe du Sud-Est, à partir d'un échantillon d'Etats (Albanie,Bulgarie, Macédoine, Roumanie et Serbie-Monténégro). La transition démocratique et lechangement de régime impliquent la construction d'une nouvelle légitimité politique. Cettelégitimité passe par les élections qui sont au coeur de la démocratie. Ce travail cherche àcomprendre comment sont choisies les règles régissant ces ...

It is difficult to categorize the concept of Prodigality: between madness, weakness of mind or a simple trait of character. The legislator hesitates not only about the solution to be adopted but also about the need to intervene.The Romans were undoubtedly the first to define and codify the curatorship of the prodigals in the law of the XII Tables by implementing the legal inability of the prodigal.The society of the Ancien Régime is a fertile ground for the development of prodigality. Indeed, both the bourgeoisie and the nobles wish to protect their wealth from the voracity of an heir. The former legal inability due to prodigality is then exhumed alongside other devices, constituting a real arsenal available to families.The relatives are ruthless, sometimes using very easily the legal measures at their disposal against the one who endangers the durability of the family inheritance. With prodigality, often associated with other failings such as gambling, debauchery, drunkenness or idleness, modes of neutralization become privileged tools not only to put an end to excessive spending but also to control attitudes that disturb the social order on which Ancien Régime society is based. The extension of the legal inability to "madly" remarried widows to persons too far from their social condition (article 182 of the Blois Ordinance of 1579), regardless of any prodigality, is a perfect illustration of this.Despite the changes made to the legal inability during the Ancien Régime, this provision has critical flaws (cost and length of the procedure, humiliating nature, difficulty in providing proof of prodigality, uncertain outcome) which will lead families to turn away from it. Thus, the excesses of the prodigals are sometimes curbed by a separation of property between husband and wife, an unofficial disinheritance , a fideicommissum , a promise to keep the succession or a confinement.The excesses of families are denounced by the Enlightenment. Thus, the royal power supervises certain devices more strictly and the ...

It is difficult to categorize the concept of Prodigality: between madness, weakness of mind or a simple trait of character. The legislator hesitates not only about the solution to be adopted but also about the need to intervene.The Romans were undoubtedly the first to define and codify the curatorship of the prodigals in the law of the XII Tables by implementing the legal inability of the prodigal.The society of the Ancien Régime is a fertile ground for the development of prodigality. Indeed, both the bourgeoisie and the nobles wish to protect their wealth from the voracity of an heir. The former legal inability due to prodigality is then exhumed alongside other devices, constituting a real arsenal available to families.The relatives are ruthless, sometimes using very easily the legal measures at their disposal against the one who endangers the durability of the family inheritance. With prodigality, often associated with other failings such as gambling, debauchery, drunkenness or idleness, modes of neutralization become privileged tools not only to put an end to excessive spending but also to control attitudes that disturb the social order on which Ancien Régime society is based. The extension of the legal inability to "madly" remarried widows to persons too far from their social condition (article 182 of the Blois Ordinance of 1579), regardless of any prodigality, is a perfect illustration of this.Despite the changes made to the legal inability during the Ancien Régime, this provision has critical flaws (cost and length of the procedure, humiliating nature, difficulty in providing proof of prodigality, uncertain outcome) which will lead families to turn away from it. Thus, the excesses of the prodigals are sometimes curbed by a separation of property between husband and wife, an unofficial disinheritance , a fideicommissum , a promise to keep the succession or a confinement.The excesses of families are denounced by the Enlightenment. Thus, the royal power supervises certain devices more strictly and the magistrates themselves are reluctant to pronounce prohibitions for simple prodigals. To compensate for this lack, they are even at the origin of an original provision: the judicial council.With the Revolution, the question arose whether to continue interfering with the prodigal's affairs. In any case, if there is a neutralisation measure, it must respect individual freedoms and the right to property.After fierce debates, the preparatory work reveals that, the prodigal will continue to benefit from legal protection by transposing into the civil code the jurisprudential creation of the judicial council.This study will examine the different legal techniques available but also the foundations that have innervated legislation, jurisdictional activity and doctrine. ; Les romains furent sans doute les premiers à définir et codifier la curatelle des prodigues dans la loi des XII Tables en plaçant le prodigue en interdiction.La société d'Ancien Régime constitue un terreau idéal au développement de la prodigalité. En effet, les bourgeois comme les nobles souhaitent protéger leurs richesses de la voracité d'un héritier. L'antique interdiction pour cause de prodigalité est alors exhumée aux côtés d'autres dispositifs constituant ainsi un véritable arsenal mis à disposition des familles.La parentèle se montre impitoyable, usant parfois avec légèreté de l'une de ses dispositions à l'encontre de celui qui met en danger la pérennité du patrimoine familial. Avec la prodigalité, souvent associés à d'autres travers comme le jeu, la débauche, l'ivrognerie ou l'oisiveté, les modes de neutralisation deviennent des outils privilégiés non plus uniquement pour mettre un terme aux dépenses excessives mais également pour contrôler des attitudes qui dérangent l'ordre social sur lequel la société d'Ancien Régime repose. L'extension de l'interdiction aux veuves « follement » remariées à des personnes trop éloignées de leurs conditions (article 182 de l'ordonnance de Blois de 1579), indépendamment de toute prodigalité, en est une parfaite illustration.Malgré les modifications apportées à l'interdiction au cours de l'Ancien Régime, cette disposition porte en elle des vices rédhibitoires (coût et longueur de la procédure, caractère humiliant, difficulté de rapporter la preuve de la prodigalité, issue incertaine) qui conduiront les familles à s'en détourner. Ainsi, les excès des prodigues sont parfois jugulés par une séparation de biens entre mari et femme, une exhérédation officieuse, une substitution fidéicommissaire, une promesse de garder succession ou un enfermement.Les excès des familles sont dénoncés par les Lumières. Ainsi, le pouvoir royal encadre plus strictement certains dispositifs et les magistrats eux-mêmes rechignent à prononcer des interdictions pour de simples prodigues. Pour pallier à ce manque, ils sont à l'origine d'une disposition originale : le conseil judiciaire.Avec la révolution, la question se pose de savoir s'il faut intervenir dans les affaires du prodigue. En tout état de cause si mesure de neutralisation il y a, il faudra qu'elle respecte les libertés individuelles et le droit de propriété. Les travaux préparatoires du code civil révèlent, qu'après d'âpres débats, le prodigue continuera de bénéficier d'une protection juridique transposant dans le code la création jurisprudentielle du conseil judiciaire.Cette étude propose d'examiner les différentes techniques juridiques mises en place mais également les fondements qui ont innervé législation, activité juridictionnelle et doctrine.

