Suchergebnisse

Il portentoso successo ottenuto dai Beatles negli U.S.A. aprì il mercato americano a molte band della scena musicale britannica. Qualsiasi cosa avesse un sapore "british" divenne immediatamente interessante agli occhi del pubblico americano. Questo fenomeno noto come "British Invasion" costituisce il contesto entro il quale si muove la ricerca in oggetto: descrivere in che modo e per quali ragioni il blues venne riscoperto e reinterpretato da musicisti bianchi, quali conseguenze ciò abbia avuto nel ridefinire i canoni del genere, e quale sia stato il contributo specifico del blues revival inglese. Nel primo capitolo viene descritta la diffusione del jazz in Gran Bretagna a partire dalla fine degli anni '10 del XX secolo. Il Jazz in Inghilterra, nonostante sia stato osteggiato dalle componenti più conservatrici della società britannica, poco supportato dai media istituzionali come la BBC, ed intralciato dagli effetti della crisi economica degli anni '30, ha potuto radicarsi e diffondersi in Gran Bretagna grazie alle capacità organizzative messe in campo dai seguaci del jazz che furono in grado di crearsi un proprio spazio e un proprio mercato di riferimento attraverso la fondazione di associazioni come i Rhythm Club, riviste, negozi specializzati, piccole etichette indipendenti e perfino band musicali. Tra gli anni '30 e '40 il dibattito tra i modernisti sostenitori del be-pop e i tradizionalisti sostenitori dell'hot jazz degli anni '20 favorì la nascita di un interesse specifico per il blues. Per meglio definire a quale stile di jazz assegnare la palma dell'autenticità molti appassionati di jazz si volsero ad approfondire la conoscenza e lo studio della musica afroamericana nel suo complesso e in particolare del blues visto come un precursore del jazz. Il blues revival, quindi, fu un movimento che prese le mosse dall'ambito del jazz inglese per poi svilupparsi autonomamente. Nella seconda parte del capitolo (3 e 4 paragrafo) si è cercato di mettere in evidenza le continuità e le discontinuità esistenti tra il mondo del jazz e del blues in Inghilterra. I seguaci del blues, infatti, si trovarono a dover affrontare problematiche molto simili a quelle dei loro predecessori del jazz come ad esempio la scarsità di materiale discografico e dettero risposte organizzative similari. In particolare il mondo del blues revival ereditò da quello del jazz un approccio alla musica serio e compito alimentato da un forte elemento ideologico incentrato sul concetto di autenticità musicale. Il secondo capitolo descrive l'influenza che ebbe la diffusione delle popular music americana sui teenager inglesi degli anni '50 e come ciò abbia portato molti giovani britannici a conoscere il blues e a praticarlo assieme ad un vasto ventaglio di stili e generi della musica popolare americana ponendo così le basi per quella originale rielaborazione della musica americana che costituì uno dei punti di forza della British Invasion. Ampio spazio è dedicato a collocare la diffusione di generi musicali come il rock 'n' roll e lo skiffle nella cornice dei profondi cambiamenti economici, sociali, e di costume che caratterizzarono l'Inghilterra del dopoguerra e come questi impattarono sulle culture giovanili. Il terzo capitolo si occupa di delineare la crescita del movimento di blues revival inglese nei primi anni '60 seguendo la fondazione e i primi passi di alcune band storiche del blues-rock britannico. L'accento è posto sul rapporto pedagogico che si era venuto a creare tra gli artisti americani che andavano ad esibirsi in Inghilterra e i giovani musicisti britannici che li accompagnavano durante i tour. Una sezione importante del capitolo si sforza di mettere in evidenza i rapporti tra il mondo del folk revival britannico e la prima fase prettamente acustica del blues revival inglese e come la svolta elettrica del blues britannico, ispirata dai rappresentati del Chicago Blues come Muddy Waters, e portata avanti da pionieri come Alexis Korner, Cyril Davies, Chris Barber abbia favorito un distacco precoce del il blues britannico da una visione purista del blues di derivazione folk che vedeva prevalentemente, se non unicamente, nel blues acustico l'unico vero ed autentico blues. Il quarto capitolo sposta la sua attenzione sugli Stati Uniti d'America e cerca di evidenziare alcune essenziali differenze e punti d'incontro tra il blues revival americano e quello britannico a partire dal ruolo del rock 'n' roll che in America fu più un ostacolo che un elemento di promozione del blues presso i giovani bianchi. Il blues revival in America rimase più a lungo legato al mondo del folk revival che aveva sviluppato una concezione estremamente purista del blues legandolo ad un canone acustico e rurale. Il legame più stretto del blues revival americano con l'ambiente del folk dipese da vari fattori ambientali e politici. La scoperta del blues da parte dei bianchi in America avvenne, molto più che in Inghilterra, attraverso l'opera di folcloristi e intellettuali delle controculture che vedevano nella musica elettrica un espediente usato dall'industria musicale per creare musica artificiale ed inautentica. Inoltre, la musica folk, che godette di un rinnovata popolarità tra la fine degli anni '50 e i primi anni '60, divenne la colonna sonora di tutti quei movimenti di protesta neri e bianchi che, soprattutto nei primi anni '60, erano favorevoli ad una soluzione integrazionista del problema razziale americano e vedevano quindi positivamente la promozione della cultura afroamericana. Il Newport Folk Festival fu l'evento che alimentò maggiormente questa visione folclorica del blues che tuttavia nascondeva un approccio colonialista alla cultura afroamericana da parte dei bianchi che pur la promuovevano. Proprio al Newport Folk Festival, in occasione dell'esibizione di Bob Dylan del 1965, emerse in piena luce lo scontro tra la visione purista del blues propria del canone folk e la visione modernista incarnata dalla Paul Butterfield Blues band, nella quale suonavano dei ragazzi bianchi di Chicago che avevano oltrepassato i confini razziali della società americana ed erano andati nei quartieri afroamericani per imparare il blues dai maestri del genere. L'incidente di Newport rese famosa la Paul Butterfield blues band e dette un forte impulso allo stile elettrico del blues bianco, ma fu principalmente in Inghilterra che il blues elettrico venne consacrato come uno stile di blues autentico e fondativo dei generi moderni come il Rhythm & Blues,il Rock 'N' Roll e la nascente musica rock. La maggiore libertà espressiva che visse la stagione matura del blues revival in Inghilterra dovuta ad una minore interdipendenza con il mondo del folk e una diversa percezione del problema razziale da parte dei giovani inglesi portò il blues bianco praticato dai britannici verso uno sviluppo virtuosistico e sperimentale che ben presto portò le principali band del blues-rock britannico ad abbandonare il genere entro la fine degli anni '60. Tuttavia prima che ciò avvenisse il blues-rock interpretato dai guitar hero britannici scalò le classifiche americane sulla scia della strada aperta dai gruppi della British Invasion e si legò alla musica psichedelica e alla cultura hippie. Il blues elettrico e virtuosistico praticato nella musica rock contribuì enormemente a far scoprire ai giovani bianchi americani e britannici il blues e suoi principali artisti. Tuttavia, come si resero conto gli stessi musicisti afroamericani che cominciarono ad esibirsi di fronte ad un pubblico bianco, il blues stesso subì una trasformazione in conseguenza della sua crescente popolarità presso il pubblico bianco. Il blues reinterpretato dai giovani bianchi tendeva a favorire il virtuosismo strumentale rispetto a quello vocale, ponendo al centro della scena la chitarra elettrica. Inoltre il blues venne reinterpretato secondo certi propri della cultura bianca occidentale. I musicisti ed il pubblico amavano il blues come una musica emozionale funzionale a soddisfare le proprie esigenze individualistico-esistenziali tendendo a mettere da parte elementi importanti della storia del genere come le interpreti femminili; i critici e gli studiosi cercavano di definire un canone in base al quale stabilire quale fosse l'autentico blues scevro da influenze commerciali ma così facendo lo estraniavano dalla sua storia e dai legami con la comunità afroamericane all'interno delle quali si era sempre trasformato ed evoluto in risposta ad esigenze e stimoli che furono anche di natura commerciale. L'industria discografica, infine, cercava di sfruttare l'interesse dei giovani rocker per il blues producendo album ed eventi live dove i giovani musicisti rocker suonavano e si esibivano coi i "padri nobili" del blues. D'altra parte il blues ha potuto acquisire una grande popolarità al di fuori della comunità afroamericana e del continente americano divenendo un genere musicale apprezzato e praticato in tutto il mondo ancora ai nostri giorni grazie al rock che lo ha celebrato come un suo nobile antesignano. The prodigious success of the Beatles in the U.S.A. paved the way for the American market for many bands and single artists from the British pop and rock music scene. Anything with a "British" flavor and accent immediately became interesting to the American public. Literature, theater, fashion, design, cinema, tourism, music: there was no sector of popular culture that was not affected to some extent by the British craze. This phenomenon known as the "British Invasion" constitutes the basic context within which the research in question moves: describe through what processes and for what reasons the blues was rediscovered and reinterpreted by scholars, folklorists and white musicians, what consequences this had in redefining the canons of the genre and what was the specific contribution of the English blues revival. The first chapter describes the spread of jazz in Great Britain starting from the late 10s of the twentieth century. Jazz in England, despite being opposed by the more conservative components of British society, poorly supported by institutional media such as the BBC, and hampered by the effects of the economic crisis of the 1930s, was able to take root and spread in Great Britain thanks to its organizational skills fielded by the followers of jazz who were able to create their own space and their own reference market through the foundation of associations such as the Rhythm Clubs, magazines, specialized shops, small independent labels and even music bands. Between the 1930s and 1940s the debate between the modernist supporters of be-pop and the traditionalist supporters of hot jazz of the 1920s favored the emergence of a specific interest in the blues. To better define which style of jazz to award the palm of authenticity, many jazz enthusiasts turned to deepen their knowledge and study of African American music as a whole and in particular of blues seen as a precursor of jazz. The blues revival, therefore, was a movement that took off from the field of English jazz and then developed independently. In the second part of the chapter (3 and 4 paragraphs) we tried to highlight the continuities and discontinuities existing between the world of jazz and blues in England. The followers of the blues, in fact, found themselves having to face problems very similar to those of their jazz predecessors such as the scarcity of record material and gave similar organizational responses. In particular, the world of blues revival inherited from that of jazz a serious and demanding approach to music fueled by a strong ideological element centered on the concept of musical authenticity. The second chapter describes the influence that the spread of American popular music had on the British teenagers of the 1950s and how this led many young British people to learn about the blues and to practice it along with a wide range of styles and genres of American popular music laying thus the foundation for that original reworking of American music which constituted one of the strengths of the British Invasion. Ample space is dedicated to placing the diffusion of musical genres such as rock 'n' roll and skiffle in the context of the profound economic, social, and customs changes that characterized post-war England and how these impacted youth cultures. The third chapter deals with outlining the growth of the English blues revival movement in the early 1960s following the foundation and first steps of some historic British blues-rock bands. The emphasis is on the pedagogical relationship that had arisen between the American artists who went to perform in England and the young British musicians who accompanied them on tour. An important section of the chapter endeavors to highlight the relationship between the world of British folk revival and the purely acoustic first phase of the English blues revival and as the electric breakthrough of British blues, inspired by Chicago Blues performers such as Muddy Waters, and carried out by pioneers such as Alexis Korner, Cyril Davies, Chris Barber, favored an early detachment of the British blues from a purist vision of folk-derived blues that saw mainly, if not solely, the only true and authentic blues in acoustic blues. The fourth Chapter shifts its attention to the United States of America and tries to highlight some essential differences and meeting points between the American and British blues revival starting from the role of rock 'n' roll which in America was more of an obstacle that an element of