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The majority of the countries applied the doctrine of absolute state immunity till the second half of the XX-th century, however, as the world trade has changed, a new doctrine of a restricted immunity has become relevant. The latter imposes that the state participates on equal basis with other persons and does not use its immunity in private legal relations. To be true, this overturn has not happened suddenly, but as a result of court practise in the separate countries. As a result of that, the European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basel in 1972, and the United Nations codified appropriate countries and their property, and immunities in the Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property in 2004. It's a pity, but the latter has not been in effect yet, so a state immunity has not exceeded the international custom institute. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania 1964 established the absolute state immunity doctrine, as well. This norm is the Soviet Lithuania's heritage that has not met the changing social relations, political and economic structure of independent Lithuania. So the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania in its 1998 year case V. Stukonis vs. USA Embassy established a restricted immunity doctrine. As there is no official common list of the exceptions from the state immunity, the particular exceptions are important. That is why the Thesis analyzes not only the commercial, but also exceptions in the labor law and delicts. The national courts, including Lithuanian ones, lack developing court practise, reflected by detailed legal reasoning in applying the exceptions from the state immunity. The rare examples, as the UK and the US, have passed the national legal acts, regulating the state immunity thus repeatedly proving the inconsecutive process of the state immunity regulation.

International audience ; How can we write the history of the Galermi aqueduct (Syracuse, Italy) from ancient times to the present day? This paper intends to report the first results of an interdisciplinary collective research program by emphasizing the different periods of the Galermi water: the aim is to identify the challenges and the so-called hydrosocial relations of this object from its technical, social and political history. What technical readings and representations of the hydraulic structure could be proposed over the ages? What control did this technical work undergo? By whom? Why? What social dynamics and actors can be identified and analyzed? What future and possible conservation can be suggested and set up for the sustainability of a monument that dates back more than 2,000 years? From Greeks and Romans to today's policymakers, between influence and power, planning of land and Heritage, the reader is encouraged to discover this long underground aqueduct whose uses and purposes have been adapted through the ages: potable-water supply of the ancient and modern town of Syracuse, hydraulic energy for water mills during the 16th-19th centuries, hydraulic power station in the 20th century, irrigation since the 19th century. ; De l'Antiquité à nos jours, comment retracer l'histoire de l'aqueduc du Galermi (Syracuse, Italie) ? Cet article propose de rendre compte des premiers résultats d'un programme collectif et interdisciplinaire en insistant sur les différents temps de l'eau de l'aqueduc, pour en dégager les enjeux et les relations dites hydrosociales à partir de son histoire technique, sociale et politique. Quelles lectures techniques et représentations de l'ouvrage au fil des âges peuvent être dégagées, de quel contrôle, par qui et pourquoi, cet objet technique de l'eau a-t-il fait l'objet, quelles dynamiques sociales et acteurs en présence peuvent être identifiés et analysés ? Quel futur et quelle préservation possible de cet ouvrage hydraulique de plus de deux mille ans d'âge peuvent être pensés et ...

Arab Springs have both heightened a sense of precariousness and instability and opened up possible worlds that have emerged as being not only thinkable but also achievable in the countries it affected directly or indirectly. This context invites for new appraisals of "future" and of "what is to come" for individual and collectives. It is the task the research project is going to tackle, embracing a pragmatic approach aiming to study practical forms of engagement with the future. The methodology rests on long-term, situated, and detailed ethnographical inquiries in anticipatory practices, devices, and techniques. Our goal is to explore the creativity, flexibility, and innovation implemented on a daily basis in relation to futures to be. As Arab societies are persistently perceived as past-oriented and inapt to social innovation, the program is set to map (and channel throughout communication) unexpected ways of dealing with possible and/or latent innovation in the Arab world. ; Depuis une quinzaine d'années, les programmes de conservation patrimoniale se sont multipliés dans le monde arabe, impliquant aussi bien des projets de rénovation architecturale, la conservation et la mise en scène des « usages et coutumes » ('adat wa taqalid) ou encore la constitution et la muséalisation de fonds documentaires. Cette politique a été largement encouragée (sinon initiée) par des instances internationales et / ou gouvernementales 1 à partir de conceptions à visée universelle sur la nécessité de conserver les traces du passé pour les générations à venir. Depuis le travail séminal d'E. Hobsbawm et T. Ranger sur L'invention de la tradition 2 , les sciences sociales ont entrepris de documenter les reconfigurations du rapport au passé que ces politiques patrimoniales produisent. En même temps, la conservation des traces et leur pérennisation n'est pas seulement affaire de relation au passé : elle est également intimement liée à des conceptions et des projections dans le futur. La conservation, en ce sens, est aussi et surtout un ...