The Armenian poet Yeghishe Charents (1897-1937) becomes victim of Stalin's repressions in the Thirties. Charents is already known as a poet when the revolution bursts in Russia. He sees in the revolution the saver of his people with the tragic destiny. Like many of his contemporaries he believes in the humanistic ideals of Lenin. However, the totalitarian power of Stalin changes his political views. His poetry reflects his concerns. In 1933, the collection of poems Book of the way, a report of his poetic vision of the new society, as well as the education of the Soviet man, is censored. It is published with changes. Charents, the poet actively involved in a number of social issues, cannot hide his dissension and disillusion with respect to the political power. He bespeaks through his poetry. The repressive system does not leave him any more in peace. He is accused of being a contra-revolutionist, trotskyist, nationalist, terrorist. In July 1936, he is put under house arrest. Poetry remains the sole space where he thinks and writes freely. Ill and aware of the imminence of his death, he survives in his universe of visions thanks to his poetry.The argumentation of this doctoral thesis is built on the literary analysis of the texts in the corpus: the Book of the way and the poetic texts of 1935 to 1937. A concise study of the historical-political context of his poetry and a literary analysis of his work before 1933 are also proposed. This allows to better perceive the complexity of the relations between the poet-individual and his time and, finally joins all the elements necessary for the translation, which is an objective of this doctoral study. ; Le poète arménien Yéghiché Tcharents (1897-1937) devient victime des répressions staliniennes des années 30. Tcharents est déjà un poète connu lorsque la révolution éclate en Russie. Il voit dans la révolution le sauveur de son peuple au destin tragique. Il croit aux idéaux humanistes de Lénine comme beaucoup de ses contemporains. Cependant, le pouvoir totalitaire de ...

