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Intro -- TABLE DES MATIERES -- Série « Psychologie sociale » dirigée par Nicole Dubois -- Introduction -- Chapitre 1. L'attachement au groupe -- Les raisons de l'attachement aux groupes -- Les besoins de survie et de reproduction -- Les besoins de contrôle et de réduction de l'incertitude -- Les besoins de sens et de survie symbolique -- Type de groupes, types de besoins -- Du choix de l'appartenance à l'identification au groupe -- Être membre d'un groupe -- L'autocatégorisation -- Conséquences intergroupes de l'autocatégorisation -- Considérations supplémentaires -- Chapitre 2. La perception et les représentations des groupes -- La perception des groupes -- La catégorisation, l'activation et l'application des stéréotypes -- Le contenu des stéréotypes -- Homogénéité, entitativité et essentialisme -- Les représentations intergroupes -- L'évaluation de la structure intergroupe -- L'évaluation de la menace intergroupe -- Chapitre 3. Des préjugés aux émotions intergroupes -- Les préjugés -- Des facteurs de personnalité aux idéologies -- Les types de préjugés -- Les émotions intergroupes -- Les émotions spécifiques -- Les réactions émotionnelles des groupes dominants -- Les réactions émotionnelles des groupes dominés -- Chapitre 4. La discrimination intergroupe -- Une variété de comportements -- L'appartenance au groupe et comportement intergroupe -- Les comportements de soutien et de maintien du système -- La discrimination dans les groupes dominants -- Les discriminations culturelle, institutionnelle et organisationnelle -- Faire face à la discrimination -- Faire face au stigma -- Les comportements de gestion de l'identité -- Chapitre 5. Du contact intergroupe aux politiques de diversité -- Le contact intergroupe -- Les nouveaux modèles du contact intergroupe -- Le modèle de la personnalisation -- Le modèle de la différentiation mutuelle intergroupe.

Editors' introduction: can we all get along? -- Part I. Theoretical terrain -- An analytic model of conflict and cooperation on the terrain of race / Robert S. Chang -- The power dynamics of color on color: grappling with grievances to forge alliances / Eric K. Yamamoto and Amanda O. Jenssen -- Part II. Episodes -- Civil rights, free speech, and group libel / Cheryl Greenberg -- Race, place, and historic moment: Black and Japanese American World War II veterans: the GI Bill of Rights and the model minority myth / Taunya Lovell Banks -- Re-reading Vincent Chin: Asian Americans and multiracial political analysis / Scott Kurashige -- The paradox of reparations: Japanese Americans and African Americans at the crossroads of alliance and conflict / Greg Robinson -- Part III. Challenges -- The birth and death of affirmative action: is resurrection possible? / Stephen Steinberg -- Segregated together: Latino-Black interethnic conflict / Tanya Katerí Hernández -- A modest proposal: rethinking Black history, 1865-1965 / Clarence Walker -- Gay is the new white (gay is the new straight) / Devon W. Carbado

The aim of this volume is to provide an overview of psychological research on intergroup helping, arguing for intergroup helping as a research area in and of itself. Historically, research on intergroup relations has largely focused on negative intergroup interactions, such as prejudice or discrimination. This, and the fact that most of the research on helping has focused on individuals, meant that helping between (members of) different groups was largely overlooked. However, over the last decade, a small but growing group of researchers has started to investigate intergroup helping as a social act occurring between and amongst groups. The contributions of these expert researchers, which are summarised in this volume, make the case that intergroup helping should be studied as a phenomenon in and of itself, not as a mere expression of positive intergroup attitudes. To advance this argument, the first section covers traditional research approaches in which the willingness to help other groups is construed as a form of discrimination. Then, the second section looks at the reasons why people may be motivated to help other groups. Finally, the last section explores intergroup helping in a wide range of real world settings, such as help for disaster victims or refugees/migrants. These contributions suggest that intergroup relations can be truly positive. Thus, Intergroup Helping informs researchers from fields as diverse as positive psychology, conflict resolution, fundraising, migration, and intergroup relations about the current state of affairs of research on intergroup helping, and sets out an agenda for further exploration. Tapping into the current trend towards positive psychology, it moves away from the traditional view within intergroup relations research of the group as a 'source of trouble', with the ultimate goal of promoting real positive behaviour that breaches intergroup divides.

