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Governments and international development agencies often fail in their efforts to build and reform property and company registries. They implement misguided policies rooted in a poor understanding of the role that registries play in the modern economy. This work aims to remedy this situation by first presenting a theory of registries as market-enabling institutions which, by making private contracts verifiable by judges, enable truly impersonal (i.e., assetbased, in rem) trade without endangering property enforcement. The theory is then applied to discuss and guide major policy decisions that reformers face in the areas of land titling and business formalization, emphasizing the principle of registry independence, identifying courts as the key users of registries, clarifying the main choices of titling and formalization projects, and pointing out the presence of diseconomies of scope between contractual and administrative registries.

XXX ; Le MR raggruppano circa 7-8.000 forme morbose con una bassa diffusione nella popolazione (prevalenza <5/10.000), molto differenti tra loro, ma che dal punto di vista di sanit? pubblica vengono affrontate come un unico contenitore globale, in quanto rispondono a comuni problematiche assistenziali . Le MR richiedono competenze mediche esperte; costituiscono la sfida specialistica e tecnologica pi? avanzata (maggior parte delle MR sono di origine genetica); necessitano di avanzamenti nella ricerca scientifica ed in particolare della ricerca clinica . La bassa prevalenza si accompagna spesso a scarse conoscenze, ci? causa ritardo nella diagnosi e nel corretto trattamento . Le MR presentano numerosi quesiti, molto complessi legati a: organizzazione sanitaria, ricerca, eticam metodi per il monitoraggio; . Il quadro complessivo configura le MR come un grande tema di sanit? pubblica Partendo dalla necessit? di migliorare l'assistenza sanitaria dei pazienti con malattie rare, di pianificare gli interventi, nonche' migliorare le conoscenze scientifiche sono state intraprese specifiche politiche sanitarie a riguardo: . Le MR sono considerate una priorit? di sanit? pubblica in tutti i PSN dal 1998 in poi . Sono stati predisposti specifici atti normativi (dal DLg.vo 124/1998 al DM 279/2001, agli Accordi Stato-Regioni) . Sono stati predisposti finanziamenti speciali per il cofinanziamento di specifici programmi regionali per l'attuazione dei PSN in matteria di MR . Tutte le iniziative in Italia sono coerenti con le indicazioni della Commissione Europea

Population-based cancer registration, mandated throughout the United States, is central to quantifying the breadth and impact of cancer. It facilitates research to learn what causes cancer to develop and, in many cases, lead to death. However, as concerns about privacy increase, cancer registration has come under question. Recently, its constitutionality was challenged on the basis of 1) the vagueness of statutory aims to pursue public health versus the individual privacy interests of cancer patients, and 2) the alleged indignity of one's individual medical information being transmitted to government authorities. Examining cancer registry statutes in states covered by the US National Cancer Institute's SEER Program and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries, we found that cancer registration laws do state specific public health benefits, and offer reasonable limits and safeguards on the government's possession of private medical information. Thus, we argue that cancer registration would survive constitutional review, is compatible with the civil liberties protected by privacy rights in the U.S., satisfies the conditions that justify public health expenditures, and serves human rights to enjoy the highest attainable standards of health, the advances of science, and the benefits of government efforts to prevent and control disease.

Purpose: Knowledge of the benefits and risks of new drugs is incomplete at the time of marketing approval. Registries offer the possibility for additional, post-approval, data collection. For all new drugs, which were approved in the European Union between 2007 and 2010, we reviewed the frequency, the type, and the reason for requiring a registry. Methods: The European Public Assessment Reports, published on the website of the European Medicine Agency, were reviewed for drugs approved by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. We searched for key characteristics of these drugs, including therapeutic area (ATC1 level), level of innovation (the score is an algorithm based on availability of treatment and therapeutic effect), and procedural characteristics. In addition, we identified if these registries were defined by disease (disease registry) or exposure to a single drug (drug registry). Results: Out of 116 new drugs approved in the predefined period, for 43 (37%), 1 to 6 registry studies were identified, with a total of 73 registries. Of these 46 were disease registries and 27 (single) drug registries. For 9 drugs, the registry was a specific obligation imposed by the regulators. The level of innovation and the orphan status of the drugs were determinants positively predicting post-approval registries (OR 10.3 [95% CI 1.0-103.9] and OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.0-7.5], respectively). Conclusions: The majority of registries required by regulators are existing disease registries. Registries are an important and frequently used tool for post-approval data collection for orphan and innovative drugs.