The Armenian poet Yeghishe Charents (1897-1937) becomes victim of Stalin's repressions in the Thirties. Charents is already known as a poet when the revolution bursts in Russia. He sees in the revolution the saver of his people with the tragic destiny. Like many of his contemporaries he believes in the humanistic ideals of Lenin. However, the totalitarian power of Stalin changes his political views. His poetry reflects his concerns. In 1933, the collection of poems Book of the way, a report of his poetic vision of the new society, as well as the education of the Soviet man, is censored. It is published with changes. Charents, the poet actively involved in a number of social issues, cannot hide his dissension and disillusion with respect to the political power. He bespeaks through his poetry. The repressive system does not leave him any more in peace. He is accused of being a contra-revolutionist, trotskyist, nationalist, terrorist. In July 1936, he is put under house arrest. Poetry remains the sole space where he thinks and writes freely. Ill and aware of the imminence of his death, he survives in his universe of visions thanks to his poetry.The argumentation of this doctoral thesis is built on the literary analysis of the texts in the corpus: the Book of the way and the poetic texts of 1935 to 1937. A concise study of the historical-political context of his poetry and a literary analysis of his work before 1933 are also proposed. This allows to better perceive the complexity of the relations between the poet-individual and his time and, finally joins all the elements necessary for the translation, which is an objective of this doctoral study. ; Le poète arménien Yéghiché Tcharents (1897-1937) devient victime des répressions staliniennes des années 30. Tcharents est déjà un poète connu lorsque la révolution éclate en Russie. Il voit dans la révolution le sauveur de son peuple au destin tragique. Il croit aux idéaux humanistes de Lénine comme beaucoup de ses contemporains. Cependant, le pouvoir totalitaire de ...

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/lex_social/article/view/3487 ; L¿ordonnance du 22 septembre 2017, ratifiée par la loi n° 2018-217 du 29 mars 2018, a introduit dans l¿article L. 1235-2 du Code du travail que l'irrégularité que constitue une insuffisance de motivation de la lettre de licenciement n¿ira pas priver, elle toute seule, le licenciement par cause réelle et sérieuse. La législation française est en face à un nouveau régime légal concernant la lettre de licenciement. Des difficultés autour du concept juridique d¿irrégularité de motivation à propos de la forme de la lettre sont envisagées. Il y a, en effet, l¿introduction d¿une relativisation des précisions de la lettre de licenciement, fait qui demande une majeure réflexion à propos de la sécurité juridique qui doit être assurée aux salariés et employeurs ; The ¿ordonnance¿ of September 22nd, 2017, ratified by the law n ° 2018-217 of March 29th, 2018, introduced, in the article L. 1235-2 of the Labor Code, that the irregularity that constitutes an insufficient motivation for a dismissal letter will not, on its own, deprive the dismissal by a real and serious cause. French legislation is facing a new legal regime concerning the dismissal letter. Difficulties around the legal concept of the irregularity of the motivation concerning this letter are envisaged. There is, in fact, a change in the regime of dismissal letter which requires major reflection about legal security to employees and employers. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Why is prison one of the seamy side of our democracies? This thesis try to highlight the logicsbehind the construction of an institution which produces asymmetrical power relationship andcauses suffering among the prisoners, based on a study of prison during the French Revolution. Thisperiod allows us to reveal the political issue at stake, because it inherited philanthropic trends whilerenewing, in confronting the facts, the desire for humanity; it also developed various models of theRepublic.The Carceral, the "actual experience of enclosure, constraint and exclusion, for the prisoner, by thejailer, through the power relationship that brings them together", is an unstable structure that issocially constructed. In order to understand how the practices and the intentions have shaped theCarceral, our research focused on the history of emotions and was conducted with an approach ofscales variations. Three parts implemented this point of view, using the Archives Parlementairesand the clerical archives of the Nord department and Nord cities.The first part renders the prism through which reformers envisioned prison during the ConstituentAssembly; the project aiming at humanizing penalties was fraught with contradictions as itfluctuated between new usages of the Law, the subversion of the institution and practices tomaintain social order. The second part explores the variations in republican perceptions of theprotagonists with regard to the state of prisons and of prisoners: it highlights the specific sensibilityof the sequence of An II. Then, keeping as close as possible to the prisoners and jailers, the object isto understand what chains of concrete causality and what mental processes of legitimization bringabout some non-republican incarceration regimes within a "liberal" incarceration regime. ; Pourquoi la prison est-elle une des parts d'ombre de nos démocraties ? Cette thèse tente d'éclairerles logiques de fabrique de l'institution, productrice d'une relation de pouvoir asymétrique et desouffrance pour les ...

Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics, which enables extensive knowledge of the DNA of living entities, has transformed the way in which living entities are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the targeted field of animal genetic improvement, practices of actors. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of the genetic resources. In a comparative perspective between France, Ireland and The Netherlands, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the plurality of institutional arrangements pertaining to the Holstein cattle breed's genomic selection. This thesis is situated within the recent evolutions of the neo-institutional theory focused on organizational heterogeneity and materiality of institutions. Firstly, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Secondly, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of production strategies and exchanges related to genetic resources (both biological and informational forms). These models emphasize a variety of property forms of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (Ireland) or weakening (France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics. ; Depuis les années 2000, le développement de la génomique, permettant une connaissance étendue de l'ADN des êtres vivants, transforme la façon dont ceux-ci sont évalués, sélectionnés (sélection génomique des plantes et animaux) et mis en marché. ...

Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics, which enables extensive knowledge of the DNA of living entities, has transformed the way in which living entities are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the targeted field of animal genetic improvement, practices of actors. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of the genetic resources. In a comparative perspective between France, Ireland and The Netherlands, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the plurality of institutional arrangements pertaining to the Holstein cattle breed's genomic selection. This thesis is situated within the recent evolutions of the neo-institutional theory focused on organizational heterogeneity and materiality of institutions. Firstly, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Secondly, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of production strategies and exchanges related to genetic resources (both biological and informational forms). These models emphasize a variety of property forms of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that actors' roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (Ireland) or weakening (France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics. ; Depuis les années 2000, le développement de la génomique, permettant une connaissance étendue de l'ADN des êtres vivants, transforme la façon dont ceux-ci sont évalués, sélectionnés (sélection génomique des plantes et animaux) et mis en marché. Couplée à des changements politiques et règlementaires, cette technologie contribue à faire évoluer les arrangements institutionnels dans le champ étudié ici de l'amélioration génétique animale, aussi bien au niveau des dispositifs nationaux que des pratiques des acteurs. La libéralisation en cours questionne notamment la dimension collective de la production du progrès génétique et les droits de propriétés sur les ressources génétiques. Dans une perspective comparative entre la France, l'Irlande et les Pays-Bas, cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser la pluralité des arrangements institutionnels établis dans le champ de la sélection génomique de la race bovine Holstein. Elle mobilise les évolutions récentes de la théorie néo-institutionnelle s'intéressant à l'hétérogénéité organisationnelle et à la matérialité des institutions. Premièrement, elle met en évidence trois régimes institutionnels qui révèlent des arrangements différents notamment entre organisations publiques et privées. Deuxièmement, cette diversité d'arrangements est précisée par l'analyse des instruments contractuels entre entreprises de sélection et éleveurs via des modèles d'organisation de la production et des échanges de ressources génétiques (sous leurs formes biologiques et informationnelles). Ces modèles illustrent la diversité des formes de propriété dont ces ressources génétiques font l'objet entre éleveurs et entreprises et, montrent que les rôles respectifs de ces acteurs sont redéfinis. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le développement d'une logique libérale (Pays-Bas) en dualité avec le renforcement (Irlande) ou la fragilisation (France) d'une logique coopérative de production du progrès génétique.

In the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market .) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by ...

International audience ; There is a diverse range of community-based conservation projects, from a top-down process with projects initiated by national and international institutions to a bottom-up process based on trial and error. In every conservation project, new actors appear, new messages are spread, and each person takes these messages in their own way. As a part of an interdisciplinary study focused on the interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus), habitats and humans in a community-based conservation area initiated and led by the Congolese NGO Mbou-Mon-tour in the Bolobo Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo), we analyzed the evolution of the local status of bonobos: bonobos as animals with relevance to legal regimes, economic activities, and ecological research and education. Locally, the MMT conservation project has sought to bolster a waning taboo on the eating of bonobos, complementing it with on bonobos and has strengthened it with national and international laws on bonobo protection. Bonobos are thus central to new rules and norms, including the creation of community defined protected forests. Secondly, whereas bonobos were previously widely seen as negative or unnecessary -because not eaten and associated to a bad omen- they are now considered as a driving force for local development. Finally, the interactions between the different actors (local people, conservationists, scientists…) imply a hybridization of traditional and scientific knowledge, contributing to the evolution of the knowledge of each actor. These preliminary results are probably a sign of deeper changes. Our implication in the conservation project and the development of a long-term study site focused on bonobos constitute challenges for the further analysis of the role played by the different actors. In the future, a study by a conservation anthropologist would allow to complete this first analysis and permit a better understanding of the places of conflicts and of collaborations as regards this conservation projec ; Alors que ...

