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Habermas´ last book Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie (2019). engages a reconstruction of the historical genealogy of postmetaphysical thought from a remarkable perspective: The relationship between faith and knowledge. In this paper I will present two key elements of this relationship. First, I will examine the concept of "learning process", its way of operating in the history of thought and of institutions, the progressive "lingüistification" of the contents of faith, the influences of the relationship of faith and knowledge in learning processes, and the role of philosophy in this history. Second, I will research a particular aspect related to practical philosophy: the process of legitimation of norms, institutions and decisions. In this regards, I wil analyze the advance promoted by the relationship of faith and knowlede in political, moral and legal legitimacy issues. I will show the main milestones of all three fields, their relationship, and the paradigms that based those positions. I will show how Habermas finds the origin of his universalist and procedimentalist position in a path where the theological reflection was indispensable. Along this reconstruction I will also show the contribution that Habermas still considers valid for religious discourse in a secular context. Finally I will offer a brief critical reflection. ; El último libro de Habermas, Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie (2019), se propone reconstruir la genealogía histórica del pensamiento postmetafísico desde una perspectiva notable: la relación de creencia y conocimiento. En este trabajo se exponen dos elementos centrales de esta relación. En primer lugar, se analiza la noción de "proceso de aprendizaje", su modo de operar en la historia del pensamiento y las instituciones, la progresiva "lingüistificación" de los contenidos de fe, las influencias de la interrelación de fe y conocimiento en los procesos de aprendizaje, y el rol de la filosofía en esa historia. Habermas muestra cómo este proceso caracteriza la actividad que dio lugar al pensamiento postmetafísico, excede los límites europeos de su origen, y al mismo tiempo deviene operativo para pensar toda relación en un contexto postsecular. En segundo lugar, se presenta un aspecto particular vinculado con la filosofía práctica: los procesos de legitimación de las normas, instituciones y decisiones. En este sentido, se analiza el paso que la relación de creencia y conocimiento permitió en los problemas de legitimación política, moral y legal. Se mostrarán los principales hitos de los tres campos, su interrelación, y los paradigmas que fundamentaron las posiciones. Se mostrará cómo Habermas encuentra el origen de su posición universalista y procedimental en un recorrido donde la reflexión teológica sobre la experiencia religiosa es imprescindible. A lo largo de este recorrido se muestra el rol que Habermas considera todavía válido para el discurso religioso en el contexto secular. Finalmente se ofrecerá una breve reflexión crítica.

In connection with the concept of the "new Enlightenment" formulated in the recent anniversary report of the Club of Rome, the author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of the Enlightenment in Russia. The points of view of domestic and foreign researchers on the positive and negative aspects of the Enlightenment, the reasons for the crisis of the "classical" Enlightenment and the need for its renewal are considered. One of the most important problems of the European Enlightenment of the 18th century - the crisis of public morality. The enlighteners borrowed the norms and values of traditional morality from religious consciousness, but sought to combine them with the guidelines for the rationalization and secularization of society and man. In Russia, this trend also took place, but the Russian Enlightenment is characterized by a more expressed axiologism, an orientation towards the mutual complementarity of moral values, scientific knowledge and socio-political progress. The author also refers to the discussion about the chronological framework of the Russian Enlightenment, highlighting its three stages: Christianization of Ancient Rus; Europeanization of the Russian Empire in the 18th century; the formation of an independent science, culture and philosophy since the 1830s. In addition, the article talks about the dialectical unity and struggle of cultural and civilizational paradigms in the Enlightenment of Russia. It is concluded that the Russian philosophy, created in the polemics of Slavophiles and Westernizers, realized Kant's idea of the essence of Enlightenment -the ability to use one's own mind. ; В связи с концепцией «нового Просвещения», сформулированной в недавнем юбилейном докладе Римского клуба, автор статьи анализирует феномен Просвещения в России. Рассматриваются точки зрения отечественных и зарубежных исследователей по вопросам позитивных и негативных сторон Просвещения, о причинах кризиса «классического» Просвещения и необходимости его обновления. Одна из важнейших проблем европейского Просвещения XVIII в. - кризис общественной морали. Просветители заимствовали нормы и ценности традиционной морали из религиозного сознания, но стремились совместить их с установками на рационализацию и секуляризацию общества и человека. В России данная тенденция также имела место, но для русского Просвещения характерны более выраженный аксиологизм, ориентация на взаимное дополнение нравственных ценностей, научного знания и социально-политического прогресса. Автор также обращается к дискуссии о хронологических рамках российского Просвещения, выделяя три его этапа: христианизация Древней Руси; европеизация Российской империи XVIII в.; формирование самостоятельной науки, культуры и философии с 30-х гг. XIX в. Кроме того, в статье говорится о диалектическом единстве и борьбе культурной и цивилизационной парадигм в Просвещении России. Делается вывод о том, что русская философия, созданная в полемике славянофилов и западников, реализовала мысль Канта о сущности Просвещения - умении пользоваться собственным разумом.