promoting the blues among young whites. The blues revival in America remained linked for a long time to the world of folk revival which had developed an extremely purist conception of the blues by linking it to an acoustic and rural canon. The closest link between the American blues revival and the folk environment depended on various environmental and political factors. The discovery of blues by whites in America took place, much more than in England, through the work of folklorists and intellectuals of the countercultures who saw electric music as a gimmick used by the music industry to create artificial and inauthentic music. Furthermore, folk music, which enjoyed renewed popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, became the soundtrack of all those black and white protest movements that, especially in the early 1960s, were in favor of an integrationist solution to the American racial problem and therefore saw positively the promotion of African American culture. The Newport Folk Festival was the event that most fueled this folkloric vision of the blues which, however, hid a colonialist approach to African American culture on the part of whites who nevertheless promoted it. The Newport Folk Festival was the event that most fueled this folkloric vision of the blues which, however, hid a colonialist approach to African American culture on the part of whites who even promoted it. Precisely at the Newport Folk Festival, on the occasion of Bob Dylan's performance in 1965, the clash between the purist vision of blues typical of folk canon and the modernist vision embodied by the Paul Butterfield Blues band, in which white boys played of Chicago who had crossed the racial boundaries of American society and had gone to African American neighborhoods to learn the blues from the masters of the genre. The Newport incident made the Paul Butterfield blues band famous and gave a strong impetus to the electric style of the white blues, but it was mainly in England that the electric blues was consecrated as an authentic and foundational blues style of modern genres such as Rhythm & Blues, Rock 'N' Roll and the rising rock music. The greater freedom of expression that experienced the mature season of the blues revival in England due to less interdependence with the world of folk and a different perception of the racial problem by young Englishmen led the white blues practiced by the British towards a virtuosic and experimental development that it soon led to major British blues-rock bands abandoning the genre by the end of the 1960s. However, before this happened the blues-rock performed by British guitar heroes climbed the American charts in the wake of the road opened by the British Invasion groups and became linked to psychedelic music and hippie culture. The electric and virtuosic blues practiced in rock music contributed enormously to the discovery of blues and its main artists among young white Americans and British. However, as the same African American musicians who began performing in front of white audiences realized, the blues itself underwent a transformation as a result of its growing popularity with white audiences. The blues reinterpreted by young whites tended to favor instrumental virtuosity over vocal virtuosity, placing the electric guitar at the center of the stage. In addition, the blues was reinterpreted according to certain specifics of western white culture. The musicians and the public loved the blues as an emotional music functional to satisfy their individualistic-existential needs, tending to put aside important elements of the history of the genre such as female performers; critics and scholars tried to define a canon on the basis of which to establish which was the authentic blues free from commercial influences but in doing so they estranged it from its history and from the ties with the Afro-American community within which it had always transformed and evolved in response to needs and incentive that were also of a commercial nature. Finally, the record industry sought to exploit the interest of young rockers for the blues by producing albums and live events where young rocker musicians played and performed with the "noble fathers" of the blues.On the other hand, the blues was able to acquire great popularity outside the African American community and the American continent, becoming a genre of music that is appreciated and practiced all over the world even today thanks to the rock that celebrated it as its noble forerunner.

RESUMEN: En vista de una reducción deseable y drástica de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel mundial y de la explotación de recursos no renovables, la utilización de fuentes de energía, como la solar, eólica, hidráulica o de biomasa, son una opción obligatoria como así el uso de combustibles alternativos en el sector del transporte. En el contexto del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías avanzadas de conversión de energía, se ha provocado un gran interés en la posible implementación de una economía a escala global basada en la hipótesis de que el hidrógeno podría desempeñar un papel fundamental como futuro portador de energía, en particular como combustible innovador en el campo de la automoción, donde podría flanquear o, en un escenario a largo plazo, reemplazar las tradicionales mezclas líquidas derivadas del petróleo en el sector del transporte. El hidrógeno puede considerarse como el elemento más simple que existe. Un átomo de hidrógeno consta de un solo protón y un electrón. También es el elemento más abundante en el universo. A pesar de su simplicidad y abundancia, el hidrógeno no se produce de forma natural como gas en la Tierra, siempre se combina con otros elementos. El agua es una combinación de hidrógeno y oxígeno. El hidrógeno es también uno de los elementos más abundantes en la corteza terrestre. El hidrógeno no se encuentra de forma natural como gas en la Tierra y debe por tanto fabricarse. Esto se debe a que el gas hidrógeno es más ligero que el aire y como resultado se eleva a la atmósfera. El hidrógeno tiene el contenido energético en peso más alto de cualquier combustible común. Por otro lado, el hidrógeno tiene el menor contenido energético en volumen. Es el elemento más ligero, y es un gas a temperatura y presión normales. El hidrógeno natural siempre está asociado con otros elementos formando compuestos como agua, carbón y petróleo. Una vez separado, el hidrógeno puede quemarse como combustible o convertirse en electricidad. Por lo tanto, necesita ser producido y por esta razón no es una fuente primaria, sino sólo un portador de energía, que podría utilizarse en combinación con la electricidad en un innovador sistema energético general. Para tener una mayor comprensión de las tecnologías, aspectos energéticos, económicos y medioambientales en relación con el hidrógeno y las celdas de combustible es necesario partir de un análisis de los fundamentos de las principales tecnologías de producción del hidrógeno y del fascinante mundo interior de las celdas de combustible. Este análisis preliminar permitirá tener los conocimientos necesarios para consecuentemente ir enlazando todos los conceptos que interrelacionan ambas tecnologías de manera que posteriormente se pueda realizar un estudio pormenorizado que de luz sobre qué vías de producción de hidrógeno son las más factibles en la actualidad, y sobre cuál es la forma en que se usa la energía contenida en el hidrógeno en los sistemas basados en pilas de combustible, intentando analizar los aspectos energéticos, económicos y ecológicos que provocan el desarrollo y uso de ambas tecnologías. Existen variadas técnicas y herramientas que se pueden utilizar para analizar estas variables, como planteamientos de balances de materia y energía para el cálculo de las eficiencias termodinámicas de los procesos, análisis del pozo a las ruedas, evaluación del ciclo de vida, análisis de costes del ciclo de vida, análisis de decisiones multicriterio, modelado del coste total de propiedad, evaluación del impacto del ciclo de vida. La aplicación de estas herramientas sobre la amplia información disponible sobre estas tecnologías da lugar a una serie de resultados y conclusiones que es preciso comparar y analizar con detalle para poner de relieve cuál es en la actualidad el verdadero estado de desarrollo de las mismas buscando la mejor alternativa desde una visión focalizada en la eficiencia energética, económica y medioambiental, de modo que se puedan extrapolar cuáles son sus beneficios al implementarse de forma generalizada. Puede que en este aspecto existan grandes discrepancias y opiniones que es necesario analizar y contrastar, para de este modo obtener una visión clara y bien formada de forma que se puedan abordar las cuestiones futuras que se plantearán sobre las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno y que provocarán la tarea nada fácil de la correcta toma de decisiones en relación al panorama energético que se desarrollaría mediante estas tecnologías. Las tecnologías de hidrógeno y pilas de combustible, que cada vez se encuentran más evolucionadas, pueden ser claves para lograr los objetivos de seguridad energética y de cambio climático en varios sectores del sistema energético, como el transporte, la industria, y los edificios. El hidrógeno puede establecer los enlaces entre los diferentes sectores energéticos y redes de transmisión y distribución de energía, de modo que incida en un aumento de la flexibilidad operativa de los venideros sistemas de energía con emisiones más bajas de carbono, que se logrará mediante un transporte con muy bajas emisiones de carbono, incorporando las energías renovables variables a las que les correspondería un porcentaje muy alto dentro del mix de generación dentro del sistema energético, dando lugar a la descarbonización de los sectores de la industria y de los edificios. Aunque el hidrógeno es una tecnología que provocaría una importante mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero, es necesario abordar y superar varios impedimentos importantes para provocar de forma general una evolución cada vez más creciente de las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno. Estos retrasos en la implementación de este tipo de tecnologías se deben principalmente a los costes actuales de las pilas de combustible y los electrolizadores que de momento siguen siendo demasiado elevados, a la construcción de una extensa red de distribución de hidrógeno, así como la producción de un hidrógeno con una huella de carbono cada vez más baja a un coste rentable y razonable. Debido a los altos costes en que incurren actualmente la mayoría de las tecnologías de hidrógeno y pilas de combustible se encuentran inmersas en las primeras etapas de comercialización intentando desplazar a otras opciones energéticas que son más bajas en emisiones de carbono. Por tanto, seguramente se deberá plantear en el futuro más próximo la posibilidad de dar un impulso a estas tecnologías de modo que se puedan desarrollar de forma plena. Lógicamente son los gobiernos los que deberán fomentar estas tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno ayudando a su despliegue y posterior aceleración mediante una creación de una serie de herramientas de apoyo y financiación que garanticen este objetivo. De esta forma se pasará a una nueva etapa que dará lugar a la comercialización de vehículos eléctricos de pila de combustible y a la promoción de proyectos para la integración de las energías renovables fluctuantes que implementen las opciones del almacenamiento de energía basadas en el hidrógeno. La intensa colaboración de todos los sectores interesados puede mejorar y provocar la superación de los riesgos relacionados con las fuertes inversiones que sin duda se deben de realizar. A pesar de los grandes esfuerzos necesarios para cambiar el mix energético actual, es necesario pensar no solo en los impactos en la economía y los sectores industriales que sustentan gran parte de la producción de bienes y servicios, sino también en las consecuencias de mantener el modelo actual y en la perpetuidad del planeta. Las variables climáticas y ambientales están siendo determinantes para que se adopten mundialmente las energías renovables. El futuro dependerá de la diversificación de estas fuentes, y el análisis y desarrollo de tecnologías energéticas basadas en hidrógeno puede ser la transición a una era de un mundo más sostenible. La creación de un nuevo panorama energético basado en las tecnologías de pila de combustible e hidrógeno requiere de tiempo, recursos, toma de decisiones políticas y la aplicación de mucha ciencia y tecnología nacidas de la innovación, investigación y desarrollo en este campo. El mundo seguirá utilizando y evolucionando en base a los combustibles fósiles seguramente durante mucho tiempo, incluso encaminándose hacia un horizonte complejo con muchos temas por resolver. La solución para este escenario requerirá la implicación de políticos, científicos, empresarios, trabajadores y consumidores con una respuesta de carácter innovador. Con el futuro llamando a nuestra puerta, cuanto antes nos anticipemos a nuestras decisiones de forma sostenible, mayores son nuestras posibilidades para llegar a un acuerdo pacífico con la naturaleza. ; ABSTRACT: In view of a desirable and drastic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and the exploitation of non-renewable resources, the use of energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric or biomass, are a mandatory option as well as the use of alternative fuels in the transport sector. In the context of the development of new advanced energy conversion technologies, there has been great interest in the possible implementation of a global scale economy based on the hypothesis that hydrogen could play a fundamental role as a future energy carrier, in particularly as an innovative fuel in the automotive field, where it could flank or, in a long-term scenario, replace the traditional liquid blends derived from petroleum in the transport sector. Hydrogen can be considered as the simplest element that exists. A hydrogen atom consists of a single proton and an electron. It is also the most abundant element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on Earth, it always combines with other elements. Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is also one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Hydrogen is not found naturally as a gas on Earth and must therefore be manufactured. This is because hydrogen gas is lighter than air and rises into the atmosphere as a result. Hydrogen has the highest energy content by weight of any common fuel. On the other hand, hydrogen has the lowest energy content by volume. It is the lightest element, and it is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. Natural hydrogen is always associated with other elements forming compounds such as water, coal and oil. Once separated, hydrogen can be burned as fuel or converted into electricity. Therefore, it needs to be produced and for this reason it is not a primary source, but only a carrier of energy, which could be used in combination with electricity in an innovative general energy system. To have a better understanding of the technologies, energy, economic and environmental aspects in relation to hydrogen and fuel cells, it is necessary to start from an analysis of the fundamentals of the main hydrogen production technologies and the fascinating inner world of cells made out of fuel. This preliminary analysis will allow to have the necessary knowledge to consequently go linking all the concepts that interrelate both technologies so that later a detailed study can be carried out on which hydrogen production routes are the most feasible at present, and on which It is the way in which the energy contained in hydrogen is used in systems based on fuel cells, trying to analyze the energy, economic and ecological aspects that cause the development and use of both technologies. There are various techniques and tools that can be used to analyze these variables, such as mass and energy balance approaches for calculating thermodynamic efficiencies of processes, well-to-wheel analysis, life cycle assessment, cost analysis of the life cycle, multi-criteria decision analysis, total cost of ownership modeling, life cycle impact assessment. The application of these tools on the extensive information available on these technologies gives rise to a series of results and conclusions that must be compared and analyzed in detail to highlight what is currently the true state of development of the same looking for the best alternative from a vision focused on energy, economic and environmental efficiency, so that its benefits can be extrapolated when implemented in a generalized way. There may be great discrepancies and opinions in this regard that need to be analyzed and contrasted, in order to obtain a clear and well-formed vision so that future questions that will arise about fuel cell and hydrogen technologies can be addressed and that will provoke the not easy task of correct decision-making in relation to the energy landscape that would be developed through these technologies. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, which are increasingly evolved, can be key to achieving energy security and climate change objectives in various sectors of the energy system, such as transport, industry, and buildings. Hydrogen can establish the links between different energy sectors and energy transmission and distribution networks, thereby increasing the operational flexibility of future energy systems with lower carbon emissions, which will be achieved through transport with very low carbon emissions, incorporating variable renewable energies to which a very high percentage would correspond within the generation mix within the energy system, leading to the decarbonization of the industrial and building sectors. Although hydrogen is a technology that would cause significant greenhouse gas mitigation, several major impediments need to be addressed and overcome in order to drive an ever-increasing evolution of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies overall. These delays in the implementation of this type of technology are mainly due to the current costs of fuel cells and electrolysers, which are still too high for the moment, the construction of an extensive hydrogen distribution network, as well as the production of a hydrogen with an increasingly low carbon footprint at a profitable and reasonable cost. Due to the high costs currently incurred by most hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, they are in the early stages of commercialization trying to displace other energy options that are lower in carbon emissions. Therefore, the possibility of giving a boost to these technologies so that they can be fully developed should surely be considered in the near future. Logically, it is the governments that should promote these hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, helping their deployment and subsequent acceleration through the creation of a series of support and financing tools that guarantee this objective. In this way, a new stage will be passed that will lead to the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles and the promotion of projects for the integration of fluctuating renewable energies that implement energy storage options based on hydrogen. The intense collaboration of all interested sectors can improve and lead to overcoming the risks related to the heavy investments that undoubtedly must be made. Despite the great efforts required to change the current energy mix, it is necessary to think not only about the impacts on the economy and the industrial sectors that sustain a large part of the production of goods and services, but also about the consequences of maintaining the model current and in the perpetuity of the planet. Climate and environmental variables are being decisive for the adoption of renewable energies worldwide. The future will depend on the diversification of these sources, and the analysis and development of hydrogen-based energy technologies may be the transition to an era of a more sustainable world. Creating a new energy landscape based on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies requires time, resources, political decision-making, and the application of a lot of science and technology born of innovation, research and development in this field. The world will continue to use and evolve based on fossil fuels surely for a long time, even heading towards a complex horizon with many issues to be resolved. The solution for this scenario will require the involvement of politicians, scientists, businessmen, workers and consumers with an innovative response. With the future knocking at our door, the sooner we anticipate our decisions in a sustainable way, the better our chances are to come to a peaceful agreement with nature. ; Máster en Ingeniería de Minas

The thesis provides a complex analysis of the technologies of political marketing in the activities of political parties. Theoretical and methodological basis of research of problem fields are identified and patterns of formation and development of political marketing in political science are defined. The aim of the research was to determine the patterns of political marketing in Ukraine and specifics use of marketing techniques in political parties. The differences of scientific categories «marketing technologies of political party» and «technologies of political marketing» which are using by political parties are highlighted. The marketing technologies of political parties is meant as the totality of methods and means for promoting political products. The technologies of political marketing are defined as a set of practices in creating, maintaining and developing political relations between political actors by using political market products.According to the marketing strategy of positioning the Ukrainian political parties and key party product (ideology / «package of programs» / image ideology) the essence of technologies of political marketing that are used by political parties in their work, namely in design of party image, definition of party people, naming, creating ideological platform, design of party symbols and branding, are singled out in the research. Delimitation between scientific categories «party goods» and «party brand» is proposed. The term «party brand» provides for rooting in the public consciousness, symbolic content, emotional load and is the possibility to combine in itself few political goods. Party brand as result of political marketing is interpreted by the author as a unique offer of specific political party. Acquisition of traits of this unique offer in the marketing party strategy helps to create lasting image and form stable political reputation on the market. The author emphasized that the party proposals are updated by the election campaigns because the main function of political parties is electoral and the essence of parties is defined as organizations designed to gain and exercise of state power. Elections as a concentrated expression of the political market is a mechanism of legitimation of power to political parties. It is proposed the author's synthesis of areas of general marketing principles and Jean Baudrillard's concept of postmodern. It allowed investigating features of political marketing at essentially new level: the change from rational forms of symbolization to branding and sensory-emotional forms of symbolic exchange.It is proved that to the forefront of the political market political product should get, efficiency which is due not so much situational expectations as authentic mental peculiarities of the people combined with the current trends of global political market.The author identified four stages of political marketing in Ukraine that are determined by the characteristics of the party and electoral systems, the level of competition on the political market, the choice of means and methods of party activity:- stage of nucleation of political market (1991–1997);- stage of formation and development of political marketing technologies (1998–2003);- stage of amplification technologizing and virtualization election campaigns (2004–2009);- stage of expansion of technologies and their diversity (from 2010 – till now).It is substantiated that using of technologies of political marketing in the activities of political parties leads to the changes in their form and content, demonstrates successful participation of the same party in three electoral cycles, which is the evidence of party's institutionalization. As a result, specific partypolitical structuring from atomized to systems of almost large parties took place. In this regard, necessity to create brands in the party-political space of modern Ukraine, that driven by the desire of parties to ensure strategic planning for political product in the long term, is argued. The author proved dependence of dynamics of political marketing technologies in the activities of political parties with correlation between the type of party system, electoral law and the polarization of Ukrainian society.In the research, it is stressed that in the election campaigns in the late XX - XXI centuries in Ukraine ideological factor plays less important role than in the elections early 1990s. The current electoral process is not a competition of ideologies but a competition of symbols which main task is to engage to the side of the candidate a significant number of voters. The features of party proposals during parliamentary campaigns 2012, 2014 is analysed. The specific of personal factors and party imaging products in the design of the brand party is revealed. It is emphasized that party products and brands are the carriers of information. For example, names of political parties not only provide for information about specific political party, but about the laws of functioning of the political life in Ukrainian society, political power, the level of political culture.The role of the names and symbols of Ukrainian political parties is found out. It is concluded that by using symbolic form political party decrypts the meaning of the name, identifies itself ideologically, recalls the essence of their programmatic objectives, says the goal of the current campaign and immediate tasks. The content invested in party symbols is revealed. The author analyses its colours, which are powerful way of manipulating the human psyche. It is proved that the party proposals acquire symbolic and cease to carry a meaning and be based on real public demand. Political symbols become tools of manipulation and suggestion of populist ideas. On the one hand, it brings instant benefits to political parties, but on the other - leads to a decline in political culture and civic activity. The research