Suchergebnisse

The article documents the process of the increase in the relevance of fundamental rights in the European Union and calls attention to the fact that it is gradually approaching an important point whose attainment would have a considerable impact on the nature of the EU. The text traces the development of the EU's powers and activities in setting the norms related to fundamental rights, and deciding about their application, control and enforcement. The states have been reluctant to permit the Union to intervene into their domestic human rights affairs which are not connected to the EU's competences. Nevertheless, its recent activities indicate that the EU is starting to get more say even in this cautiously guarded domain of domestic competence. Adapted from the source document.

The study is focused on the relations between Czechoslovakia and Egypt in the years 1945-1948. The first part outlines the relations at the time of World War II because even in this period they were not interrupted. The study also describes the internal and foreign policy of Czechoslovakia and Egypt for the sake of gaining a better understanding of their interrelationships. The greatest amount of attention, however, is paid to the two countries' business relations, their embassies and Czechoslovaks who lived and worked in Egypt. The study describes the transformation of the relations in connection with how the international situation was altered in the examined period. The research is based primarily on a processing of archival materials and their subsequent analysis. Adapted from the source document.

Critical security studies have become increasingly popular among Czech scholars, but most studies in this field are based on securitization theory and other discursive approaches to security analysis. This paper argues for broadening the scope of theoretical approaches to security studies and introduces International Political Sociology as a promising strand of research in this respect. International Political Sociology is based on the study of security as practice, and offers a more complex understanding of how security is constructed and performed. The article discusses the theoretical roots of this approach, reviews the main strands of contemporary International Political Sociology research, and introduces its analytical tools. Finally, the paper critically reflects on the theoretical, methodological and empirical aspects of International Political Sociology and outlines possible avenues for this research in the Central European context. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyses the changes in norm enforcement in the EU that were triggered by the Eurozone crisis. It attempts to demonstrate that the Eurozone crisis contributed to a 'transplantation' of conditionality instruments (which traditionally exist within the EU's external relations) into the internal operations of the European Union. In particular, the article identifies which new internal rule-enforcement mechanisms of the EU share common structural features with the external EU conditionality (e.g. a vague legal framework; the use of the expertise of non-EU actors; an excess of competencies conferred to the EU; the institutional weakening of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice; the format of the sanctions). The article comes to the conclusion that the formation of the EU's internal conditionality occurred mainly within the instruments aimed at the crisis management of public finances of the Eurozone states (the EFSF, the EFSM, and the ESM), but it also concludes that there was an expansion of the new EU conditionality into other areas of the European integration, such as the Schengen cooperation and cohesion policy. Adapted from the source document.

This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.

This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.

This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.

This thesis examines problematic issues and legal aspects of aircraft operating leasing, arising due to the absence of unified international regulation, diverse and limited legislation on aircraft operating leasing legal relationships in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, as well as established commercial practice in the aviation industry additionally formed by the soft law documents. It is discovered that these factors, together with the high value of a commercial aircraft, impacts on the essence of the aircraft leasing as an international commercial transaction, explains the inevitable imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations and different legal effects in case of non-performance. In accordance with the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, this thesis describes the main legal instruments and measures available to protect the interests of creditors (owner or lessor) on an international level along with limits to such instruments and measures arising due to the discretion of the contracting states. On the basis of specific aircraft leasing agreements and judgments of England and New York State courts, this work analyses contractual clauses of events of default along with events and (or) conditions that typically constitute events of default. In addition, common disputes arising under the aircraft leasing contracts and consequences of a breach of a contract are described, together with reasons behind contract parties typically choosing either English or New York State law and jurisdiction.