Purpose: to identify areas for improving the legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical education and sports in Ukraine. Material & Methods: in this study, a methodological approach was used, according to which the legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in Ukraine was considered from the point of view of the interaction of systems of different orders. Theoretical analysis and systematization of literary sources on the topic of the study made it possible to find out the problem field of the legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical education and sports in Ukraine. The analysis of documentary materials made it possible to characterize the system of legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical education and sports. The application of the system analysis method made it possible to understand the logic of the deployment of the entire system of labor relations at the national and world levels, to penetrate deeply into the content and industry specifics of labor relations, to analyze in general the general trends. Methods of mathematical statistics allowed us to determine the dynamics of indicators of staffing in the field of physical education and sports in Ukraine over the past 10 years. Results: the system of legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports is described, which includes the norms of domestic labor legislation, international legal acts on the protection of labor rights, as well as industry legislative and regulatory and program documents in the field of physical culture and sports. It was found that the number of full-time employees over the past 10 years has decreased by 8,3%, in particular, due to a decrease in the number of employees of higher educational institutions, sports facilities, sports trainers, trainers, teachers and sports teachers. Conclusion: the need for improving the legal regulation of labor of specialists in the field of physical ...

International audience ; This paper addresses works and archives of transnational anarchist intellectual Marie-Louise Berneri (1918-1949), author of a neglected but very insightful history of utopias and of their spaces. Extending current literature on anarchist geographies, utopianism and on the relation between geography and the humanities, I argue that a distinction between authoritarian and libertarian utopias is key to understanding the political relevance of the notion of utopia, which is also a matter of space and geographical imagination. Berneri's criticisms to utopia were eventually informed by notions of anti-colonialism and anti-authoritarianism, especially referred to her original critique of twentieth-century totalitarian regimes. Then, I argue for a connection between anarchist, humanistic, cultural and historical approaches to geography, to extend the empirical and theoretical reach of the discipline and its relations with the 'humanities'. This paper likewise contributes to recent scholarship on transnational anarchism, arguing that the anarchist tradition cannot be understood outside its transnational, cosmopolite and multilingual networks and concrete practices: therefore, only relational, contextual and space-sensitive approaches can make sense of its specificity. ; Este articulo encara los trabajos y archivos de la militante anarquista transnacional Maria Luisa Berneri (1918-1949), autora de un estudio poco conocido pero muy significativo sobre las historias de las utopías y sus espacios. Contribuyendo para literatura actual sobre geografías anarquistas, utopismo y sobre la relación entre la geografía y las 'humanidades', afirmo que una distinción entre utopías libertarias y utopías autoritarias es esencial para comprender la importancia política del concepto de utopía, que es también un asunto de espacio y de imaginación geográfica. Las críticas de Berneri a la utopía se inspiraron de su anticolonialismo y antiautoritarismo, focalizado especialmente en su original critica de los regímenes ...