The analysis used in this study was the sociological theory of Karl Mannheim, especially in three aspects of meaning: Objective meaning, expressive meaning, and documentary meaning. The results of this study were: 1) Objective Meaning, all of students (santri) believed that tradition outwardly and spiritually participates in carrying out government programs to exercise and train the santri, and to accommodate the santri so that they were filled with religious learning that breathe Islam with the aim of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. 2) Expression Meaning, they believed that the sentence of laa ila hailaha illallah was a fortress, while the combination of surah al Kahfi: 10 and al Isra': 82 it is convinced as a provisions for helping others. They believe that this combination produces a big power. Qolbu containing la ilaha illallahfilters impurity of body and spiritual. So it makes body more clean and healthy. They believed, a heart which was filled with la ilaha illallahwill filter out physical and spiritual impurities of the body, this making both their bodies healthier and cleaner. 3) Documentary Meaning, they were not aware of the implicit meaning in that tradition, so what thing that be done by the doers without realizing indicates the full form of expression. Keyword: la ilaha illallah, surah al-kahfi: 10 dan al-isra': 82, respiratory science, Al-Kamal Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sosiologi pengetahuan Karl Mannheim, terutama pada tiga aspek makna: Makna Objektif, makna ekspresif dan makna dokumenter. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Makna Objektif, Makna Ekspresif, dan Makna Dokumenter. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Makna Objektif, semua santri meyakini bahwa tradisi tersebut secara lahiriah dan rohaniah ikut melaksanakan program pemerintah untuk berolahraga dan mengolahragakan santri, serta menampung para santri agar terisi ilmu-ilmu Agama yang bernafaskan Islam dengan tujuan amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. 2) Makna Ekspresi, mereka meyakini jika kalimat la ilaha illallahmerupakan hisnun (benteng), sedangkan kombinasi antara kalimat la ilaha illallahdengan surah al Kahfi: 10 dan al Isra': 82 diyakini menghasilkan power untuk menolong diri sendiri maupun orang lain. Mereka meyakini, qalbu yang terisi kalimat la ilaha illallahakan memfilter kotoran jasmani dan rohani dalam tubuh, sehingga menjadikan tubuh keduanya semakin sehat dan bersih. 3) Makna Dokumenter, mereka tidak menyadari makna yang tersirat dalam tradisi tersebut, sehingga apa yang dilakukan para pelaku tanpa sadar menunjukkan bentuk ekspresi secara keseluruhan. Diyakini sebagai bekal untuk diri-sendiri maupun untuk menolong orang lain. Mereka meyakini, kombinasi tersebut menghasilkan energi (power) yang besar, dan qalbu yang terisi kalimat la ilaha illallahmemfilter kotoran jasmani dan rohani dalam tubuh, sehingga menjadikan tubuh keduanya semakin sehat dan bersih. Kata Kunci: la ilaha illallah, surah al-kahfi: 10 dan al-isra': 82, ilmu pernafasan, Al-Kamal

Editorial There are ten papers and a book review in this volume of Lagos Notes and Records spanning literature, linguistics, music, and philosophy. In literature, Khushwant Singh's 1956 novel Train to Pakistan is the inspiration for P. Panda and S. Mohanty's "Trauma in Train to Pakistan", which uses trauma theory to explain the social and psychological condition of citizens following the partition of India in 1947. Through the characters' fictive lives the novelist depicts some of the anguish that is a direct result of the creation of a separate Pakistani State, and it is such depiction with which Achebe, Langston Hughes and Ngugi wa Thiong'O to the African Renaissance" in which the author argues for a 'sustained regeneration of the African ethos and psyche' via the propagation of the genuine pan-Africanist sensibilities articulated in the creative oeuvres of the three writers. Soyinka's plays: A Study of Fabricated names and Characters in Selected Works". Here the authors show a link between the names of Wole Soyinka's fictive characters and the themes of two of his plays on power and its abuse, A Play of Giants and King Baabu. Ultimately, they establish the playwright's rootedness in the Yoruba weltanschauung. Yet another offering from literature is Joy M. Etiowo and Effumbe Kachua's "National Reconstruction and Commitment in Nigerian Theatre: A reading of Femi Osofisan's Morountodun and Other Plays and Tess Onwueme's The Reign of Wazobia". Modestus N. Onyeaghalaji and Osimiri Peter point out "The Role of Philosophers in Public Affairs", nothing that applied ethics, political philosophy and existentialism are only some of the many years in which philosophers offer "the requisite analysis, critique and vision articulation" so crucial in the public sphere. In a similar vein, Jeffery M. Shaw provides: "A Short Summary of the Religious vs. Science Debate". In "Demystifying the Compositional and Performance Elements of Nigerian Vocal Art Music", Sunday Ofuani identifies some essential Nigerian elements of musical composition as rhythm, tonality and repetition, among others. He suggests that contemporary musical scores can be enriched with such infusions. Of the two papers contributed from linguistics, Chuka Chukwube's "Mending Relations with Washington: How Ready is Moscow in the 21st Century?" examines the historical dimension of Russian studies, while Kehinde Oladeji's paper, entitled "Vowel Harmony in the North-East Dialects of Yoruba" supports the hypothesis that proto-Yoruba had 10 vowels and complete vowel harmony. This conclusion is reached after a comparison of North-East Yoruba dialects with those of the NorthWest, South-West and South-East of Yorubaland, as well as with Standard Yoruba. Finally, for formal linguists, specifically syntacticians, Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi provides a stimulating review of Jessica Coon's (2013) Aspects of Ergativity. Muyiwa Falaiye, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief and Dean, Faculty of Arts

