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International audience ; This paper examines regional mobility in the spatial distribution of per capita in- come in the European Union over the period 1977-1999. The methodology used to investigate this issue combines a series of measures taken from the literature devoted to the dynamic study of personal income distribution with a non-parametric analysis. The results show limited mobility in the distribution considered, and a decline in mobility over time. The empirical evidence presented indicates, moreover, that mobility patterns vary as a function of regional development levels. Additionally, the analysis carried out investigates the role played in explaining intra-distribution mobility by variables such as per capita income, population density, per capita expenditure in investment, market potential, and the share in total employment of agriculture, advanced services and non-market services.

This paper examines regional mobility in the spatial distribution of per capita in-
come in the European Union over the period 1977-1999. The methodology used to
investigate this issue combines a series of measures taken from the literature devoted to the dynamic study of personal income distribution with a non-parametric analysis. The results show limited mobility in the distribution considered, and a decline in mobility over time. The empirical evidence presented indicates, moreover, that mobility patterns vary as a function of regional development levels. Additionally, the analysis carried out investigates the role played in explaining intra-distribution mobility by variables such as per capita income, population density, per capita expenditure in investment, market potential, and the share in total employment of agriculture, advanced services and
non-market services.

The aim of this article is to develop an analytical framework which contributes to the understanding of mobility regulation. While most literature focuses on international efforts to control migration the perspective is widened by looking at mobility, encompassing short-term cross border movements for the purpose of travel and labor. Regulatory modes are specified and described ranging from more binding bi- and multilateral agreements to less binding governmental networks. Little attention has been paid to the latter modes which increasingly define state to state cooperation. Since mobility regulation on the global level is in a nascent stage, regulatory modes are assessed within regional economical integration movements such as the EU and NAFTA. Mobility regulation within the two blocs differs greatly; within the EU framework freedom of movement and establishment has been achieved while travel and labor in the North American context are mostly regulated in the respective national realms. Still, forms of cooperation on mobility have been established in both cases with similar functions: the socialization of officials into trusting each other. ; Die Kontrolle globaler Mobilität durch regionale gouvernementale Netzwerke ist das Thema des Artikels. Der Vergleich von Moblititätsregulierung in der Europäischen Union (EU) mit der Nordamerikanischen Freihandelszone (NAFTA) soll die angewandten Modi der Regulierung aufzeigen. Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Entwicklung eines analytischen Rahmens, welcher zum Verständnis von Mobilitätsregulierung beiträgt. Während sich sehr viele Arbeiten der internationalen Zusammenarbeit in der Migrationskontrolle widmen, erweitert dieser Beitrag die Perspektive und betrachtet die Regulierung von kurzfristigen grenzüberschreitenden Bewegungen. Das heißt, es werden Regelungen betrachtet, die internationale kurzfristige Arbeitsmigration sowie die Kontrolle von Reisenden steuern. Dabei konzentriert sich der Artikel auf Mobilitätsregulierung, die durch bi- und multilaterale Abkommen festgeschrieben werden aber auch innerhalb von weniger verbindlichen gouvernementalen Netzwerken getroffen werden. Die Entstehung dieser Netzwerke im Bereich der Mobilitätspolitik fand bisher kaum Beachtung auch wenn diese die Kooperation zwischen Staaten immer mehr bestimmen. Verglichen werden die Netzwerke innerhalb derer die USA mit Mexiko und Kanada kooperieren. Zwei kleinere EU Mitgliedstaaten, Österreich und Finland, exemplifizieren diese Kooperation innerhalb des EU Rahmens. Die Modi der Regulation als auch die Folgen der Kooperation differieren stark; innerhalb des EU Rahmens konnte Bewegungs- bzw. Niederlassungsfreiheit für Touristen und mobile Arbeiter realisiert werden. In Nordamerika werden beide Mobilitätsformen noch weitgehend national reguliert. Dennoch lässt sich auch dort Kooperation feststellen, die vor allem innerhalb von Netzwerken stattfindet. In beiden Fällen zeigt sich eine ähnliche Funktion der Netzwerke: die Verstetigung von Vertrauen zwischen den Vertretern der Kontrollbehörden.

The aim of this article is to develop an analytical framework which contributes to the understanding of mobility regulation. While most literature focuses on international efforts to control migration the perspective is widened by looking at mobility, encompassing short-term cross border movements for the purpose of travel and labor. Regulatory modes are specified and described ranging from more binding bi- and multilateral agreements to less binding governmental networks. Little attention has been paid to the latter modes which increasingly define state to state cooperation. Since mobility regulation on the global level is in a nascent stage, regulatory modes are assessed within regional economical integration movements such as the EU and NAFTA. Mobility regulation within the two blocs differs greatly; within the EU framework freedom of movement and establishment has been achieved while travel and labor in the North American context are mostly regulated in the respective national realms. Still, forms of cooperation on mobility have been established in both cases with similar functions: the socialization of officials into trusting each other.