substantiated that for design of effective symbolism must consider the level of political culture of the electorate, traditions, level of political education, voter mentality. It is emphasized that Ukrainian society tend to personalize perception of political power, which reduces the totality of power relations to a figure of specific political leader. The author highlighted that political parties are mass political organizations in which leadership can be distributed among several politicians.It was found that the challenges in 2014 led to new tendencies in the party system in Ukraine, namely the enhancing the process creation of parties, also inclusion in party lists ATO members, civil society activists, journalists, volunteers. It was due to public demand for «new faces», new alliances between political forces. A high level of personalization for Ukrainian politics connected primarily with the fact that most voters are not able to make a political choice, based on their own real interests. Ordinary citizens associate realization their life aspirations and dreams with the active leader of political force who is trying to act as a hero, a saviour. It is accentuated attention that political parties do not compete for the effective implementation of social development programs, but compete for the distribution of power. In their activities, profitable for a narrow circle of persons, but not national interests are dominated. Populism and excessive social orientation of the election programs of political parties are typical characteristics of modern political market in Ukraine.It is concluded that during the current transitional period the domestic party market has not reached a level that would satisfy the needs of society, political goods have not met the expectations and hopes. They are made without targeting consumers and based on stereotypical thinking. The party market does not match a model of «free competition», which makes it difficult to promote party products. Political parties are not associated with specific results of which should be designed to meet the most important values and needs of citizens. The research presents practical recommendations to improve political marketing technologies considering domestic political consumer. ; В исследовании осуществлен комплексный анализ технологий политического маркетинга в деятельности политических партий. Определены теоретико-методологические основы исследования проблемного поля, закономерности становления и развития политического маркетинга в политической науке.Выяснены теоретические основы изучения и использования в политической практике технологий политического маркетинга политическими партиями; обобщены и указано на расхождение содержания научных категорий «технологии политического маркетинга» и «маркетинговые технологии политической партии».Согласно маркетинговой стратегии позиционирования украинских политических партий и ключевого партийного продукта, предложено систематизировать технологии, которые используют политические партии в своей деятельности: конструирование имиджа партии; нейминг (разработка названия политической партии); определение бренд-персон политической партии; создание идеологической платформы и формирования программы партии; разработка дизайна партийной символики и рекламной продукции; партийный брендинг.Предложена целесообразность сочетания основ общего маркетинга и постмодернистской концепции Ж. Бодрийяра, что позволило исследовать особенности технологий политического маркетинга на принципиально новом уровне: замена рациональных форм символизации имиджевыми и чувственно-эмоциональными формами символического обмена.Обосновано, что на первый план партийного рынка должен выйти политический продукт, дееспособность которого обусловливается не столько ситуационными ожиданиями граждан, сколько аутентичными ментальными особенностями народа в сочетании с актуальными тенденциями мирового политического рынка. Указано на различия научных категорий «партийный товар» и «партийный бренд», суть последнего заключается в его укорененности в массовом сознании, символическом наполнении, эмоциональной нагрузке и возможности объединять в себе несколько политических товаров.Выделены четыре этапа динамики украинского политико-партийного рынка в условиях независимости. Обосновано, что использование технологий политического маркетинга в деятельности политических партий приводит к изменению их формы и содержания, демонстрируя успешное выступление одной и той же партийной силы в течение трех электоральных циклов, что свидетельствует о партийной институционализации, и обусловливает определенное партийно-политическое структурирование от авторизированной к системе почти крупных политических партий.Раскрыта специфика персонального фактора и визуализации партийных продуктов в конструировании бренда партии. Проанализированы особенности партийных предложений парламентских кампаний 2012, 2014 гг. Доказано, что в условиях нынешнего переходного периода отечественный партийный рынок не достиг того уровня, который бы удовлетворял потребности общества, политические товары не соответствуют ожиданиям и надеждам, создаются без ориентации на потребителя, базируются на стереотипном мышлении. ; У дослідженні здійснено комплексний аналіз технологій політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій. Визначено теоретико- методологічні засади дослідження проблемного поля, закономірності становлення та розвитку політичного маркетингу в політичній науці. Метою дисертаційного дослідження було з'ясування закономірності розвитку політичного маркетингу в Україні та специфіку використання маркетингових технологій у діяльності політичних партій. Виділено розбіжності змісту наукових категорій: «маркетингові технології політичної партії» і «технології політичного маркетингу», що використовують політичні партії. Під маркетинговими технологіями політичних партій розуміється сукупність прийомів і засобів просування політичних продуктів, а технології політичного маркетингу визначаються як сукупність практик створення, підтримки та розвитку політичних взаємовідносин між акторами політичного ринку за допомогою політичних продуктів.Згідно маркетингової стратегії позиціонування українськими політичними партіями та ключового партійного продукту (ідеологія / «пакет програм» / іміджева ідеологія), у дослідженні виокремлено та розкрито зміст технологій політичного маркетингу, які використовують політичні партії у своїй діяльності, а саме: неймінг, конструювання іміджу партії, визначення партійних персон, створення ідеологічної платформи, розробка дизайну партійної символіки, брендинг. Запропоновано розмежовувати наукові категорії «партійного товару» та «партійного бренду», зміст останнього полягає в його вкоріненості у масовій свідомості, символічному наповненні, емоційному навантаженні та можливості об'єднувати у собі декілька політичних товарів. Партійний бренд, як результат політичного маркетингу, тлумачиться автором як своєрідна унікальна пропозиція конкретної політичної партії. Набуття її ознак в маркетинговій стратегії партії сприяє створенню довготривалого іміджу, формуванню її стабільної репутації на політичному ринку. Автором наголошено, що партійні пропозиції актуалізуються виборчими кампаніями, бо головна функція політичних партій – електоральна – визначається самою сутністю їх як організацій, призначених для завоювання й здійснення державної влади. Саме вибори як концентроване вираження політичного ринку є механізмом легітимації влади для політичної партії.Запропоновано доцільність поєднання основ загального маркетингу та постмодерністської концепції Ж. Бодрійяра, що дозволило дослідити особливості технологій політичного маркетингу на принципово новому рівні: заміна раціональних форм символізації іміджевими та чуттєво- емоційними формами символічного обміну. Доведено, що на перший план партійного ринку повинен вийти політичний продукт, дієздатність якого обумовлюється не стільки ситуаційними очікуваннями громадян, скільки аутентичними ментальними особливостями народу в поєднанні з актуальними тенденціями світового політичного ринку.Виокремлено чотири етапи політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій України, які визначаються особливостями партійної та виборчої систем, рівнем конкуренції на політичному ринку, вибором засобів і методів партійної діяльності:- етап зародження політичного ринку (1991–1997 рр.);- етап формування та розвитку технологій політичного маркетингу (1998–2003 рр.);- етап посилення технологізації та віртуалізації передвиборчих кампаній (2004–2009 рр.);- етап розширення технологій та їх урізноманітнення (з 2010 р. – по теперішній час).Обґрунтовано, що використання технологій політичного маркетингу у діяльності політичних партій призводить до зміни їх форми і змісту, демонструючи успішний виступ однієї і тієї ж партійної сили протягом трьох електоральних циклів, що є свідченням партійної інституціоналізації, та обумовлює певне партійно-політичне структурування: від атомізованої до майже системи крупних партій. Можна говорити про певні перспективи щодо стабілізації української партійної системи: маємо зменшення фрагментації партійної системи у поєднанні зі зростанням ролі партійних організацій. У зв'язку з цим аргументовано необхідність створення брендів у партійно-політичному просторі сучасної Україні, щ обумовлюється прагненням партій до забезпечення стратегічного планування політичного продукту на довгострокову перспективу. Доведена залежність динаміки розвитку технологій політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій від кореляції між типом партійної системи, виборчим законодавством і поляризацією українського суспільства.У роботі підкреслено, що у виборних кампаніях кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. в Україні ідеологічний чинник відіграє менше значення, ніж на виборах початку 1990-х років. Сучасний виборчий процес – це змагання не ідеологій, а символів, основним завданням яких є залучати на сторону кандидата значну кількість виборців. Проаналізовано особливості партійних пропозицій парламентських кампаній 2012, 2014 рр. Розкрито специфіку персонального чиннику та візуалізації партійних продуктів у конструюванні бренду партії. Наголошено, що партійні товари та бренди є носіями інформації. Наприклад, назви політичних партій дають відомості не тільки про конкретну політичну силу, а й про закономірності функціонування політичного життя українського суспільства, політичної влади, рівень політичної культури. З'ясовано роль назви та символіки українських політичних партій. Зроблено висновок, що через символічні форми політична партія розшифровує значення своєї назви, ідеологічно ідентифікує себе, нагадує про суть своїх програмових завдань, заявляє про мету поточної кампанії і найближчі цілі. Розкрито зміст, вкладений в партійну символіку. Аналізується її колірна гама, яка є потужним засобом маніпулювання людської психіки.Доведено, що партійні пропозиції набувають символічності та перестають нести у собі смислове навантаження, спиратися на реальний суспільний попит. Політичні символи стають інструментами маніпулювання та навіювання популістських ідей, що, з одного боку, приносить миттєву вигоду політичним партіям, з іншого – веде до зниження рівня політичної культури та громадської активності. У дослідженні обґрунтовано, що при розробці ефективної символіки необхідно враховувати рівень політичної культури електорату, традиції, рівень політичної освіченості, менталітет виборця.Наголошено, що для українського суспільства притаманне персоніфіковане сприйняття політичної влади, яке редукує всю сукупність владних відносин до фігури конкретного політичного лідера. Підкреслено, що політичні партії – це масові політичні організації, в яких лідерство може бути розподілено серед кількох політиків. З'ясовано, що виклики 2014 р. призвели до нових тенденцій у партійній системі України, а саме активізації процесу партієтворення, включення у партійні списки учасників АТО, громадських активістів, журналістів, волонтерів, що було зумовлено суспільним запитом на «нові обличчя», створення нових союзів між політичними силами. Характерний високий рівень персоніфікації для української політики пов'язується, насамперед, з тим, що більшість не здатна здійснити політичний вибір, що заснований на їх власних реальних інтересах. Пересічні громадяни пов'язують втілення своїх життєвих сподівань та мрій з політичною активністю лідера сили, який намагається виступати в ролі героя, рятівника. Акцентовано увагу, що політичні партії змагаються не за втілення ефективніших програм розвитку суспільства, а за розподіл владних повноважень; у їх діяльності переважають вузькопартійні, а не загальнонаціональні інтереси. Популізм, надмірна соціальна орієнтованість передвиборчих програм політичних партій – типова характеристика сучасного політичного ринку України.Зроблено висновок, що за умов нинішнього перехідного періоду, вітчизняний партійний ринок не досяг того рівня, який би задовольняв потреби суспільства, політичні товари не відповідають очікуванням та надіям, створюються без орієнтації на споживача, базуються на стереотипному мисленні. Партійний ринок не відповідає моделі «вільної конкуренції», що зумовлює труднощі просування на ньому партійних продуктів. Партії не асоціюються з конкретними результатами діяльності, що мають бути спрямовані на задоволення найбільш значимих цінностей, потреб громадян.У роботі запропоновано практичні рекомендації щодо вдосконалення технологій політичного маркетингу з урахуванням споживача вітчизняного політичного товару.