Introduction: Measles is one of the most contagious diseases that affect humans. After its eradicationin the Americas region in 2016, it has reemerged and the number of cases is progressively increasing.Objective: To deepen and update the most important aspects of the measles virus molecularepidermiology in the Americas. Methods: The search and analysis of the information was carriedout over a period of five months (November 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020) for which the following wordswere used: measles, molecular epidemiology, America, outbreak, genotype, epidemic, in the PubMed,Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases Likewise, the epidemiological reports of the Pan American HealthOrganization (PAHO) and government entities from different countries of America were taken intoaccount. Results: Two lineages of the D8 genotype are spreading widely in the Americas region. Andalthough we still cannot know the impact of the current pandemic produced by the SARS-CoV-2, thelow immunization rate, the high migratory movements before 2020, socio-cultural and religious factorsadded to the social and political crisis that affect to some countries in the region, they are helping toincrease this problem. Conclusion: The review provides knowledge of the molecular epidemiologyof the virus. Its use and correct interpretation will allow establishing adequate management andcontainment measures in order to recover the eradicated disease condition in the Americas. ; Tras su erradicación en la región de las Américas en el 2016, ha reemergido y el número de casosva en progresivo aumento. Objetivo: Profundizar y actualizar los aspectos más importantes de laepidermiología molecular del virus sarampión en las Américas. Métodos: La búsqueda y análisis de lainformación se realizó en un periodo de cinco meses (primero de noviembre de 2019 al 31 de marzode 2020) para lo cual se emplearon las siguientes palabras: measles, epidemiology molecular, América,outbreak, genotype, epidemic, en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline. Así mismo, setomaron en cuenta los informes epidemiológicos de la Organización Panamericana De La Salud (OPS)y entidades gubernamentales de distintos países de América. Resultados: Dos linajes del genotipo D8están diseminándose ampliamente en la región de las Américas. Y aunque aún no podemos conocer elimpacto de la actual pandemia producida por el SARS-CoV-2, la baja tasa de inmunización, los elevadosmovimientos migratorios antes del 2020, factores socioculturales y religiosos sumados a la crisis socialy política que afectan a algunos países de la región, están contribuyendo a que este problema seacreciente. Conclusión: La revisión brinda el conocimiento de la epidemiología molecular del virus. Suempleo y correcta interpretación permitirá establecer un adecuado manejo y medidas de contencióncon el fin de recuperar la condición de enfermedad erradicada en las Américas.

The article addresses the issue of how leading leaders of the liberal and conservative British party assessed the problem of interaction between the Anglican and Catholic churches in the nineteenth century. The main emphasis is on the social and political results of the emancipation of Catholics in English society, in the representations of Protestant or skeptical politicians or thinkers. The problem of religion in England has been an important element of social and political life since the sixteenth century. One of the most pressing aspects of this issue was the problem of relations between the Anglican and Catholic churches. After the "Reformation from above", the Anglican State Church became a unique phenomenon, which testified to the strong national trends in society. The Catholic question was not a common problem in English life, playing not only a purely dynastic or religious role, but also having political and geopolitical significance. The situation has changed dramatically since the beginning of the nineteenth century because of the act of unity with Ireland raised questions about the status of Irish Catholics in the UK government. Also, an opposition to the Anglican Church, such as Tractarianism or the Oxford movement, has developed in England as well. As the article states, that against the background of the general social tensions and economic crises that took place between 1815 and 1840, the government was forced to seek compromise. Among these compromises was the improvement of conditions for Catholics. In 1829, a parliamentary document called the "Act on the Freedom of Catholics" allowed Catholics to participate in elections and to be elected to Parliament and to confer on them other civil rights. From that moment on, the Irish were given the opportunity to take part in the political life of the United Kingdom, the action that politicized the question. In the article the classical conservative and liberal view of the problem is compared. The author states that the conservatives and liberals had a similar attitude to the development of Anglicanism and the growing role of Catholicism. The problems of the internal reform of Anglicanism, foreign influence, the destruction of traditions and the institutionalization of the Catholic Church created a significant problem, to which public thought responded fervently and actively. The author emphasizes that, in contrast, Anglicanism was perceived as a national cultural heritage uniting the British people. ; В статті розглядається позиція провідних діячів ліберальної та консервативної партії щодо проблем взаємодії англіканської та католицької церков в ХІХ ст. Головний акцент робиться на суспільних та політичних результатах емансипації католиків в англійському суспільстві в очах протестантських чи скептично налаштованих політичних діячів та мислителів. Порівнюється класичне консервативне та ліберальне бачення проблеми.