The image conveyed by Mauritius is full of fantasy with pretty rainbow colours everywhere, beaches of white sand and friendly people. The island was alternately a Dutch, a French and a British colony. It is still a member of the Commonwealth, like other former British colonies, including India. After almost one and a half century under British rules (1810-1968), Mauritius is now an independent Republic, which suffers from the typical trauma linked to decolonisation and the post-colonial era. As a result, we can spot problems linked to identity construction in multiethnic societies along with the dysfunctions related to inequalities among the groups in this country. This thesis proposes to go beyond the idyllic image that we have of this island, to focus on the daily life of its inhabitants, more specifically on the social relationships among the Creoles and between the Creoles and other groups. We try to identify and explain the reasons why a certain class of Creoles is particularly affected by poverty and discrimination, which lead to evils such as prostitution, drugs, alcoholism, domestic violence, rape, street children and teenage pregnancy. After recalling the different phases of settlement in Mauritius, we focus on some controversial concepts such as, "race", colour, globalisation, gaze and perception, to understand the rather conflicting relations among the different communities, especially between Creoles and Hindus. We hypothesise that the historical past and slavery – as well as the dehumanisation affecting Creole ancestors – are still weighing on their descendants. Through case studies, interviews and observations, we analyse the limits in inter-ethnic and inter-community relations, and attempt to define the specificities of each group to determine whether it can be considered as an ethnic group, a community or a simple social group. The results of our field research show that different forms of discrimination are exercised against the Creoles, and that they are mainly due to obstruction by the Hindus, the only true 'owners' of local political power along with the wealthy Whites and the wealthy Chinese. However, we observe that the Creoles finally seem to accept their identity in a postcolonial world where they find empowerment and are able to distance themselves from their ancestors' slave past. ; L'évocation de l'Île Maurice fait rêver : ses couleurs « arc-en-ciel », ses plages paradisiaques et sa population accueillante sont bien connues dans le monde. L'île a été tour à tour colonie hollandaise, colonie française et colonie britannique. Aujourd'hui, elle fait toujours partie du Commonwealth, au même titre que d'autres ex-colonies, notamment l'Inde. Après presqu'un siècle et demi de domination britannique (1810-1968), Maurice est aujourd'hui une république indépendante qui souffre des maux typiques de la décolonisation et de l'ère postcoloniale. On y observe les problèmes liés à la construction identitaire, comme dans les sociétés multiethniques, sur lesquels se greffent des dysfonctionnements liés aux inégalités entre les groupes qui composent le pays. Cette thèse se propose de dépasser l'image idyllique que nous avons de cette île, pour nous concentrer sur la vie quotidienne de ses habitants, plus spécifiquement sur les relations sociales qu'entretiennent les « Créoles » avec les autres groupes en présence. Nous tentons d'identifier et d'expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles une certaine catégorie de Créoles est particulièrement touchée par la pauvreté et les discriminations, ce qui entraîne des fléaux tels que la prostitution, la drogue, l'alcoolisme, la violence domestique, le viol, les enfants des rues et les grossesses précoces. Après avoir rappelé les différentes phases de peuplement de l'Île Maurice, nous nous penchons sur les notions, parfois controversées, de « race », couleur, mondialisation, regard et perception, pour essayer de comprendre les relations assez conflictuelles entre les différentes communautés, notamment entre les Créoles et les Hindous. Nous émettons l'hypothèse selon laquelle le passé historique lié à l'esclavage, avec la déshumanisation dont ont été victimes les ancêtres d'un certain nombre de Créoles, pèse encore aujourd'hui sur leurs descendants. À travers des études de cas, des interviews et des observations, nous analysons les limites dans les relations interethniques, intergroupes et intercommunautaires, prenant en compte les particularités de chaque groupe afin de savoir dans quelle mesure certains peuvent être qualifiés d'ethnies, de communauté ou simplement de groupe. Le résultat de nos recherches sur le terrain nous montre que différentes formes de discrimination sont exercées contre les Créoles et qu'elles sont dues essentiellement au verrouillage exercé par les Hindous, les seuls véritables détenteurs des rênes politiques locales, en plus, bien entendu des riches Blancs et des riches Chinois. Nous observons cependant que les Créoles semblent enfin commencer à accepter leur identité, dans un monde postcolonial où ils s'autonomisent et se distancient d'un passé esclavagiste.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Stereotypes -- Defining Stereotypes -- Measuring Stereotypes -- Categorization -- Historical Origins of Stereotyping -- Biased Labeling -- The Structure and Processing of Stereotype Information -- The Structure of Stereotypes -- Processing in Stereotype Networks -- Affect Associated with Stereotypes -- Mood Associated with Stereotypes -- Associative Network Models and Expectancy Confirmation -- Stage I: Information Acquisition -- Stage II: Information-Processing Biases -- Stage III: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies -- Changing Stereotypes -- Strengthening or Creating Positive Links -- Weakening Negative Links -- Subtyping and Activating Alternative Categories -- Altering Biased Labeling -- Summary -- 2 Theories of Prejudice -- Prejudice, Attitudes, Discrimination, and Racism -- Traditional Explanations of Prejudice -- Realistic Group Conflict Theory -- Measures of Traditional Prejudice -- Explanations of Covert Racism -- Response Amplification Theory -- Aversive Racism Theory -- Symbolic Racism Theory -- Compunction Theory -- Covert Racism and Realistic Group Conflict: A Critique -- Race Relations: Future Prospects? -- Summary -- 3 The Contact Hypothesis in Intergroup Relations -- The Contact Hypothesis -- Evidence Concerning the Original Contact Hypothesis -- Cooperation -- Equal Status -- Individualized Contact -- Support by Authority Figures -- The Conceptual Model Underlying the Contact Hypothesis -- Extensions of the Contact Hypothesis -- Societal Factors -- Person Factors -- Consequences of Contact -- Mediators of Contact -- A Reconceptualized Contact Model -- School Desegregation -- The Social Scientists' Predictions -- The Effects of Desegregation -- Explaining the Effects of Desegregation -- Cooperative Learning in the Schools -- Summary