International audience ; Tout pouvoir public à Rome trouve sa légitimité dans une confirmation divine et le pouvoir impérial ne fait pas exception. Les formes et les rites de cette validation suivaient néanmoins encore les pratiques républicaines et n'impliquèrent jamais que la charge suprême de l'État fût divinisée-au moins du point de vue institutionnel. Comme les magistrats, l'empereur romain aussi était choisi par les hommes et agréé par les dieux ; cependant la position d'empereur était le résultat d'une combinaison de pouvoirs et de prérogatives diverses, chacune avec leurs propres rites de validation. En tant que princeps de la res publica, père de la patrie et garant de la paix et du non-retour vers le chaos des guerres civiles, l'empereur était symbole et instrument de la bienveillance que les dieux avaient toujours démontrée envers Rome, mais il n'etait pas dieu lui-même. L'empereur n'était pas non plus l'élu des dieux, car aucun rite divinatoire public ne fut jamais introduit pour choisir un empereur plutôt qu'un autre, c'est-à-dire pour réserver aux dieux une prérogative qui restait l'exclusivité du sénat et du peuple. Le divin rentre en relation avec le pouvoir impérial dans un très grand nombre d'occasions et il est impossible de rendre compte de cette complexité dans l'espace d'un simple article. Ce qui nous occupera ici est donc seulement l'une des facettes de cette relation, celle qui concerne l'investiture impériale et la dimension religieuse de l'exercice du pouvoir civil et militaire par l'empereur. Cette synthèse vise en particulier à éclaircir certains points qui pourraient faire l'objet de malentendus et donner la fausse impression d'une origine divine du pouvoir impérial. En effet, de nombreuses sources montrent que l'idée de la divinité de l'empereur régnant était largement répandue, mais nous devons être capables de les interpréter correctement dans leur contexte religieux, politique, topographique et social. Dans une religion sans révélation ni dogme ni autorité centrale, comme l'était ...

In this article, I discuss different interpretations of Zimbabwean land in relation to the contradictory notions of victimhood in Peter Godwin's memoir When a Crocodile Eats the Sun. I also explore the concepts of race, landownership and redress in relation to the legacy of colonialism in Zimbabwe. Through the use of the Cultural Interpretive Theory, Genre Theory and the Theories of Autobiographies, I explore how the politics of victimhood are used by both the Black Nationalist elites and the alienated White citizens to project the essence of ethno-racial grievance before local and international audiences for different ideological and political objectives. I show how the politics of victimhood and retribution which engender feelings of resentment and betrayal in Godwin's memoir play into the hands of the Zimbabwe state's anti-Western and anti-Imperialist propaganda. I argue that Godwin's otherwise important memoir on the destructive effects of Mugabe's rule undermined its message through traces of "whiteness", and also by competing on the same turf of victimhood that a politically discredited state had constructed for its own preservation. In the article, I suggest alternative readings of the Mugabe regime's violent farm grabs to the rather one-dimensional one offered by the memoir. Opsomming In hierdie artikel word die verskillende interpretasies van grond in Zimbabwe tot verhouding met die teenstrydige begrippe van slagoffers in Peter Godwin se memoir, bespreek: When a Crocodile Eats the Sun. Konsepte soos rassegroepe, grondbesit en regstellende aksie in verband met die nalatenskap van kolonialisme in Zimbabwe word aangeraak. Die kulturele interpretatiewe teorie word ondersoek, asook hoe die politiek van slagoffers deur beide die swart nasionalistiese elite en die vervreemde wit burgers gebruik word, om die essensie van etno-rassige griewe voor plaaslike en internasionale gehore vir verskillende ideologiese en politieke doelwitte aan te wend. Ek wys hoe die politiek van slagoffers en vergeldings wat gevoelens ...