The Need for Re-examination of Industry Structure In rapidly changing and complex environment, the rate of change may be overwhelming. Communication within the firm is crucial to assess weaknesses and strength, make sense of the new developments and reconfigure resources to respond adequately. Firms may have to collaborate with other firms, both local and international, to secure the scarce resources that may enable them to compete with the international companies in a timely fashion as opposed to developing them internally. Such resource-acquisition may require learning the necessary know-how for acquiring and deploying the new technology, or gaining the capability for developing them with others, which may also give them additional intangibles such as collaborative advantages, reputation, brand name by association with others. The discussion suggests that smaller firms may seriously explore the option of becoming a part of a network (or networks) to attain the necessary requirements and accomplish their objectives, even though the costs may be high in the short-run; but they will enable increasing returns in the longer term. In this context, the resource-base view (RBV) of the firm provides a useful framework with which to identify valuable, rare, imperfectly inimitable and difficult to substitute resources (Barney, 1991). It also identifies the investments required to pursue international operations. However, the mere fact of identifying VRIN resources may prove insufficient to ensure competitiveness. The strategic process of renewal should emphasize resource reconfiguration, levering and deploying for catching-up with the international competition rather than mere resource selection as prescribed by the RBV. The focus not only should take into consideration the VRIN resources but also to include inimitable processes, transformation paths and positions that ensure SMEs' global competitiveness at the end, which also parallels the development of dynamic capabilities (Teece, Spence and Shuen, 1997) at the same time. The Augmenting Impact of Networks Smaller enterprises in emerging economies face major challenges in reinventing themselves rapidly and securing resources, which are further amplified due in part to the characteristics of emerging markets. Increasingly, networking is seen as a "primarily means of raising required for coordinating economic exchanges that fall in the continuum between market and hierarchies. Firms face increasing foreign competition in their domestic markets and the institutional inefficiencies that favor larger enterprises. In addition, they still do not have the requisite experience and industrial standards needed to expand into international markets. Joining, or operating through, a network can shield small firms as the network, as a whole, can be viewed as a larger firm in remedying, if not removing, some of constraints associated with the smaller and younger firms in terms of relative inexperience, limited flexibility, poor resources and capabilities . Regarding the necessary capability to navigate through macroeconomic and political fluctuations, or at times the unstable circumstances inherent in the emerging economies, Rauch argues that networks are different from markets because "their members are engaged in repeated exchanges that help sustain cooperation–collusion" and because "network members have thorough knowledge of each other's characteristics, which helps them match with each other or to refer each other to outside business opportunities" (Rauch, 200:1179). The ability to access, commercialize, and act as a broker of new resources, especially knowledge, is key to improving the competitive levels. In the case of RGEs, the concepts, and the associate practice, of social networks and the firm operating in a network are so intertwined in that it is difficult to distinguish one from the other. At the individual level, the entrepreneurs, or the owner-manager, who is the critical resource and the driver of business activities, can draw upon his social network to further enable the firm. At the firm level, the individual linkages can reinforce firm-to-firm or firm-to-network linkages. Etemad and Ala-Mutka (2006) report that the entrepreneurs of the fastest-growing firms in Canada called upon their social networks to help reduce, and even remove, barriers facing them, especially at the earlier stages of their life, at both the individual and firm levels. In the emerging countries, however, the above concepts may assume a different shade. The ownership structure of SMEs in the emerging countries economies, as briefly discussed earlier, owner- managers are likely to be personally involved in most aspects of the operations of their firms. In particular, they tend to centralize important decisions and personally manage the relationships with the key players in their environment. Furthermore, SMEs from emerging markets have been insulated from international competition for a long period of time, which has affected the ways in which their managers conducted business. Neither were managers used to highly dynamic and competitive markets, nor were they familiar with collaborating with their international competitors. Consequently, such managers' perception of independence, individualism and trust plays important roles in their decisions in becoming a member of a particular network. However, their personal ties not only may increase the social capital of the networks, it may also reduce the likelihood of opportunistic behaviors, leading to increased cooperative and collaborative behaviours among individuals and their associated firms over time; but such personal ties are likely to be more national than international. Even those who act as brokers in enlarging the SMEs' opportunity set by creating exchange and sharing information among contacts can benefit from the flow of useful information. Such cooperative relations may enable SMEs to reduce, and even remove, the adverse impact of restricted access to information regarding markets standards, international tax systems, international market opportunities, demand and supply condition, among others, which help to compensate for the lower levels of institutional development in emerging economies. According to Burt (1992: 65), the existence of a "relationship of non-redundancy between two contacts" creates social capital for the actor who is able to link up with network member that possesses complementary resources. These discussions suggest that even redundant contacts can benefit firms as they can provide several benefits: a) increase the political leverage of firms at home, b) overcome institutional and managerial constraints, c) increase the SMEs' leverage in input markets and output markets and also d) facilitate SMEs' access to managerial experience and capabilities available in the network. Bridging the Widening Gap between the Developed and Emerging Economies As discussed earlier, technological innovation is taking place at unprecedented rate. A large part of such innovation is path-dependent by nature as they are the results of firm's long-term research and development (R&D), investment and commitments to cutting-edge knowledge and advancing technology for improving upon their knowledge-based assets, productivity, competitiveness and the consequent economic growth. This is in part a way to respond to the increased competition resulting from globalization, pro-market reforms and open-door policies, among others, which are demanding higher productivity and competitiveness from firms and countries alike. No one is immune: the more competitive and productive firms and countries gain higher market share at the cost to those who are less efficient. Firms and countries are subject to a lot of similar external pressures forcing them to experience instability and flux, continuous emergence and rapid change, and overall uncertainty; but they emanate from different sources and forces. For example, firms face the dynamics of rapidly-changing relations with both the external and internal stake-holders, which have their own motivations beyond the firm's control. Similarly, the relative state of flux and instability is inherent in the change and emergence of complexity in the emerging countries due to the ongoing dynamics of global trade and investment not fully controllable by any given country, or firm, regardless of size and stage of development. However, RGEs have shown the capability and resilience in adapting to enable their growth. RGEs are also characterized by having entrepreneurial mindset, being market-oriented and adapting technology to meet their buyers' and suppliers' needs. They are learning organization in the sense that they constantly acquire, disseminate, and share both the information and its interpretation (Sinkula, 1994) with the final goal of sustaining growth in the long term. Furthermore, there is a common recognition that their growth depends on synergistic collaboration with the member of their supply and value chain. As discussed earlier, RGEs and emerging economies share relatively constrained resources and need to secure them to pursue their activities by devising innovative ways such as becoming a part of synergistic networks (Etemad 2004; Etemad, Dana and Wright 2001a), which forces a trade-offs between independent and interdependent modes of operations for securing access to vital resources to enable further growth. The added advantage of such networks is the possibility of learning from and with others through association as the rapid rate of change, emergence and complexity may not allow a firm or a country or learning by doing. Therefore, the above discussion suggests that RGEs not only are attractive models, and even instruments, for closing the gap between emerging economies, they can also grow faster than typical firms in their respective industries for augmenting growth-rates all around them. We have taken advantage of these similarities to propose a conceptual framework for the emerging economies to deploy, and learn from, RGE-like instruments to speed-up the emerging economies' growth rate. This framework is highlighted in Figure 1.Figure 1 Key Characteristics of Rapid Growing Enterprises and Emerging Economies Conclusion In light of characteristics describe in this paper, the necessary condition for a SME to ensure long-term success in international activities is to aim their sights high, transform their organizational structures for responding to challenges ahead and attain the resources required for expanding to international markets at high rates and on sustained basis. It is also crucial that SMEs expand their knowledge base to meet world-class requirements and standards. Naturally, governments can play crucial roles in at least three influential fronts directly aimed at improving upon firms' productivity, competitiveness and internationalization: a) providing adequate education aimed at the basic tools to face the competitiveness and deal with the complexity of a global economy; b) putting infrastructural support systems in place to facilitate SMEs' transition towards networked firms at home and abroad; and c) Instituting transitional subsidies and inducements for SMEs to transform towards knowledge-based assets and increasing internationalization. Although the higher levels of education allow firm managers and investors to draw resources from a pool of qualified individuals and may also increase the likelihood of transforming inventions into innovations, which is another pillar of success in the international market, it takes some time and effort and will only pay-back in the medium to longer-term; but it needs to be done sooner than later, nevertheless. Similarly, infrastructural support systems are the necessary longer-term investments. However, inducements may be very effective in terms of time and costs as well as initiating an emulative process with high and rapid multiplier effects across the population of firms. The sample of RGEs studied in this paper were young, small, pioneering and innovative firms that commercialized innovations not existing before and thus created incremental employment, income and additional wealth as opposed to resulting from shift in investments. Stated in popular terms, the RGEs presented in this paper enlarged the size of previously non-existing pie as opposed to increasing the size of the wedge of the pie at the cost to others. More importantly, their pioneering efforts set the standards for others to be emulated, thus diffusing the innovation in the allied industry. Stated differently, they rapidly constructed a bridge across barriers to unexplored landscapes that enabled further developments. From a country-level perspective, rapidly-growing enterprise may provide a viable model with an important role to play in rapid income- and wealth-creation. They may even have an important short-term impact on the economic growth of emerging economies while shifting the SMEs' emphasis is shifting from short-term aim of reaching profitability to attaining global competitiveness as soon as possible, which is the necessary condition for sustained growth in employment, revenue, income, tax-base and wealth. The distinction is noteworthy: the former is influenced by the local and short-term orientation of the investors and managers to see results, and probably exit, as quickly as possible; as opposed to international and longer orientation in the latter that invests for the long haul and expanded international opportunities, which reflects the operations of RGEs. By favoring the development of the latter-type of firms, governments will also develop an interesting policy instrument for both creating income and employment much more rapidly than the traditional models, while encouraging modernization in the industry and enhancing long-term competitiveness of the economy. The spill-over effects of RGE-type of operations should have a positive impact on the rest of the economy not only in terms of relatively-faster diffusion of knowledge, technology, best managerial practice and information about new market opportunities; but also on improve the subjective "business environment" of a country at a higher pace and in shorter time period. The demonstrative impact of such virtuous operations may even expand to the rest of the supply chain with a snowballing effect in the rest of the economy in term of improved quality-standards on the input side (e.g. intermediate goods, labor force, etc.) first and soon expanding to the entire economy. References Ala-Mutka, Jukka & Etemad, Hamid, (2006). The Strategies of Global Gazelles: A Theoretical Framework and Evidence from Rapidly Growing and Internationalizing Enterprises from Canada, in Johansson, I. (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Development Local Pro33cesses and Global Patterns, University of West Press, Sweden. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Birch, D. & Medoff, J. (1994). Gazelles. In L. C. Solmon and A. R. Levenson (Eds). Labor Markets, Employment Policy and Job Creation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Dana, Leo. P., Etemad, H. & Wright, R., (2001a). "Symbiotic Interdependence," in Dianne Welsh & Ilan Alon, Editors, International Franchising in Emerging Markets (119-129). Illinois: CCH Publishing Delmar F., Davidson, P.&. Gartner W .B (2003). Arriving at the High-growth Firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 189–216. Etemad, H. (2004). Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Grounded Theoretical Framework and an Overview. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 1-21. Etemad, H. & Keen, C. (Eds.). (2007). Rapidly Growing and Internationalizing Smaller Firms from Canada. Proceedings from 2007 McGill International Entrepreneurship Conference. California: UCLA, Fischer, E. & Reuber A.R. (2003). Support for Rapid-Growth Firms: A Comparison of the Views of Founders, Government Policymakers, and Private Sector Resource Providers. Journal of Small Business Management, 41, 346–365 Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago.*Dr. Christian Keen, Coordinador Académico de Finanzas FACS, Universidad ORT Uruguay