The ambition of the paper is to analyze the major characteristics of the Chinese energy policy towards the most important producers of natural gas in Chinas neighborhood. The analytical perspectives of a strategic approach to energy security and state-centric realism are used to work with case studies of Sino-Russian and Sino-Turkmen relations from the energy security perspective. The paper concludes that Chinas energy policy towards the given producers in Russia and Turkmenistan comes significantly close to the selected analytical perspectives and that natural gas has become an important part of the strategic considerations of the Chinese political leadership. This conclusion, however, applies more to Turkmenistan and less to Russia, as in the case of the Sino-Russian relations, both parties fail to achieve a mutual complementarity, and economic thinking prevails over Beijing's strategic interests. Adapted from the source document.

In the case of Lithuania, its national identity reflects traumatizing historical experiences and the values that were infused by the Soviet Union, as well as the values that were reinforced by fighting for independence. Not only national identity shapes Lithuania as a unique member of the European Union, but it also directly influences Lithuanian foreign policy. Despite the fact that Lithuania with its post-Soviet identity might still appear to be not a complete and modern member of the European Union compared to other, more economically and politically developed European Union members, Lithuania, because of the specific factors shaping its identity, became a member that is the most optimistic and supportive of the European Union, as well as one characterized by a strong protection of its national identity and empathy for the countries that have had similar historical experiences. As the transition is still ongoing: younger generations with modern values in Lithuania gradually change the older, more restrained generations infused with harsh memories of the Soviet Union, therefore, Lithuania will gradually become a fully integrated member of the European Union as it makes progresses in the democratisation process it started after independence in 1990.

In the case of Lithuania, its national identity reflects traumatizing historical experiences and the values that were infused by the Soviet Union, as well as the values that were reinforced by fighting for independence. Not only national identity shapes Lithuania as a unique member of the European Union, but it also directly influences Lithuanian foreign policy. Despite the fact that Lithuania with its post-Soviet identity might still appear to be not a complete and modern member of the European Union compared to other, more economically and politically developed European Union members, Lithuania, because of the specific factors shaping its identity, became a member that is the most optimistic and supportive of the European Union, as well as one characterized by a strong protection of its national identity and empathy for the countries that have had similar historical experiences. As the transition is still ongoing: younger generations with modern values in Lithuania gradually change the older, more restrained generations infused with harsh memories of the Soviet Union, therefore, Lithuania will gradually become a fully integrated member of the European Union as it makes progresses in the democratisation process it started after independence in 1990.

In the case of Lithuania, its national identity reflects traumatizing historical experiences and the values that were infused by the Soviet Union, as well as the values that were reinforced by fighting for independence. Not only national identity shapes Lithuania as a unique member of the European Union, but it also directly influences Lithuanian foreign policy. Despite the fact that Lithuania with its post-Soviet identity might still appear to be not a complete and modern member of the European Union compared to other, more economically and politically developed European Union members, Lithuania, because of the specific factors shaping its identity, became a member that is the most optimistic and supportive of the European Union, as well as one characterized by a strong protection of its national identity and empathy for the countries that have had similar historical experiences. As the transition is still ongoing: younger generations with modern values in Lithuania gradually change the older, more restrained generations infused with harsh memories of the Soviet Union, therefore, Lithuania will gradually become a fully integrated member of the European Union as it makes progresses in the democratisation process it started after independence in 1990.

In the case of Lithuania, its national identity reflects traumatizing historical experiences and the values that were infused by the Soviet Union, as well as the values that were reinforced by fighting for independence. Not only national identity shapes Lithuania as a unique member of the European Union, but it also directly influences Lithuanian foreign policy. Despite the fact that Lithuania with its post-Soviet identity might still appear to be not a complete and modern member of the European Union compared to other, more economically and politically developed European Union members, Lithuania, because of the specific factors shaping its identity, became a member that is the most optimistic and supportive of the European Union, as well as one characterized by a strong protection of its national identity and empathy for the countries that have had similar historical experiences. As the transition is still ongoing: younger generations with modern values in Lithuania gradually change the older, more restrained generations infused with harsh memories of the Soviet Union, therefore, Lithuania will gradually become a fully integrated member of the European Union as it makes progresses in the democratisation process it started after independence in 1990.

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