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษารูปแบบ กระบวนการ การบริหารจัดการเงินสนับสนุน จากภาครัฐ เงินบริจาค และทรัพย์สินของวัด 2) ศึกษาจุดเสี่ยง ปัญหาอุปสรรค กระบวนการการบริหารจัดการเงินสนับสนุนจากภาครัฐ เงินบริจาค และทรัพย์สินของวัด และ 3) ศึกษาแนวทางการการบริหารจัดการเงินสนับสนุนจากภาครัฐ เงินบริจาค และทรัพย์สินของวัด ให้มีความโปร่งใสสามารถสร้างศรัทธา และความเชื่อมั่นในพระพุทธศาสนา โดยใช้วิจัยเชิงคุณภาพแบบพรรณนา เพื่อค้นหาข้อเท็จจริง การดำเนินการวิจัยเลือกพื้นที่แบบเฉพาะเจาะจง คือ วัดแห่งหนึ่งในจังหวัดขอนแก่น ตำบลในเมือง อำเภอเมืองขอนแก่น จังหวัดขอนแก่น สังกัดคณะสงฆ์มหานิกาย และเลือกผู้ให้ข้อมูลหลักแบบเจาะจง แบ่งผู้ให้ข้อมูล ออกเป็น 3 กลุ่มหลัก รวมทั้งหมด 9 รูป/คน ได้แก่ ผู้บริหารของวัด/ผู้เกี่ยวข้องกับวัด, ผู้บริหารของโรงเรียนพระปริยัติธรรม แผนกสามัญศึกษา/ผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง และ ผู้บริหารของหน่วยงานที่เกี่ยวข้อง/ผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย คือ แบบสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกแบบมีโครงสร้าง และแบบไม่มีโครงสร้าง ผลการวิจัย พบว่า 1) รูปแบบ กระบวนการ การบริหารจัดการเงินสนับสนุนจากภาครัฐ เงินบริจาค และทรัพย์สินของวัด วัดบริหารจัดการภายใต้กฎหมาย กฎ ระเบียบ มติมหาเถรสมาคม กฎกระทรวง และตามหลักพระธรรมวินัย โดยเจ้าอาวาสดำเนินการแต่งตั้งคณะทำงานและไวยาวัจกรช่วยในการดำเนินงานวัด 2) จุดเสี่ยง ปัญหาอุปสรรค ของวัดยังไม่มีรายงานทางการเงินที่เป็นไปตามหลักการของการจัดทำบัญชี การเปิดเผยข้อมูลทางการเงินของวัดยังอยู่ในวงจำกัด ส่วนมากวัดจะจัดทำรายงานทางการเงินและเก็บไว้เองที่วัด มิได้มีการเผยแพร่ให้สาธารณชนได้รับทราบวัดขาดการวางแผนระบบการบริหารจัดการทรัพย์สินของวัดเพื่อประโยชน์อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพขาดกลไกลในการกำกับดูแลที่จะให้มีการบริหารเงินที่สอดคล้องกับ หลักการบริหารจัดการ 3) แนวทางการบริหารจัดของวัดที่จะสามารถสร้างศรัทธา และความเชื่อมั่นในพระพุทธศาสนา วัดควรยึดหลักการบริหารกิจการที่ดีในการบริหารจัดการยึดหลัดความโปร่งใสเป็นสำคัญ มุ่งเน้นการบริหารแบบมีส่วนร่วม ยึดการบริหารตามกรอบ การพัฒนาทั้ง 6 ด้าน ประกอบด้วยการปกครอง การศาสนศึกษา การเผยแผ่ การสาธารณูปการ การศึกษาสงเคราะห์ และการสาธารณสงเคราะห์ ปฏิบัติตามมติ กฎมหาเถรสมาคมที่กำหนด การบริหารงบประมาณวัดใช้แนวทางหลักความพอเพียง มุ่งเน้นประโยชน์ให้กับส่วนรวมมากกว่าแก่บุคคลใดบุคคลหนึ่ง The objectives of this research were to: 1) study model, process and management of government support, donations and property of the temple; 2) study risks and obstacles of management of government support, donations and property of the temple; and 3)study management guidelines for government support, donations and property of the temple to strengthen transparency and faith and trust in Buddhism. This research was a descriptive research to find facts. The research selected specific area which was a temple in Khon Kaen, Nai Muang, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen province under Maha Nikaya. The key informants were divided into three main groups totaling 9 persons: temple managements/ stakeholders, managements of the General Education Section of PhraPariyattidhamma School/ stakeholders and managements of relevant organizations/ stakeholders. And, the research tools included structured and unstructured in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that: 1) Model, process and management of government support, donations and property of the temple. The temple managed under laws, regulations and rules of the Sangha Supreme Council of Thailand, ministerial regulations and Buddhism disciplines as the abbot designated management committee and for temple management; 2) Risks and obstacles of management of government support, donations and property of the temple. The temple did not conduct financial statements under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The financial data disclosure was limited. The temple mostly conducted the financial statements and kept in the temple so it was not disseminated to public. Moreover, the temple did not have efficient properties management plan as well as did not have supervision mechanics for controlling financial management in line with management principles; and 3) Management guidelines for government support, donations and property of the temple to strengthen transparency and faith and trust in Buddhism. The temple should uphold good governance, transparency, participating management, management under six aspects of development framework including administration, religious education, public facilities, educational welfare and public welfare, comply with resolutions of the Sangha Supreme Council of Thailand. The budget management implemented sufficiency and mainly focused on public benefits rather than individuals.