Denne afhandling er udarbejdet som led i betingelserne for at opnå ph.d.-graden ved Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. Afhandlingen er resultatet af et ph.d.-studium gennemført i perioden marts 2006 til marts 2009 ved DTU Management, Sektionen for Planlægning og Ledelse af Byggeri samt ved Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Aalborg Universitet, Afdelingen for Byggeri og Sundhed. Afhandlingens engelske titel 'The constitution of partnering' refererer til den dobbelttydighed, der er det centrale omdrejningspunkt for studiet. På den ene side undersøgelsen af fremkomsten og udviklingen af partnering. På den anden side det konstitutive element i partnering – at partnering kan ses som en anordning, der er bestemmende for givne sociale udfald. Eller med andre ord: konstitueringen af partnering henholdsvis de konstitutive effekter af partnering. Afhandlingens undertitel 'A Foucauldian analysis of dispositives, space, and order in Danish construction' skærper tonen og illustrerer afhandlingens særlige fokus på Foucaults dispositiv som en nøgle til forståelse af partnering. Afhandlingen består af i alt 11 kapitler samlet i fire hoveddele. I afhandlingens første del introduceres problemstilling, teori, analysestrategi samt metodiske overvejelser. Kapitel 1 præsenterer baggrunden for afhandlingen, ligesom der på indledende niveau redegøres for valg af teoriramme/analysestrategi. Der argumenteres for velegnetheden af Foucaults begreb om dispositivet som overordnet ledetråd i studiet af polyvalente fænomener, hvis reduktionisme skal undgås. Herefter diskuteres kort en række overordnede konsekvenser i forbindelse med valget af en såkaldt post-strukturalistisk teoriramme. I kapitel 2 tages derefter hul på en udredning af Foucaults begreb om dispositivet. Der argumenteres især for, at dispositivanalysen skal ses som en videreførelse af Foucaults arkæologiske respektive genealogiske projekter snarere end som et brud med disse. Således vises det, at Foucault allerede i sit arbejde med vidensarkæologien havde mere end åbnet døren for en analyse af det ikke-diskursive – og dermed dispositivet. Herefter fokuseres specifikt på dispositivanalysen som en kritisk historiografisk analyse af sociale teknologiers spredning og samspil. Sociale teknologier skal i denne henseende forstås som måder at regulere individers adfærd og handlen. Med det analysestrategiske blik etableret, diskuterer jeg i kapitel 3 implikationerne heraf for den måde, hvorpå jeg kan angribe mit studium og det empiriske felt. Jeg diskuterer således studieobjektets de-ontologisering og dekonstruktion som grundlag for en forståelse af, hvordan post-strukturalistisk forskningsinterviews og etnografisk feltstudium kan bedrives. I afhandlingens anden del tages hul på en omfattende historisk analyse af dispositiver i byggeriet. Kommende fra Foucault, er afsættet for denne 'skolastiske' øvelse, at hvis vi skal kunne gøre os forhåbninger om at etablere en kritisk forståelse for, hvordan vores samtid opererer, er vi nødt til at forstå dens historiske ophav. Udgangspunktet for denne forståelse er den fundamentale erkendelse, som Foucault deler med Nietzsche og Heidegger, at mennesket er historisk. Kapitel 4 slår kort tonen an for den følgende analyse, som i kapitel 5 koncentrer sig om 'byggeskikken' som det diagrammatiske, dvs. det fremherskende, underliggende mønster for social interaktion i det tidlige byggeri. I kapitel 6 etableres et brud, og efterkrigstidens rationaliseringsbestræbelser analyseres. Det vises her, hvordan den nyetablerede sektor grundet på en teknisk-naturvidenskabelig rationalitet afstedkom en omsiggribende funktionel differentiering, i hvilken eksisterende praksisser, materialer og aktører blev underkastet et normerende blik, der havde ideen om det 'optimale' som ledetråd. Ved at trække på Foucaults begreb om disciplinen vises det, hvordan denne funktionelle differentierings logik kan forstås som en stratificering af tiden og rummet. At helheden skal planlægges ved at tilrettelægge delene og forudbestemme deres handlinger. Vi kan forstå det som en optimering af helheden vha. en optimering af delene – som et forsøg på at eliminere tilfældigheder og få det planmæssige til at ske som Jensen (2007) ville sige det. Dette kan ses i datidens lovgivninger, materialeudvikling, institutioner og ikke mindst ledelsesrationalitet, hvor fasemodellen argumenteres at konstituere idealbilledet på en politisk teknologi – på den strategiske kodificering af de mikrofysiske magtrelationer i feltet. I kapitel 7 etableres endnu et brud, idet der argumenteres for, at vi fra 1990erne og frem er vidner til et gryende brud med stratificeringen som det dominerende mønster for social interaktion i byggeriet. Det argumenters, at vi i stedet for står over for en erkendelse af den centralistiske enhedsplanlægnings utilstrækkelighed. Problemet med koordination, som den funktionelle differentiering havde konstitueret som ledelsesfokus, skulle nu 'kortsluttes' ved at forskyde spørgsmål og praksisser vedrørende planlægning, beslutning og kontrol til det praktiske arbejdes udførelse. Med partnering som mastercase, beskrives denne udvikling som en proces, der først og fremmest kom i stand ved at gennemsætte en såkaldt undtagelseslogik på politisk/institutionelt niveau. Det vises således, at de elementer vi forbinder med partnering, fx økonomiske incitamenter, valg af samarbejdspartnere, konfliktløs­ningsmodeller, fælles aktiviteter, etc., hver især kan ses som bidrag til at sætte en eller flere oplevede uhensigtsmæssigheder ved den såkaldt stratificerede socialitet ud af spil. Således rekonstrueres partnering konceptuelt som en nullificering af det traditionelle, eller med de begreber der anvendes i afhandlingens tredje del: en udglatning af det stratificerede rum. Implikationen heraf er i første omgang, at partnering træder frem som en kontinuerlig åbning af rum for handling og meningstillæggelse, idet handlinger ikke er entydigt bestemt. På denne baggrund undersøges det i tredje del af afhandlingen, hvorledes denne logik aktualiseres i et konkret projekt. To centrale koncepter behandles i denne forbindelse, nemlig: rum og social orden. I kapitel 8 sættes det overordnede projekt i scene, og med udgangspunkt heri undersøger jeg i kapitel 9 en række begivenheder i aktualiseringen af partnering med udgangspunkt i rum-begrebet. Argumentet er, at partnering, gennem en problematisering af hierarkiet, på dette konkrete projekt aktualiserer et glat rum, som igen aktualiserer fleksibilitet, udlicitering af kontrol og individuel ansvarlighed som midler til at håndtere problemet om social orden. Derefter fokuserer jeg i kapitel 10 på at demonstrere, hvad der sker når en hævdvunden eller i hvert fald meget totaliserende social orden destabiliseres. Det vises, hvordan man som følge af den nedbrydning af faste strukturer og roller som partnering fører med sig, forsøger at installere individuel ansvarlighed og ejerskab som centrale styringsmekanismer ved at anvende en række sociale teknologier, der alle har normaliserende, snarere end normerende effekter. Afholdelsen af kick-off workshops beskrives i dette lys som en social teknologi, der har til formål at programmere det ny ideal om social orden hos deltagerne. Herefter undersøges, hvordan dette ideal søges sat igennem i det daglige arbejde i projektets byggemøder og benchmarkingaktiviteter. Det vises, hvordan dette arbejde har til formål at forsøge at etablere en homogen platform for handlen, der ikke er baseret på planlægningens foruddiskonterende rationalitet. Afslutningsvist, i fjerde del af afhandlingen, er de sammenfattende konklusioner gengivet i kapitel 11. Her hævdes, det at partnering som et dispositiv eller social teknologi etablerer et rum for intervention inden for hvilket, der pågår lokale forhandlinger rettet mod at (re-)etablere en social orden. Dette sker i forsøget på at håndtere spændingen mellem en traditionel stratificeret socialitet, der optræder med en commonsense status, og en ny glat socialitet i hvilken cirkulation, selvstyring, individuel ansvarlighed og ejerskab er mere centrale end entydighed, planlægning og kontrol. Endvidere diskuteres forholdet mellem magtens makro- og mikro-fysik kort. ; This dissertation has been submitted in partial requirements for the PhD degree at the Technical University of Denmark. The dissertation is the result of a study entitled 'Interorganisational knowledge processes in construction. Knowledge and practice in partnering.' The study has been conducted from March 2006 to March 2009 at DTU Management, Department for Management Engineering, Section for Planning and Management of the Built Environment, and at The Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Department for Construction and Health. The title of the dissertation 'The constitution of partnering' refers to the duality that is the central concern of the study. On the one hand, the examination of the emergence and development of partnering and on the other hand the functioning of partnering. Or in other words: the constitution respectively the constitutive effects of partnering. The subtitle 'A Foucauldian analysis of dispositives, space, and order in Danish construction' sharpens the tone and illustrates the special attention on Foucault's dispositive or apparatus as the key to an understanding of partnering. The dissertation consists of 11 chapters collected in four main parts. In the first part the problem and field of research, analytical strategy and methodological considerations are introduced. Chapter 1 presents the background for the study, and the choice of theoretical frame/analytical strategy is discussed preliminarily. I argue for the appropriateness and applicability of Foucault's concept of the dispositive as a main route to the study of highly polyvalent phenomena if reductionism is to be avoided. In extension hereof a short discussion concerning the implications of following a post-structuralistic analytical strategy is highlighted. In chapter 2 Foucault's concept of the dispositive is subjected to inquiry. It is argued that the dispositive analysis has to be seen as a continuation, rather than a replacement, of Foucault's archaeological and genealogical projects. It is thus shown that Foucault in his work with the knowledge archaeology had more than opened the door for the analysis of the non-discursive – and thus the dispositive. From here on, I focus specifically on the dispositive analysis as a critical historiographic analysis of the dissemination and interplay of social technologies; social technologies understood as ways of regulating the conduct of people. With the theoretical gaze established, in chapter 3 I discuss the implications hereof in relation to my study and the empirical field in general. I discuss the de-ontologisation and deconstruction of the object of the study as a basis for establishing an understanding for how to conduct post-structuralist interviews and field research. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the historical analysis of dispositives in Danish construction. Coming from Foucault, the starting point of this exercise is that if we are to establish a critical, rather than a commonsense, understanding of current practices and forms of management and organisation, we have to understand their historical origins. The basis of this kind of thinking is the fundamental realisation, which Foucault shares with Heidegger and Nietzsche that man is historical. Chapter 4 sets the tone for the analysis, which in chapter 5 concentrates on the notion of 'building customs and practices' as the diagrammatical, i.e. the predominant underlying pattern for social interaction, in 'early' Danish construction. In chapter 6, I establish a break and the post-WW2 rationalisation efforts are analysed. Here it is demonstrated how the newly established notion of the construction sector, founded on a technical-scientific rationality, gave rise to a pervasive functional differentiation, in which existing practices, material and actors was subjected to a gaze of normation owing to the normative ideal of the optimal. By drawing on Foucault's notion of the discipline it is shown how the logic of this functional differentiation can be understood as a stratification of time and space; that the unity is planned by arranging the parts and predetermining their actions. We can understand this as an optimisation of the totality through an optimisation of the parts – as an attempt to eliminate contingencies and make the planned happen, as Jensen (2007) would put it. This can be seen in e.g. the laws, materiality, institutions and not least management rationality of the time, where the phase model is argued to constitute the ideal figure of political technology; of the strategic codification of the micro-physical relations of power in the field. In chapter 7, another rupture is established, in that it is argued that we from the 1990s onwards are witnessing a dawning break from stratification as the dominant pattern for social interaction in Danish construction. It is suggested that we instead are facing an acknowledgement of the centralistic unitary-planning's insufficiencies. The problems of coordination that the functional differentiation had constituted as the focus of governance now had to be 'short-circuited' by displacing questions and practices of planning, decision-making and control to the sphere of the practical work. Using partnering as the master-case this development is described as a process, which first and foremost took place by enforcing a so-called logic of exemptions on a politico-institutional level. It is thus demonstrated that the elements or concepts we associate with partnering, e.g. economic incentives, the freedom to choose work partners, conflict resolution models, common activities etc., each and one can be seen as contributing to the 'sidelining' of one or more perceived inconveniences of the so-called stratified sociality. As such, partnering is reconstructed as a nullification of the traditional, or a smoothing out of the stratified space. The implication hereof is, in the first instance, that partnering emerges as a continuous opening of a space for action and attribution of meaning, as actions are not unequivocally pre-determined. On this basis, the third part of the dissertation inquires into the actualisations of this logic in a specific building project. Two central concepts are treated: space and social order. In chapter 8, the specific project is staged, and in chapter 9, a series of events in the actualisation of partnering is examined, drawing on the notion of space. The basic argument is that on this project, partnering, through the problematisation of hierarchies, actualises a smooth kind of space, which again actualises flexibility, outsourcing of control, and individual responsibility as central means in the handling of social order. Then in chapter 10, I look into what happens when an established, totalising social order is destabilised. It is shown how efforts, as a result of the breaking-down of fixed structures and roles that partnering entails, are directed towards installing individual responsibility and ownership as central governance mechanisms by means of deploying social technologies with normalising effects. The conduct of workshops is described in this light as a social technology that aims at 'programming' the new ideal social order into the conducts of the participants. From here on it is examined how this ideal is sought instigated in the daily sphere of the project through the use of practices of staged co-presence of actors and benchmarking. It is shown how these activities and practices aim at establishing a homogenous platform for action, which parts with the predetermining rationality of the planning-ideal. Finally, in part four, the conclusions of the study are presented in chapter 11. Here I advance an understanding of partnering as a dispositive that establishes a space for interventions within which local actions are conducted in order to (re-) establish a social order. This takes place in the efforts to handle the tensions between a traditional stratified sociality, with its commonsense qualities, and a 'smooth' sociality in which circulation, self-governance, individual responsibility and ownership are more important than unambiguity, planning and control. Furthermore the relationship between the macro- and micro-physics of power is discussed.