The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) incorporated the Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordered to take ten years later. He participates in the Spanish Civil War and lives in the Second World War in Rome, where he facilitates the recognition of the Opus Dei by the Holy See. Her often epistolary relations with Josémaria Escriva were followed. Professor of Law History at the Universities of Sara-gosse and Navarra, he is the author of an important work on wisi-gothic Spain, which is the recognition of his mediated colleagues, such as Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz; he shall maintain an ongoing correspondence with them. He has also written several books on the history of the Church, including recent history, but also on spirituality in syntony with his pastoral tasks. He also practises multilingualism. Historically, his work oscillates between positivism and Yemenology according to the target audience, either specialists or much wider. ; International audience The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) joined Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordained a priest ten years later. He was involved in the Spanish Civil War and he lived in Rome during the Second World War, where he was able to assist with the rec- ognition of Opus Dei by the Holy See. Throughout his life he was in constant contact, particularly by letter, with Josemaría Escrivá. He was professor of History of Law at the Universities of Saragossa and Navarre; he is author of important work on Visigothic Spain that was well received by his medievalist ; The historian José Orlandis (1918-2010) incorporated the Opus Dei in 1939 and was ordered to take ten years later. He participates in the Spanish Civil War and lives in the Second World War in Rome, where he facilitates the recognition of the Opus Dei by the Holy See. Her often epistolary relations with Josémaria Escriva were followed. Professor of Law History at the Universities of Sara-gosse and Navarra, he is the author of an important work on wisi-gothic Spain, which is the recognition of his mediated colleagues, such as Claudio ...

International audience ; Project management, especially in the field of sustainable development, requires to take into account not only the working environment stricto sensu, but also supra components of environmental, social, economic, legislative, etc. dimensions, that may strongly interact with the concerned activity. Ergonomists and psychologists are then led to be interested in, and to develop modeling frameworks to better understand and to make more intelligible this complex environment. The study presented here, which requires taking into account this environment, aims at setting up a novel practice for improving the food safety of a cereal chain in a global context of sustainable development, protection of the environment (flora and fauna) and the health of farmers and consumers. As part of this study, a quick fungal contamination diagnostic tool and a corresponding decontamination process have been developed for an application in the barley-malt-beer food chain. However, the use of these processes may change the agricultural practices in antifungal treatments with the regular and high dose treatments replaced by fine targeted applications only where and when necessary. In relation with this technological development, the challenge is to identify the components of the environment that may become brakes and levers to the implementation of this new practice. In this scope, this investigation mobilizes the modeling of the environment of Thatcher and Yewo (2016). This paper is consequently aimed at presenting the underlying process to this construction, and this in relation with the characteristics of the study. At last, a discussion is initiated concerning the further use of such modelling practices for purposes other than the decision-making processes on ergonomic intervention purposes. ; L'intervention ergonomique dans le champ du développement durable requiert la prise en compte d'un environnement dépassant largement l'environnement de travail afin d'y intégrer des composants supra relevant de dimensions ...

Core-periphery imbalances and regional disparities figure prominently on the agenda of several disciplines, which result from their enormous impact on economic and social development around the world. In sociology, international relations, and economics, this concept is crucial in explanations of economic exchange. There are few countries that play a dominant role in world trade (sometimes described as the "Global North"), while most countries have a secondary or even a tertiary position in world trade (the "Global South"). Moreover, when we are discussing global, continental, regional, and national economies, we can present regions and even smaller territorial units (such as sub regions, provinces, districts, or counties) which have higher wages than some underdeveloped areas within the same larger area in focus. Such regional inequalities and injustices are the main themes of the core-periphery model, which focuses on tendencies of economic activities to concentrate around some pivotal points. It seeks to explain the spatial inequalities or imbalances observable on all levels or scales by highlighting the role of horizontal and vertical relations between various entities from the level of towns and cities to the global scale. The existence of a core-periphery structure implies that in the spatial dimension (space and place), the socioeconomic development is usually uneven. From such a geographical perspective, the regions known as the "core" are advanced in various areas, while other regions described as the "periphery" serve as a social, economic, and political back-stages, backyards, and supply sources or - in some cases - are even subject to degradation and decline. Furthermore, the level of development has a negative correlation with distance from the core. The economies of the states that have gone through various stages of development at the earliest and with the fastest pace have become wealthy core regions and growth poles. Those countries and regions where these processes have been slower become or remain the poor periphery.