The analysis used in this study was the sociological theory of Karl Mannheim, especially in three aspects of meaning: Objective meaning, expressive meaning, and documentary meaning. The results of this study were: 1) Objective Meaning, all of students (santri) believed that tradition outwardly and spiritually participates in carrying out government programs to exercise and train the santri, and to accommodate the santri so that they were filled with religious learning that breathe Islam with the aim of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. 2) Expression Meaning, they believed that the sentence of laa ila hailaha illallah was a fortress, while the combination of surah al Kahfi: 10 and al Isra': 82 it is convinced as a provisions for helping others. They believe that this combination produces a big power. Qolbu containing la ilaha illallahfilters impurity of body and spiritual. So it makes body more clean and healthy. They believed, a heart which was filled with la ilaha illallahwill filter out physical and spiritual impurities of the body, this making both their bodies healthier and cleaner. 3) Documentary Meaning, they were not aware of the implicit meaning in that tradition, so what thing that be done by the doers without realizing indicates the full form of expression. Keyword: la ilaha illallah, surah al-kahfi: 10 dan al-isra': 82, respiratory science, Al-Kamal Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sosiologi pengetahuan Karl Mannheim, terutama pada tiga aspek makna: Makna Objektif, makna ekspresif dan makna dokumenter. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Makna Objektif, Makna Ekspresif, dan Makna Dokumenter. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Makna Objektif, semua santri meyakini bahwa tradisi tersebut secara lahiriah dan rohaniah ikut melaksanakan program pemerintah untuk berolahraga dan mengolahragakan santri, serta menampung para santri agar terisi ilmu-ilmu Agama yang bernafaskan Islam dengan tujuan amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. 2) Makna Ekspresi, mereka meyakini jika kalimat la ilaha illallahmerupakan hisnun (benteng), sedangkan kombinasi antara kalimat la ilaha illallahdengan surah al Kahfi: 10 dan al Isra': 82 diyakini menghasilkan power untuk menolong diri sendiri maupun orang lain. Mereka meyakini, qalbu yang terisi kalimat la ilaha illallahakan memfilter kotoran jasmani dan rohani dalam tubuh, sehingga menjadikan tubuh keduanya semakin sehat dan bersih. 3) Makna Dokumenter, mereka tidak menyadari makna yang tersirat dalam tradisi tersebut, sehingga apa yang dilakukan para pelaku tanpa sadar menunjukkan bentuk ekspresi secara keseluruhan. Diyakini sebagai bekal untuk diri-sendiri maupun untuk menolong orang lain. Mereka meyakini, kombinasi tersebut menghasilkan energi (power) yang besar, dan qalbu yang terisi kalimat la ilaha illallahmemfilter kotoran jasmani dan rohani dalam tubuh, sehingga menjadikan tubuh keduanya semakin sehat dan bersih. Kata Kunci: la ilaha illallah, surah al-kahfi: 10 dan al-isra': 82, ilmu pernafasan, Al-Kamal

In the aspect of historical-archaeological and archival-linguistic data, processes of formation of the place-name space of Busk in the period of the XV-XVIII centuries are analyzed. The genesis of the Middle of the city and the suburbs in the "pre-street" period of the urban area development are outlined. Urban place names of Busk – one of the oldest Slavic policies, and now a small town in the northeastern part of the Lviv region, the administrative center of the Busk district – has undergone an evolution, typical of most provincial settlements in Western Ukraine. In the VII-XII centuries Busk played a prominent administrative role of the border outpost on the border of various ethnic and political zones of the influence of the Slavic rangeland, for some time was the tribal center of the Buzhans and the center of a single principality (the Busk principality), possessed a developed social and militarily fortifying infrastructure (balances 4 Ancient settlements in the modern administrative boundaries) and 9 times fell on the pages of the chronicle (last time in the annals of 1234). Urban place names of Busk, apparently, did not preserve the archaic layers of the Slavic and Kyivan Rus period. Old names erased from human memory together with the Buzhsk, destroyed by hordes of Batu in 1241. The ownership of some city names to the Kyivan Rus period (given the lack of documentary evidence of their existence) can really speak hypothetically. The topographic evolution of the urban space of Busk was based on the model of concentration, reduction and consolidation of the territory with the dominant role of relief plastics in the processes of urban planning. Western one-vector direction of the development of the city topostructure with the simultaneous creation of new economic-administrative, cultural and religious sites led to a unique regional phenomenon, when within one city there were actually three relatively autonomous policies, each of which had its own church, administrative structures, fortifications, markets, etc. The system of Busk suburbs (Voliany, Lipyboky, Dovha Storona, Korotka Storona, Nimetskyi Bik, Pidzamche) as an autonomous sedimentary structure existed until the first quarter of the twentieth century, after which on its area began to form a grid of urban streets.Key words: historical place names, archeology, etymology. ; Крізь призму історико-археологічних та архівно-лінгвістичних даних проаналізовано процеси формування топонімного простору Буська у період ХV-ХVІІІ ст. Зроблено спробу етимологічної та хронологічної атрибуції історичного топонімікону міста, окреслено тенденції генези топонімного ареалу Буського Середмістя та системи Буських передмість у "довуличний" період розвитку міського ареалу.Ключові слова: історична топоніміка, мікротопонім, етимологія, археологія, середмістя, передмістя.