This study simulates the sector impacts of demand-side perturbations on air transport sectors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on ASEAN members plus Australia, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and New Zealand. This study involves (i) the generation of a multiregional input–output table from the latest Global Trade Analysis Project data, (ii) a network analysis to determine the importance of the air transport industry in each country, (iii) multiplier and linkages analyses, (iv) determinations of sector impacts from demand-side perturbations on air transport sectors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (v) simulation of the effect of fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the pandemic's impact. This study demonstrates that the aviation industry is a key sector in domestic and regional economic activities, and the reduction in air transport consumer demand due to the pandemic is estimated to cause gross domestic product (GDP) reductions from 0.4% to 2.1%. Government intervention, through fiscal and monetary policies, has, however, mitigated severe impact, moderating GDP and value-added losses. Thus, a viable policy prescription for the aviation industry is of utmost importance.

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (Salmonella Infantis) is consistently isolated from broiler chickens, pigs, and humans worldwide. This study investigated 93 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Germany between 2005 and 2008 in respect to their transmission along the food chain. Various phenotypic and genotypic methods were applied, and the pathogenicity and resistance gene repertoire was determined. Phenotypically, 66% of the strains were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials tested, while the others were almost all multidrug-resistant (two or more antimicrobial resistances), with different resistance profiles and preferentially isolated from broiler chickens. A number of phage types (PTs) were shared by strains from pigs, broiler chickens, and humans (predominated by PT 29). One, PT 1, was only detected in strains from pigs/pork and humans. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subdivided strains in seven different clusters, named A-G, consisting of 35 various XbaI profiles with coefficient of similarity values of 0.73-0.97. The majority of XbaI profiles were assigned to clusters A and C, and two predominant XbaI profiles were common in strains isolated from all sources investigated. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of selected strains representing the seven PFGE clusters revealed that they all belonged to ST32. The pathogenicity gene repertoire of 37 representative Salmonella Infantis strains analyzed by microarray was also identical. The resistance gene repertoire correlated perfectly with the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and multidrug-resistant strains were associated with class 1 integrons. Overall, this study showed that two major closely related genotypes of Salmonella Infantis can transmit in Germany to humans through contaminated broiler meat or pork, and consequently presents a hazard for human health. -® Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2012

Motor Third Party Liability Insurance (MTPL) ensures that damage to third party health and property caused by an accident for which driver and/or owner of the car were responsible is covered. A policy may be taken out by the owner of a vehicle or by a lawful possessor authorized by the owner on behalf of the owner. Compulsory MTPL Insurance is a financial protection system built to prevent any grievance that third parties could face, due to lack of solvency of first party who caused bodily injury or property damage following any event related to a car accident. Motor insurance is generally measured non-life insurers' strongest class of business in terms of premium volume. In most markets, it is characterized by high competition and cyclical fluctuations in results. Non-life insurers' motor result is thus likely to have a particularly strong impact on the overall result. In most countries, MTPL insurance is compulsory in order to protect the public. World Bank studies in Africa, Central Asia, and Europe have shown that motor insurance premiums represent at least 30 percent of all non-life premium income. This phenomenon may be explained by the rapid rise of motor fleets. MTPL insurance has been introduced in the formerly centrally planned economies only in the past decade, but it is poorly understood. Motorists are inclined to view it as a form of tax that they are at liberty to evade, rather than as a protection against their personal liability a concept that is not familiar to the general public. Motor insurance has the potential to be a powerful tool in the promotion of personal responsibility. If communicated effectively, the link between the consequences of causing an accident and the economics of paying for those consequences will of itself gradually lead to improved driving.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAKada je krajem ožujka ove godine Thomas Waitz, zastupnik Europskog parlamenta, član Kluba zastupnika Zelenih/Europskog slobodnog saveza, objavio na svojoj službenoj stranici "Novo izvješće o krčenju šuma u Hrvatskoj" dostavljeno od braniteljske udruge ViDrA – "veterani i društvena akcija", vijest o tome proširila se na hrvatskim mrežnim stranicama. Povodom toga objavljen je na portalu Telegram.hr i razgovor s predsjednicom udruge Vesnom Grgić. Forum udruge pod nazivom Zeleni odred za cilj ima, kako su sami naveli, "borbu protiv devastacije šuma i šumskih površina u Republici Hrvatskoj".Pohvalna je briga za opće dobro, što šume u Republici Hrvatskoj i jesu. Samo čitajući optužbe, koje se većinom odnose na djelovanje trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume, ne može se oteti dojmu da tu ima puno neshvaćanja zakonskih postavki i operativnih radnji koje se odvijaju u gospodarenju šumama.U razgovoru se kao mogućnost "jezive devastacije šuma" navodi zabrana sječe svih šuma u razdoblju od 10 godina, uspoređujući to s primjerom Albanije. Toj zemlji to nitko izvan nje nije naredio, već je to bila odluka albanskog parlamenta da se uvede moratorij na sječu šuma za trgovačke namjene od 2016. do 2025. godine. Zabrana je uvedena kao posljedica nekontroliranih prevelikih sječa, što je stvorilo erozivna područja koja su jako vidljiva diljem države. Uspoređujući to s Republikom Hrvatskom u kojoj postoji organizirano šumarstvo 256 godina, potpuno je deplasirano. Osnovno nerazumijevanje, koje se i inače ponavlja u javnosti, je održivo gospodarenje putem oplodnih sječa, gdje se na kraju životnog ciklusa jednodobnih sastojina (sam naziv jednodobno označava da su stabla približno jednake starosti) stara šuma, naravno sa starim i debelim stablima, zamjenjuje mladom šumom, koja se izvan vegetacijskog razdoblja svugdje dobro i ne uočava. Bitno je to da na šumskom zemljištu i dalje ostaje šuma, znači nema devastacije, odnosno degradacijskih stadija šuma (kao što laici obično mlade šume u razvoju – u progresiji smatraju šikarom koja je primjer obrnutog procesa – regresije). Oplodno razdoblje koje traje i 20 godina, a u fazi dovršne sječe godinu ili više godina ako se sječe na manjim površinama, u stvari je porođaj mlade šume. Svima je poznato da rođenje djeteta u ljudskom svijetu nastaje nakon porođajnih muka, a odrastanje i osamostaljivanje traje godinama. Isto možemo usporediti s nastankom mlade šume i brigom oko njenog razvoja. Rađaonica u šumi traje i njeno uređenje traži vremena. Osim što je šumska površina u obnovi rađaonica, ona je i radilište na kojemu vladaju posebni propisi, posebice oni vezani za zaštitu na radu. Ljubitelji prirode koji se prolazeći kroz šumu u obnovi ljute zbog oštećenih šumskih puteva, trebaju znati da se oni nalaze usred radilišta i da se ne bi mogli slobodno kretati po radilištu nekakve zgrade ili mosta. Povlačeći paralelu, šumsko radilište bi se moglo ograditi kao i neko građevinsko, a onda ne bi bilo pristupa u to područje.Nerealno je očekivati da se stanje šuma, kao uostalom i drugih dijelova prirode, može konzervirati. Prirodni ekosustavi su dinamične cjeline i kroz vrijeme se stalno mijenjaju. U Republici Hrvatskoj prirodne gospodarene šume doživjele su bar dva kompletna, a neke i po tri životna ciklusa od nastanka do dovršnog sjeka. Znači da su kroz taj ciklus prošle sve faze, od mlade šuma visine nekoliko centimetara, do stare šume s visokim stablima 30-40 m. Prosječni ljudski vijek u današnje doba u našoj domovini od 78 godina tek je nešto iznad polovice životnog vijeka propisanog za šume hrasta lužnjaka od 140 godina, a oko tri četvrtine vijeka bukovih šuma od 100 godina. Normalno je da stanovniku i posjetitelju nekog šumskog područja promiču promjene u starim šumama koje nisu tako drastične, kao što se dogodi kada se stara šuma zamijeni mladom šumom. Zanimljivo je kako se ljudi raduju rađanju novih ljudi i njihovom odrastanju, a ne raduju se, za razliku od šumara, rađanju novih šuma koje šumari nastoje stvoriti kvalitetnijim od prethodnih. Stara poslovica kaže "Na mladima svijet ostaje". Logično je da isto vrijedi i za šume. Nove šume će omogućiti blagodati novim generacijama. Zamislimo da su danas sve šume stare po dvjesto i više godina (kao što za primjer imamo potpuno zaštićenu šumu Prašnik, gdje je ostalo malo starih stabala hrasta lužnjaka, a ispod njih prevladavaju mlađa stabla graba čime se u biti gubi glavna vrsta drveća). Imali bi šume pune bolesnih stabala, od kojih ne bi bilo previše koristi. Drvna industrija ostala bi skoro bez ikakve sirovine za svoj rad, a onda i stanovništvo bez mogućnosti zaposlenja i brojnih proizvoda od drveta. Još jedna bitna činjenica u svjetlu klimatskih promjena je to da se najveći ponor (upijanje) ugljika stvara u šumama mlađim od 140 godina, nakon čega se unos ugljika smanjuje.Postavlja se i pitanje zašto se u općoj brizi za naše šume prati samo stanje u državnim šumama, dok se u privatnim šumama malih posjednika, koje čine jednu četvrtinu ukupnoga šumskog kompleksa, događaju radnje koje, za razliku od državnih šuma, otprilike odgovaraju stanju koje navode gore navedene Udruge. Dobna struktura vlasnika, neriješeni imovinsko pravni odnosi i zapušteno i neažurirano stanje našeg katastra i gruntovnice, usitnjeni posjed, kao i neadekvatna zakonska rješenja i nepostojanje organizirane čuvarske službe razlog su takvom stanju. Razvoj tehnologija donio je brojne olakšice i koristi u današnjem življenju, ali nažalost i nedostatke. Mogućnost brzog prijenosa informacija omogućila je svima upoznavanje sa svim djelatnostima i strukama, što je pak stvorilo lažnu predodžbu o razumijevanju svih sfera života i njihovom funkcioniranju. Tako su danas brojni posjetitelji šume postali znalci o šumarstvu, ali i dobili mogućnost lakog iskazivanja svog viđenja o tome u medijima. Čak su nastali takvi uvjeti da im se više vjeruje nego struci koja se za to školovala i stjecala iskustvo kroz praksu. Paušalno i olako iznesene optužbe zauzimaju naslovnice i postaju istina, dok se demanti teško probijaju i prolaze nezapaženo. Tko je u svemu tome odgovoran za točno i istinito informiranje javnosti? U svakoj struci postoje pojedinci koji ne rade dobro ili se čine pogrešne radnje, ali ne može se generalizirati i na temelju toga donositi zaključke. Nažalost današnjim prevladavajućim negativističkim novinarstvom stvaraju se uvjeti nepovjerenja u bilo kakvu djelatnost i struku što nije dobro, a u budućnosti može biti i gore.Mlada šuma koja će uskoro stasati, i postati vidljiva i nešumarskom oku, na tako često prozivanim sljemenskim sječinama, ali i diljem Lijepe Naše, dokazat će da šumarska struka postoji i uspješno obavlja svoj posao, što je u cijeloj priči najvažnije. Takvih mladih i njegovanih šuma ima i sada na značajnim površinama, samo ih laici ne prepoznaju.