This book is intended both as supplementary reading for courses and as a practical guidebook for individuals and programmes interested in reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations. It provides the only comprehensive review and compilation of techniques for roving intergroup relations

This study is designed to teach readers of the human problems of leadership, and to show new conceptions of leadership and new methods of training relevant to our modern industrial society.

▪ Abstract  In the 1970s, researchers provided the first detailed descriptions of intergroup conflict in chimpanzees. These observations stimulated numerous comparisons between chimpanzee violence and human warfare. Such comparisons have attracted three main objections: (a) The data supporting such comparisons are too few, (b) intergroup aggression is the result of artificial feeding by observers, and (c) chimpanzee data are irrelevant to understanding human warfare. Recent studies provide strong evidence against these criticisms. Data from the five long-term sites with neighboring groups show that intergroup aggression is a pervasive feature of chimpanzee societies, including sites where artificial feeding never took place. Recent studies have clarified questions about the functional goals and proximate mechanisms underlying intergroup aggression. Male chimpanzees compete with males in other groups over territory, food, and females, base their decisions to attack strangers on assessments of numerical strength, and strive for dominance over neighboring groups. Human males likewise compete over territory, food, and females and show a preference for low-risk attacks and intergroup dominance. Chimpanzee studies illustrate the promise of the behavioral biology approach for understanding and addressing the roots of violence in our own species.

Lay theory research on intergroup relations has rapidly grown over the past two decades. Drawing on articles in this Special Issue, we showcase the latest developments. First, we define lay theories, addressing the extent of overlap with scientific theories and differences among lay theories in terms of type of representation, level of articulation, frequency of activation and use, range of applicability, and degree of universality. Second, we describe advances in the understanding of the functions of lay theories. Third, we review the far-reaching implications of lay theories for group and intergroup processes. Fourth, we discuss the movement toward comparing and contrasting related lay theories. Taken together, these articles suggest the study of lay theories provides a fuller understanding of intergroup relations.