The article addresses the issue of how leading leaders of the liberal and conservative British party assessed the problem of interaction between the Anglican and Catholic churches in the nineteenth century. The main emphasis is on the social and political results of the emancipation of Catholics in English society, in the representations of Protestant or skeptical politicians or thinkers. The problem of religion in England has been an important element of social and political life since the sixteenth century. One of the most pressing aspects of this issue was the problem of relations between the Anglican and Catholic churches. After the "Reformation from above", the Anglican State Church became a unique phenomenon, which testified to the strong national trends in society. The Catholic question was not a common problem in English life, playing not only a purely dynastic or religious role, but also having political and geopolitical significance. The situation has changed dramatically since the beginning of the nineteenth century because of the act of unity with Ireland raised questions about the status of Irish Catholics in the UK government. Also, an opposition to the Anglican Church, such as Tractarianism or the Oxford movement, has developed in England as well. As the article states, that against the background of the general social tensions and economic crises that took place between 1815 and 1840, the government was forced to seek compromise. Among these compromises was the improvement of conditions for Catholics. In 1829, a parliamentary document called the "Act on the Freedom of Catholics" allowed Catholics to participate in elections and to be elected to Parliament and to confer on them other civil rights. From that moment on, the Irish were given the opportunity to take part in the political life of the United Kingdom, the action that politicized the question. In the article the classical conservative and liberal view of the problem is compared. The author states that the conservatives and liberals had a similar attitude to the development of Anglicanism and the growing role of Catholicism. The problems of the internal reform of Anglicanism, foreign influence, the destruction of traditions and the institutionalization of the Catholic Church created a significant problem, to which public thought responded fervently and actively. The author emphasizes that, in contrast, Anglicanism was perceived as a national cultural heritage uniting the British people. ; В статті розглядається позиція провідних діячів ліберальної та консервативної партії щодо проблем взаємодії англіканської та католицької церков в ХІХ ст. Головний акцент робиться на суспільних та політичних результатах емансипації католиків в англійському суспільстві в очах протестантських чи скептично налаштованих політичних діячів та мислителів. Порівнюється класичне консервативне та ліберальне бачення проблеми.

Modern urban planning seems to neglect taking into account the inner resources of individuals while designing a sustainable urban life. In rethinking urbanisation, spirituality must be seen as an integral part of the human connectedness in the context of urban lifestyles. Current study considers spirituality as part of our individual wellbeing- and questions whether argues that the concept of spirituality and the need for human connectedness should be taken into account while planning a more sustainable urban life. Here we focus on the issue of human connectedness and explore how urban lifestyle redefines our communication and spiritual needs. Though the material aspects of urban life cannot be underestimated, we argue that a more holistic approach is needed to achieve inner and outer sustainability in creating more harmonized lives. Our findings show that spirituality not only encompasses human connectedness but also reveals such human needs as belonging, safety, transcendence and communication, which are by nature intertwined. In this study, we take a bottom-up approach in exploring the spiritual needs of urban dwellers and how those needs present challenges in their daily lives, and in discussing the significance of means of communication in creating connected lives. We then suggest that urban spirituality is mediated through a number of innate needs, and challenged in the urban context via materialistic, relational, moral and transcendental means. Designing a qualitative approach, semi-structured in-depth face-to-face and telephone interviews were held with 47 participants who were government officers employed by the Presidency of Religious Affairs of Turkey. All participants fulfilled the criteria of receiving early training in spiritual care and counselling. ; Modern şehir planlaması sürdürülebilir bir kent hayatı tasarlarken bireylerin içsel kaynaklarını hesaba katmaktan kaçınmaktadır. Kentleşmeyi yeniden düşündüğümüzde, maneviyat, modern hayat tarzında insan bağlanmışlığının içsel bir parçası olarak görülmelidir. Mevcut çalışmada maneviyat insanın iyi olma hali olarak ele alınmakta, ve insanın bağlanmışlık ve iletişim ihtiyacının sürdürülebilir bir şehir planlarken hesaba katılması gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada insan bağlanmışlığı ve kent hayatının, iletişim ve manevi ihtiyaçlarımızın yeniden tanımlanması gerektiği konu edinilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada 47 Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı din görevlisi ile yüz yüze ve telefon yolu ile yarı yapılandırılmış, derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların tümü daha önceden manevi bakım ve danışmanlık eğitiminden geçmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları maneviyatın insan bağlanmışlığını kapsadığını ve aidiyet, güvenlik, aşkınlık ve iletişim gibi doğası gereği iç içe olan insan ihtiyaçlarını ortaya çıkardığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada kent sakinlerinin manevi ihtiyaçları, bu ihtiyaçların günlük hayatlarında ortaya çıkardığı zorluklar, iletişim ve bağlanmışlık ihtiyacı tümevarım yaklaşımı ile ele alınmıştır. Kentlerin maddi ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması önemli olmakla birlikte, sürdürülebilirlik için içsel ve dışsal bir harmoni oluşturabilmek adına daha bütüncül bir yaklaşımın önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

