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pt. 1. Three perspectives on freedom of religion and belief -- pt. 2. Contents and protection of the freedom of religion and belief -- pt. 3. The problems of freedom of religion and belief -- pt. 4. Freedom of religion and belief and other human rights : tensions.

This article deals with the role of criminal law in dealing with defamatory expressions about religion or belief. Defamation of religion and belief is a form of indirect defamation 'via identification' which, as the discussion about the Dutch group defamation law shows, stretches up the notion of 'group defamation' — a crime which requires that (groups of) persons are insulted because they belong to a religious group. This contribution investigates whether European states can legitimately criminalise (certain forms of) defamation of religion and belief, in light of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations framework (particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and legal theoretical considerations. The article shows how problematic it is for the criminal law — in light of the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion, as well as the ultima ratio principle — to combat such speech.

A virtual trinity / William Sims Bainbridge -- Studying religion and YouTube / Denis J. Bekkering -- Studying Muslim identity online in post-9/11 America : results and implications for accessing stigmatized minority groups / Peter J. Martini, Victoria A. Springer, Jordan D. Clark and James T. Richardson -- "Crap, we need a god..." : religion, videogames, and the digital social / Douglas E. Cowan -- Emotion, ritual and rules of feeling in the study of digital religion / Tim Hutchings -- Shari'a in cyberspace : an analysis of Australian and US internet sites / Adam Possamai, Joshua Roose, Bryan S. Turner, Selda Dagistanli, Malcolm Voyce and Lisa Worthington -- Public atheism and "Islamophobia" on Twitter / Alan G. Nixon -- The study of post-secularization through the digital social / Alphia Possamai-Inesedy -- "No life" eschatology : the incorporation and avatarisation of digital eremitism / Olivier Servais.

INTRODUCTION; MANAGEMENT OF RELIGION IN TURKEY; TWO GENERATIONS OF DEBATE ON FREEDOMOF RELIGION IN TURKEY; FREEDOM FROM RELIGION IN TURKEY; THE RELIGION BOX ON IDENTITY CARDSAS A MEANS TO UNDERSTAND THE TURKISHTYPE OF SECULARISM; THE HEADSCARF ISSUE AT STATEINSTITUTIONS IN TURKEY; CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTIONTO MILITARY SERVICE; A TRAPPED RIGHT; AN UNSOLVED ISSUE; DRAFTING FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEFIN TURKEY'S NEW CONSTITUTION; CONTRIBUTORS

This article focuses on stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among white and black Americans who differ in religious preference. First, it summarizes earlier research on white conservative Protestants and outlines characterizations of Black Protestant church congregants. It then reports patterns of stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among blacks and whites varying in religious preference who responded to the 1996 through 2006 General Social Surveys. Comparisons across twelve race-by-religion categories did not provide persuasive evidence that white conservative Protestants are uniquely conservative in their stratification beliefs, once background characteristics are controlled, nor was the Black Protestant group distinctive. Compared to blacks, whites were less inclined to structuralist explanations of racial inequality~ slightly more inclined to individualist explanations, and consistently more negative about policies and programs to aid blacks. What is more, white Christians were more racially conservative in all these ways than non-Christian whites. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

This article focuses on stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among white and black Americans who differ in religious preference. First, it summarizes earlier research on white conservative Protestants and outlines characterizations of Black Protestant church congregants. It then reports patterns of stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among blacks and whites varying in religious preference who responded to the 1996 through 2006 General Social Surveys. Comparisons across twelve race-by-religion categories did not provide persuasive evidence that white conservative Protestants are uniquely conservative in their stratification beliefs, once background characteristics are controlled, nor was the Black Protestant group distinctive. Compared to blacks, whites were less inclined to structuralist explanations of racial inequality, slightly more inclined to individualist explanations, and consistently more negative about policies and programs to aid blacks. What is more, white Christians were more racially conservative in all these ways than non-Christian whites.

Intro -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Religion Box on the National Identity Card: Being Compelled to Reveal One's Religion and Beliefs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 International Law Standards -- 2.2.1 European Court of Human Rights' Case Law -- 2.3 Turkey's Obligations -- 2.3.1 Turkish Law -- 2.3.2 Steps Taken After the Sinan Işık v. Turkey Judgment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Military-Nation and Conscientious Objectors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 International Law Standards -- 3.3 Turkey's Obligations -- 3.3.1 Turkish Law -- 3.3.2 Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects of Militarism -- 3.3.3 Homosexual Conscientious Objectors and the Unfit Report -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Unresolved Issue: Compulsory Religious Education -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 International Law Standards -- 4.2.1 European Court of Human Rights' Case Law -- 4.3 Turkey's Obligations -- 4.3.1 The History of Religious Education in Turkey -- 4.3.2 Turkish Law -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Recognition of Faith Groups and the Opening of Places of Worship -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 International Law Standards -- 5.2.1 European Court of Human Rights' Case Law -- 5.2.2 The EU and the Venice Commission -- 5.3 Turkey's Obligations -- 5.3.1 Turkish Law -- 5.3.1.1 Planning Regulations -- 5.3.1.2 Legal Personality -- 5.3.1.3 The Appointment of Religious Leaders -- 5.3.1.4 Teaching -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 6: The Manifestation of Religious Belief in the Public Sphere: Religious Symbols and Dress -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 International Law Standards -- 6.2.1 The European Court of Human Rights' Case Law -- 6.3 Turkey's Obligations -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Index.