Core-periphery imbalances and regional disparities figure prominently on the agenda of several disciplines, which result from their enormous impact on economic and social development around the world. In sociology, international relations, and economics, this concept is crucial in explanations of economic exchange. There are few countries that play a dominant role in world trade (sometimes described as the "Global North"), while most countries have a secondary or even a tertiary position in world trade (the "Global South"). Moreover, when we are discussing global, continental, regional, and national economies, we can present regions and even smaller territorial units (such as subregions, provinces, districts, or counties) which have higher wages than some underdeveloped areas within the same larger area in focus. Such regional inequalities and injustices are the main themes of the core-periphery model, which focuses on tendencies of economic activities to concentrate around some pivotal points. It seeks to explain the spatial inequalities or imbalances observable on all levels or scales by highlighting the role of horizontal and vertical relations between various entities from the level of towns and cities to the global scale. The existence of a core-periphery structure implies that in the spatial dimension (space and place), the socioeconomic development is usually uneven. From such a geographical perspective, the regions known as the "core" are advanced in various areas, while other regions described as the "periphery" serve as a social, economic, and political backstages, backyards, and supply sources or - in some cases - are even subject to degradation and decline. Furthermore, the level of development has a negative correlation with distance from the core. The economies of the states that have gone through various stages of development at the earliest and with the fastest pace have become wealthy core regions and growth poles. Those countries and regions where these processes have been slower become or remain the poor periphery.

International audience ; Pour ou contre la patrimonialité des données personnelles MOURON Philippe Maître de conférences HDR en droit privé LID2MS-Aix-Marseille Université Le droit des données personnelles est plus que jamais d'actualité. En Europe, l'entrée en vigueur du règlement général relatif à la protection des données personnelles et à la libre circulation de ces données (RGPD, voir La rem n°42-43, p.21), le 25 mai 2018, a contraint les entreprises à se mettre en conformité 1. Les multiples changements apportés aux conditions générales d'utilisation des services numériques attestent de leur degré de préoccupation. De plus, ces évolutions arrivent dans un contexte de scandales mettant cause les réseaux sociaux, dont le dernier en date concerne les relations de Facebook avec l'entreprise Cambridge Analytica 2. Cette dernière, spécialisée dans la communication stratégique et l'analyse de données, aurait ainsi exploité les données d'environ 87 millions d'utilisateurs du réseau social à des fins de « profilage » politique. L'objectif consistait à anticiper les tendances électorales et à mieux cibler les électeurs potentiels en leur envoyant des messages personnalisés. Les personnes concernées n'ont nullement été informées de ce traitement, de ses finalités, ainsi que de ceux qui ont utilisé leurs données. La collecte a été effectuée par l'intermédiaire d'un professeur de psychologie ayant développé une application mise à la disposition des utilisateurs du réseau social (This is your digital life). Ceux-ci se voyaient invités à participer à des tests de personnalité. Les questions posées permettaient toutefois de recueillir les données de personnes en relation avec les participants, et qui n'avaient pas nécessairement installé l'application, ce qui augmentait considérablement le volume de données recueillies. Celles-ci ont par la suite été cédées à l'entreprise Cambridge Analytica et ont notamment servi pendant la dernière campagne présidentielle américaine. Steve Bannon, futur conseiller stratégique du ...

After Japan established diplomatic relations with foreign countries between 1854 and 1858, it tried to make progress in various areas following its isolationist period in an attempt to catch up to Western nations. To reach this goal, the Japanese encouraged visits from foreign experts who came to share their knowledge and to contribute to the modernization of the country in the second half of the 19th century. France was one of these international partners, and French-Japanese collaboration was strong in terms of military efforts through several French military missions to Japan between 1867 and 1889. The history of the cooperation between the two states often mentions these missions because French military instructors aimed to educate Japanese officers and soldiers following the French method, and the French officers founded a whole system that allowed Japan to manage its army based on the French model. Furthermore, the French military's presence in Japan was a key element of French diplomacy in Japan in the 1860s, made possible by the transfer of power from the shogun to the emperor after the Meiji Restoration, whereby political leaders wanted to Westernize Japan. French military missions during this era not only represented the close relationship between the two countries, but also France's goal of becoming a great global power. ; Depuis l'inauguration de relations diplomatiques avec les pays étrangers entre 1854 et 1858, le Japon cherche à rattraper son retard, cumulé pendant toute la période fermeture de l'archipel, dans divers domaines, par rapport aux pays occidentaux et, pour atteindre cet objectif, les Japonais n'hésitent pas à avoir recours aux experts étrangers qui ont pour mission de transmettre leurs connaissances et d'aider à la modernisation du Japon. La France est un de ces pays contributeurs, et la collaboration franco-japonaise est fortement marquée dans le domaine militaire sous la forme de l'envoi au Japon de missions militaires entre 1867 et 1889. L'envoi de ces missions françaises s'inscrit ...