Purpose: Knowledge of the benefits and risks of new drugs is incomplete at the time of marketing approval. Registries offer the possibility for additional, post-approval, data collection. For all new drugs, which were approved in the European Union between 2007 and 2010, we reviewed the frequency, the type, and the reason for requiring a registry. Methods: The European Public Assessment Reports, published on the website of the European Medicine Agency, were reviewed for drugs approved by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. We searched for key characteristics of these drugs, including therapeutic area (ATC1 level), level of innovation (the score is an algorithm based on availability of treatment and therapeutic effect), and procedural characteristics. In addition, we identified if these registries were defined by disease (disease registry) or exposure to a single drug (drug registry). Results: Out of 116 new drugs approved in the predefined period, for 43 (37%), 1 to 6 registry studies were identified, with a total of 73 registries. Of these 46 were disease registries and 27 (single) drug registries. For 9 drugs, the registry was a specific obligation imposed by the regulators. The level of innovation and the orphan status of the drugs were determinants positively predicting post-approval registries (OR 10.3 [95% CI 1.0-103.9] and OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.0-7.5], respectively). Conclusions: The majority of registries required by regulators are existing disease registries. Registries are an important and frequently used tool for post-approval data collection for orphan and innovative drugs.

Review of the USA, Argentina, Australia, Japan, and European Union registries is presented. The similarities and differences between the registries in terms of populations of rheumatoid arthritis patients and the target goals are studied ; Представлен обзор регистров США, Аргентины, Австралии, Японии, стран Европейского Союза, рассмотрены сходство и различия регистров по популяциям пациентов с ревматоидным артритом и поставленным целям.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the process of urban economic development and the role of housing markets in this process is as essential as it is obvious. In order to make progress towards providing answers to some of the important questions relating to the development of towns, it is necessary to try to obtain more precise information on trends in house prices, the level and structure of housing demand and the character of the supply side of the markets. Studies of local housing markets, however, have been constrained by the lack of reliable data on the most important variables and are, therefore, characteristically qualitative and descriptive. Our main objective, therefore, when embarking on the study described below, was to obtain reliable data on which to base analyses of local housing markets.

The Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry first began data collection on 1 September 1999 and full nationwide implementation commenced in January 2003. The purpose of the Registry is to improve the quality of care for individuals receiving joint replacement surgery. The Registry enables surgeons, academic institutions, governments and industry to request specific data that are not available in published annual reports. There is an established system for identifying prostheses with a higher than anticipated rate of revision (HTARR) which was introduced in 2004. The higher rate of revision for the ASR Hip Resurfacing System was first identified by this process in 2007. There has been a reduction in revision hip and knee replacement over the years that the Registry has been in operation, and the addition of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and data linkage will enable more extensive analysis of joint replacement surgery in the future. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4 DOI:10.1302/2058-5241.4.180071

The main objective of this toolkit is to provide technical advice and guidance to World Bank Group staff, donor institutions, government officials and other practitioners on the implementation of secured transactions law and institutional reforms in emerging market countries. However, the Toolkit has not been designed to eliminate the need for in-person expert advice for governments that undertake to introduce a secured transactions system. It is necessary to take into account the factors that are unique to each jurisdiction. The content of the Toolkit will guide the reader through the various stages of the project cycle (identification, diagnostic, solution design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation) involved in the introduction of secured transactions reforms. The recommendations presented in the Toolkit are based on IFC s experience in the secured transactions area, the contributions of a number of experts in this field, existing literature, and reform experience in a number of emerging market countries and the existing best practices in jurisdictions with advanced secured transactions systems. While the Toolkit does not cover all aspects of secured transactions reform, it addresses the most important elements of such reform. The Toolkit does not address secured financing systems involving immovable property as collateral. Chapter one contains a brief discussion of the economic rationale for modern secured transactions systems. Chapter two describes the main elements that a proper diagnostic study of the state of secured transactions in a country should contain. Chapter three provides an overview of project management techniques required to support the full project cycle. One of the most important parts of the Toolkit, chapter four, which deals with the implementation of the reform, includes sections on building consensus for the reform, developing and enacting the necessary laws and regulations, designing and implementing a secured transactions registry, building local awareness and conducting secured transactions training. Chapter five of the Toolkit elaborates in detail the monitoring and evaluation strategy that should be employed following the implementation of the project to assess the effect and impact of reforms. Finally, the toolkit contains a number of annexes that include tools available to develop the different phases of the project as well as technical information.