International audience There is a diverse range of community-based conservation projects, from a top-down process with projects initiated by national and international institutions to a bottom-up process based on trial and error. In every conservation project, new actors appear, new messages are spread, and each person takes these messages in their own way. As a part of an interdisciplinary study focused on the interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus), habitats and humans in a community-based conservation area initiated and led by the Congolese NGO Mbou-Mon-tour in the Bolobo Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo), we analyzed the evolution of the local status of bonobos: bonobos as animals with relevance to legal regimes, economic activities, and ecological research and education. Locally, the MMT conservation project has sought to bolster a waning taboo on the eating of bonobos, complementing it with on bonobos and has strengthened it with national and international laws on bonobo protection. Bonobos are thus central to new rules and norms, including the creation of community defined protected forests. Secondly, whereas bonobos were previously widely seen as negative or unnecessary -because not eaten and associated to a bad omen- they are now considered as a driving force for local development. Finally, the interactions between the different actors (local people, conservationists, scientists…) imply a hybridization of traditional and scientific knowledge, contributing to the evolution of the knowledge of each actor. These preliminary results are probably a sign of deeper changes. Our implication in the conservation project and the development of a long-term study site focused on bonobos constitute challenges for the further analysis of the role played by the different actors. In the future, a study by a conservation anthropologist would allow to complete this first analysis and permit a better understanding of the places of conflicts and of collaborations as regards this conservation projec ; Alors que la ...

International audience ; There is a diverse range of community-based conservation projects, from a top-down process with projects initiated by national and international institutions to a bottom-up process based on trial and error. In every conservation project, new actors appear, new messages are spread, and each person takes these messages in their own way. As a part of an interdisciplinary study focused on the interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus), habitats and humans in a community-based conservation area initiated and led by the Congolese NGO Mbou-Mon-tour in the Bolobo Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo), we analyzed the evolution of the local status of bonobos: bonobos as animals with relevance to legal regimes, economic activities, and ecological research and education. Locally, the MMT conservation project has sought to bolster a waning taboo on the eating of bonobos, complementing it with on bonobos and has strengthened it with national and international laws on bonobo protection. Bonobos are thus central to new rules and norms, including the creation of community defined protected forests. Secondly, whereas bonobos were previously widely seen as negative or unnecessary -because not eaten and associated to a bad omen- they are now considered as a driving force for local development. Finally, the interactions between the different actors (local people, conservationists, scientists…) imply a hybridization of traditional and scientific knowledge, contributing to the evolution of the knowledge of each actor. These preliminary results are probably a sign of deeper changes. Our implication in the conservation project and the development of a long-term study site focused on bonobos constitute challenges for the further analysis of the role played by the different actors. In the future, a study by a conservation anthropologist would allow to complete this first analysis and permit a better understanding of the places of conflicts and of collaborations as regards this conservation projec ; Alors que ...

International audience ; There is a diverse range of community-based conservation projects, from a top-down process with projects initiated by national and international institutions to a bottom-up process based on trial and error. In every conservation project, new actors appear, new messages are spread, and each person takes these messages in their own way. As a part of an interdisciplinary study focused on the interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus), habitats and humans in a community-based conservation area initiated and led by the Congolese NGO Mbou-Mon-tour in the Bolobo Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo), we analyzed the evolution of the local status of bonobos: bonobos as animals with relevance to legal regimes, economic activities, and ecological research and education. Locally, the MMT conservation project has sought to bolster a waning taboo on the eating of bonobos, complementing it with on bonobos and has strengthened it with national and international laws on bonobo protection. Bonobos are thus central to new rules and norms, including the creation of community defined protected forests. Secondly, whereas bonobos were previously widely seen as negative or unnecessary -because not eaten and associated to a bad omen- they are now considered as a driving force for local development. Finally, the interactions between the different actors (local people, conservationists, scientists…) imply a hybridization of traditional and scientific knowledge, contributing to the evolution of the knowledge of each actor. These preliminary results are probably a sign of deeper changes. Our implication in the conservation project and the development of a long-term study site focused on bonobos constitute challenges for the further analysis of the role played by the different actors. In the future, a study by a conservation anthropologist would allow to complete this first analysis and permit a better understanding of the places of conflicts and of collaborations as regards this conservation projec ; Alors que ...