UK: У статті розкрито сутність та особливості гендерної культури як теоретичне підґрунтя її формування у студентської молоді. Проаналізовано стан дослідженості проблеми формування гендерної культури студентської молоді в умовах закладу вищої освіти; констатовано, що найбільший інтерес науковців викликає проблема гендерного виховання молоді. У дослідженні з'ясовано, що поняття «гендерна культура» у науковій літературі розглядається як сукупність статево-рольових цінностей у суспільних відносинах і відповідних до них норм поведінки, потреб, інтересів та форм діяльності, що зумовлена суспільним устроєм, релігійними віруваннями. Доведено, що молодий студентський вік є чутливим і сприятливим періодом для формування гендерної культури. EN: In the article the essence and special aspects of gender culture as theoretical basis of its formation among young students are explained. The state of the problem of young student gender culture formation in conditions of a higher education institution is analyzed. It was stated that the greatest interest of scientists is the problem of young people gender education. The research found that the concept of "gender culture" in the scientific literature is regarded as a complex of gender-role values in social relations and their corresponding norms of behavior, needs, interests and forms of activity, which is conditioned by social order, religious beliefs. It is proved that the young student's age is a sensitive and favorable period for the gender culture formation The entry of Ukraine into the world educational space has led to the need for the implementation of a new educational system, which requires new approaches, relationships, behavior, etc. An integrated solution of the society sustainable development problems is impossible without creating equal opportunities for self-realization of the individual regardless of its gender in any sphere of life. An indicator of a truly democratic society is the realization of the idea of gender equality in interpersonal relations, giving representatives of both genders equal rights and equal chances. Recently, the issue of gender equality has become a priority in the whole modern world, there has been an urgent need for the formation of new relationships between women and men, which should be based on equal partnership, giving both genders equal access to the benefits of civilization. It is determined that gender culture of young students is a subjectively determined system of values, gender knowledge, gender-role norms of behavior that promote the implementation of student abilities of different genders as equal social creatures, form the gender qualities of the individual through the implementation of such organizational and pedagogical conditions as development gender competence of the teacher; the organization of gender education of students in the educational activities of the higher education institution.

El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar sobre los clubes futbolísticos del astillero desde una perspectiva antropológica. La antropología del deporte ha tenido varias etapas en su desarrollo histórico. El deporte en la actualidad ha llegado a convertirse en un fenómeno alegórico sociocultural en los grupos humanos. Concretamente el fútbol se ha convertido en el deporte con mayor audiencia, seguidores y practicantes en todo el mundo. En esta investigación, se empleó el método etnográfico para la descripción-interpretación de los fenómenos socioculturales y contextuales del fútbol como lenguaje universal simbólico en los clubes del astillero. Este método posibilitó la recolección de datos y determinación de los puntos de encuentro de las personas implicadas e identificación de las normas a considerar en la investigación. Los resultados del estudio antropológico brindaron elementos esenciales que se manifiestan, concretamente los partidos, en torno a un campeonato nacional de fútbol. En la observación realizada se pudieron constatar varias manifestaciones ideológicas, la gestualidad codificada de los diferentes grupos y expresiones populares. Estas últimas son objeto de debate con un fin específico ya sea político, religioso, deportivo, entre otros. Como consecuencia el estudio antropológico de los clubes del astillero tienes varios aspectos que deben ser estudiados por la antropología, dada su función sociocultural al ser un deporte que moviliza grupos humanos por considerarse una pasión universal. Abstract The objective of this article is to deepen on the football clubs of the shipyard from an anthropological perspective. The anthropology of sport has had several stages in its historical development. Sport today has become an allegorical sociocultural phenomenon in human groups. Specifically, soccer has become the sport with the largest audience, followers and practitioners around the world. In this research, the ethnographic method was used for the description-interpretation of the socio-cultural and contextual phenomena of soccer as a symbolic universal language in the clubs of the shipyard. This method enabled the collection of data and determination of the meeting points of the people involved and identification of the rules to be considered in the investigation. The results of the anthropological study provided essential elements that are manifested, specifically the parties, around a national football championship. In the observation made several ideological manifestations could be verified, the coded gestures of the different groups and popular expressions. The latter are the subject of debate with a specific purpose whether political, religious, sports, among others. As a result, the anthropological study of shipyard clubs has several aspects that should be studied by anthropology, given its sociocultural role to be a sport that mobilizes human groups to consider a universal passion.