International audience ; Les raisons qui nous ont poussées à tenter de tracer des parallèles 1 entre le mouvement des Legal Consciousness Studies (LCS), que nous étions en train d'étudier collectivement, et les Science and Technology Studies (STS) sont, au moins, au nombre de quatre. Nos parcours individuels, tout d'abord, nous avaient précédemment menées à croiser nos regards 2 au sujet d'objets et de pratiques scientifiques et techniques et à explorer, de ce fait, les ressources des STS, parmi d'autres approches, pour comprendre comment les controverses scientifiques se déploient dans diverses arènes et sont appréhendées par divers publics concernés, et notamment les jeunes 3 , et quelles étaient les relations entre ces objets, pratiques et controverses et le droit 4. Les deux courants, ensuite, bien que distincts par leurs objets, puisaient leurs racines dans une même période, celle des années 1960 et 1970, une même aire culturelle, le monde anglo-saxon et en particulier les Etats-Unis 5 et illustraient une même volonté de renouveler, sans, évidemment, faire l'économie de débats internes, les cadres et méthodologies d'analyse de phénomènes sociaux majeurs, le droit et la science, en adoptant des postures critiques et politiquement engagées. Susan Silbey, enfin, dont les travaux ont servi de guide à nos réunions, consacre depuis le début des années 2000 des travaux de long cours à l'étude des relations entre droit et sciences, et en particulier à l'observation du droit dans l'espace des laboratoires de recherche. Il nous est apparu, pour finir, que jusqu'à présent, et malgré des tentatives récentes en ce sens, le rendezvous entre ces deux mouvements de recherche n'avait pas eu lieu, et nous souhaitions explorer les virtualités d'une telle rencontre entre deux positionnements qui, à bien des égards, nous paraissaient recouvrir des territoires qui sont, de plus en plus, appelés à se juxtaposer.

International audience ; This article focuses on the notion of absence in the migratory trajectory of females of Mediterranean – Arab origin (Morocco and Lebanon) living in mixed couples in France. It shows how these women's agency and a certain "gender doxa", promoted by these women's countries of origin, contribute to define the dialectic between presence and absence for both their migration and homemaking projects. The relation with the country of origin is expressed in the personal, family and cultural work that such women accomplish and produces specific absences. Two forms of absence have been identified: the first, an existential absence is caused by these women's desire for emancipation and their effort to "do like everybody else" in the country of residence. The second absence is an institutional absence that arises from the policies of their countries of origin in matters of family and nationality rights. Existential absence is often temporary, while institutional absence varies according to each State and perpetrates gendered absences that are passed on to successive generations. ; L'article explore la notion d'absence dans les trajectoires des femmes ressortissantes d'un pays arabe méditerranéen (Maroc et Liban) vivant dans des configurations conjugales mixtes en France et montre en quoi l'agir de ces femmes et la « doxa de sexe » alimentée par leurs pays d'origine participent à définir la dialectique entre présence et absence dans leur projet migratoire et dans leur « faire famille ». La relation à l'État d'origine s'insère dans le travail personnel, familial et culturel que ces femmes accomplissent et produit des absences spécifiques. Deux types d'absence ont été identifiés : l'un, existentiel, causé par la quête d'émancipation et l'effort de « faire comme tout le monde » dans le pays de résidence et l'autre, institutionnel, causé par les politiques des États d'origine en matière de famille et de nationalité. L'absence existentielle est souvent temporaire, alors que l'institutionnelle maintient, selon l'État, des absences genrées transmissibles au fil des générations.