The conversion of the Africans to Christianity was a long process that began in Africa and concluded in the New World. The religious protection and the health of the soul of the slave, was, for the slave owner and the State, a permanent obligation. But carrying out this moral obligation involved a multitude of factors: Spaniards did not know African languages, massive numbers arrived at the principal ports of entry, contraband of slaves, a lack of ecclesiastic control due to the lack of priests and missionaries and non compliance on the part of slave owners. All of this meant that the Christianization of the slaves occurred with less rigor than with the Indians, whose conversion to Christianity was a priority during all stages of the conquest and colonization. In the essay that follows, I hope to show some aspects of this problem by studying the legislation, the ecclesiastic precepts, as well as the customs followed in the distinct places of destination of the African slaves. I have also attempted to focus this theme in the area of the River Plate and, accordingly, the paper is based on edited documentary sources in addition to documentation found in the National Archive of Argentina and the Archive of the Indies, in Spain. ; La conversión de personas africanas al cristianismo fue un proceso largo que empezaba en África y concluía en el Nuevo Mundo. La protección religiosa y la salud del alma del esclavo eran, para el dueño del esclavo y para el Estado, una obligación permanente. Pero hacerse cargo de esta obligación moral implicaba una multiplicidad de factores: Los españoles no conocían los idiomas africanos, el números masivos de esclavos llegaban a los principales puertos, el contrabando de esclavos, la falta de control eclesiástico debido a la falta de curas y misionarios, y la falta de compromiso de parte de los dueños de los esclavos. Todo esto supone que la cristianización de los esclavos se llevó a cabo con menos rigor que la de los indígenas, cuya conversión a la Cristiandad fue una prioridad durante todas las etapas de la conquista y la colonización. En el presente trabajo, espero mostrar algunos aspectos de este problema al analizar la legislación, los preceptos eclesiásticos así como las costumbres practicadas en los distintos lugares de destino de los esclavos africanos. También me propongo hacer énfasis en el área del Río de la Plata y, de acuerdo con esto, el ensayo está basado en fuentes documentales editadas así como información encontrada en el Archivo Nacional de Argentina y el Archivo de Indias en España.

Since the twenties of the last century in various fields of the Greek culture (in the works of A. Papadiamandis in bélles-léttres, of Ph. Kontoglou and N. Pentzikis in iconography and painting, D. Pikionis in architecture, B. Tatakis, Ch. Yannaras, J. Romanides, J. Zizioulas and others in philosophy and theology) one may see development of a tendency which may be characterized in a first approximation as "Neo-Byzantinism. In a measure with movement might be connected with a failure of the political project that had its beginning in the Greek revolution of 1821 and its tragic result in the destruction of Greek communities in Asia Minor in 1923 (after in Constantinople too). In general the principle of Neo-Byzantinism might be formulated as following: Greece is not an ordinary nation and cannot build its identity according to the model of a neo-European national state (in spite of just this process actually proceeds in 20th c.). Paradoxically the fundamental principle of Greek culture is recognized in Byzantine Orthodoxy as supra-territorial and moreover supra-ethnic cultural model. Many of mentioned Greek authors find the detailed development of philosophical, theological, artistic aspects of this model in the writings of Russian religious philosophers and byzantinists of 19 and 20th c. from the early Slavophiles (like I. Kirejevsky and A. Khomyakov) up to Russian emigrate authors (mainly in Paris) like G. Florovsky, V. Lossky, L. Ouspensky. It's very meaningful that Greek intellectuals "recognize in writings of representatives of "the Third Rome the image of "the Second Rome's culture; they receive it as own (unlike to, for example, the "western one). So Basil Tatakis discovers the Byzantine type of spirituality in the works of I. Kirejevsky, F. Dostoevsky, N. Berdiaeff (the last chapter of his famous "Byzantine Philosophy "Byzantium after Byzantium is devoted to Russian culture that has preserved the spiritual tradition of Byzantium). So Ch. Yannaras recognizes the Byzantine type of sociality in a Russian Orthodox parish in Paris. ; Статья посвящена исследованию механизмов взаимных отражений культурных паттернов, которые делают возможным использование греческими «неовизантинитами» ХХ столетия тех наработок в исследовании и конструировании «образа Второго Рима», которые были осуществлены российскими интеллектуалами XIX–1 пол. XX вв., начиная от ранних славянофилов и заканчивая такими представителями русской эмиграции (преимущественно, парижской) как Г. Флоровский, В. Лосский, Л. Успенский. ; Статтю присячено дослідженню механізмі взаємних віддзеркален культурних патерні, що роблять можливим використаня грецьким «неовізантиністами» двадятого століття ти напрацювань дослідженні та конструюванні «образу Другого Риму», які були здійснені російським інтелектуалам ХІХ першої половини ХХ ст., починаючи ранні словянофілі та закінчуючи такими представниками російської еміграції (перш за вс, паризької) я Г. Флоровський, В. Лосськи, Л. Успенськи.