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALWhen Thomas Waitz, representative of the European Parliament and member of the Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance, published in his official page "a new report on deforestation in Croatia", a report passed on by ViDrA– "Association of Veterans and Social Action", this piece of news spread across the Croatian network media. On this occasion the portal Telegram.hr published an interview with Vesna Grgić, chairperson of Vidra Association. The Association's Forum, called The Green Squad, was established, in their own words, "with the purpose of fighting against devastation of forests and forest land in the Republic of Croatia".The concern for common goods, which forests in the Republic of Croatia certainly are, is highly commendable. However, if we read accusations that refer mostly to the activities of the company Croatian Forests, one cannot but feel that there is a lot of misunderstanding of legal provisions and operational actions that take place in forest management. One of the examples of "disastrous forest devastation" mentioned in the interview was the possibility of a ban on logging in all forests for the period of 10 years and a comparison with Albania was given. There was no request from abroad for Albania to do so – it was a decision of the Albanian Parliament to impose a moratorium on cutting down forests for industrial purposes for the period from 2016 to 2025. The ban was implemented as a reaction to uncontrolled excessive logging, resulting in erosive areas clearly visible across the country. To compare this with the Republic of Croatia, which enjoys 256 years of organized forestry, is completely misplaced. The basic misunderstanding generally displayed by the public refers to sustainable management using the shelterwood system, where at the end of the life cycle of an even-aged stand (the name itself denotes that the trees are of relatively even age), the mature forest, naturally with all trees, including thick ones, is replaced with a young forest, which is not always clearly visible outside the vegetation period. What is important is that the forest remains on the forested land: there is no devastation and no degraded forest stages (just as non-experts consider a young forest in progression a scrub; however, a scrub is an example of a reverse process – regression). The rejuvenation period, which lasts for up to 20 years and in the final cutting stage it may last for one or more years if smaller forested areas are treated, is in fact the birth of a young forest. We all know that in the human world a child is born after labour pains and growing up and turning an adult takes years. This can be compared with the emergence of a young forest and care for its development. The labour pains bringing forth a forest and its management take time. Not only can the forested area being regenerated be compared to a maternity ward, it is also a work site where special regulations apply, particularly those related to safety at work. Nature lovers who are angry about the damaged forest roads when passing through the forest being regenerated, should know that they are in a construction site and that they would not be able to move freely on the construction site of a building or a bridge. To draw a parallel, a forest construction site could be fenced off like any other construction site, banning access to the area. It is unrealistic to expect that the condition of a forest, and indeed any other part of nature, can be conserved. Natural ecosystems are dynamic units that change constantly throughout time. In the Republic of Croatia, forests managed on a close-to-nature principle have undergone at least two, and some even three, complete lifecycles from their emergence to the final cut. This means that all stages have gone through this cycle, from a young forest only several centimetres tall, to an old forest with trees up to 30-40 metres tall. The average human lifespan today in our homeland of 78 years is just over half the lifespan of 140 years prescribed for pedunculate oak forests, and about three-quarters of the lifespan of 100 years prescribed for beech forests. It is normal that a resident or a visitor to a forest area overlooks the changes taking place in old forests which are not as drastic as those taking place when an old forest is replaced by a young forest. It is interesting that people rejoice when a new baby is born and is growing up, but are not happy when a new forest is born which foresters endeavour to make even better than the old one. An old proverb says "the world belongs to the young". It is only logical that the same applies to forests. New forests will provide multiple benefits for new generations. Just imagine what it would be like of all present-day forests were two or more hundred years old (as is the completely protected forest of Prašnik, where very few old pedunculate oak trees are left, while younger hornbeam trees predominate below them, which in fact leads to the disappearance of the principal tree species). We would have forests full of diseased, useless trees. The wood industry would remain without the raw material for their work, and people would consequently be left without employment in the wood industry or without numerous wood products. Another essential fact in the light of climate change is that the largest carbon sinks are created in forests younger than 140 years, after which carbon input decreases. Another question to ask is why general concern about Croatian forests focuses only on state forests, while private forest owned by small forest owners, who make up one fourth of the overall forest complex, are the scene of all those actions that mimic the condition deplored by the Associations mentioned earlier. The age structure of the owners, unsolved property and legal relations, neglected and out-of-date cadastres and land registers, fragmented property, as well as inadequate legal solutions and the lack of organized guard service largely contribute to such a state. The development of technology has provided various benefits and advantages to modern-day life, but also a number of disadvantages. Fast transfer of information has made it possible to gain an insight into different activities and professions, which has in turn created a false idea among people that they understand how all spheres of life function. Thus, many visitors to forests have become forestry experts and have been given an opportunity to express their views on the matter in the media. What is worse, such "experts" are believed more than the professionals who have been educated in the profession and have acquired experience through practice. Off-the-cuff and easily made accusations take the headlines and become the accepted truth, do denials are completely ignored and go unnoticed. Who is responsible for giving the public accurate and truthful information? There are individuals in every profession who do not work well or who make wrong moves, but this does not mean that generalisations can be made and conclusions passed on the basis of those few. Regrettably, today's prevailing negativist journalism creates the conditions of distrust in any activity or profession, which is certainly not good and may become even worse in the future. A young forest that will soon mature and become visible even to a non-forester's eye, both on the frequently criticized Sljeme felling sites and all over Our Beautiful Homeland, will prove that the forestry profession exists and does its job thoroughly and successfully. In essence, this is the most important thing in the whole story. Such young and tended forests take up large areas, but are not recognized by a non-expert eye.Editorial Board

This strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a technical piece intended to assist in the current and future identification of priority industrial pollutants and economic instruments to minimize industrial waste. This industrial sector SEA is one of six pieces of technical support envisioned by the Himachal Pradesh (HP) inclusive green growth (IGG) development policy loan (DPL) to fill knowledge gaps and strengthen operational success of the DPL. The DPL acknowledges that industrial development is an important economic driver within HP, and that such development must be consistent with maintaining the integrity of other natural resource assets on which human health depend. The general objectives of the SEA study are: (i) to assist in identification of priority pollutants and industries; (ii) to review existing institutional structures that address these pollutants; (iii) to identify and recommend potential reform options through the introduction of new policy approaches; and (iv) to identify complementary institutional support necessary to implement such a program. The SEA was undertaken from April to December 2013 based on secondary data collection, existing literature, various consultative meetings with key stakeholders, and diagnostic analyses of this information. The purpose of the consultations was to discuss the findings, issues, and preliminary directions suggested by the desk reviews, and to initiate a work plan for amassing additional information. The SEA has included participatory approaches to ensure that presented policy changes are designed and implemented in a way that is responsive to the different segments of HP society. This report is presented in three parts. Part one forms a foundation for focusing subsequent diagnostic work by providing more extensive detail on the institutional context, pollution situation, health and environmental linkages, and opportunities for using economic instruments. Part two performs additional diagnostic analyses to inform the core recommendations relating to options for new economic instruments, institutional reforms, and capacity building; these recommendations are presented in part three.

AMÉRICA LATINA Colombia: Juan Manuel Santos fue reelecto presidente. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2014/06/colombias-election http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/16/content_17589344.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/world/americas/colombian-president-president-juan-manuel-santos-re-elected.html?ref=world&gwh=6BBACC6FC32461FCBD45148E48453C59&gwt=pay http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402951102_303073.html http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/15/world/americas/colombia-presidential-election/index.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27862555 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/santos-buscara-eliminar-reeleccion-presidencial-en-colombia-1017423.html http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/colombias-president-juan-manuel-santos-wins-re-election-n131756http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701935-conciliador-santos-invito-a-uribe-y-zuluaga-a-su-causa-nacional Brasil: un Mundial que tiene enfurecido al pueblo. Para más información:http://media.economist.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/the_world_comes_to_brazil.pdf?fsrc=bz14%2Fpdf%2Fpebox%2F1 http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/12/world/americas/brazil-world-cup-protests/index.html http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27851023 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402872260_972748.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/americas/for-biden-in-brazil-world-cup-and-diplomacy.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/el-mundial-que-tiene-enfurecido-a-un-pueblo/14120818http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/12/content_17582403.htm http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27841356 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700210-dilma-rousseff-brasil-vencio-los-principales-obstaculos-y-esta-preparado-para-el-mundialhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/el-mundial-que-tiene-enfurecido-a-un-pueblo/14120818 Estados Unidos ratifica el fallo contra Argentina por la deuda impagada a los fondos. Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2014/06/17/l-argentine-confrontee-a-un-nouveau-risque-de-defaut_4439361_3222.htmlhttp://economia.elpais.com/economia/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402930318_072455.html http://www.bbc.com/news/business-27871055http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2014/06/140616_argentina_fallo_holdouts_reacciones_vs.shtml Boudou, el vice argentino está en la mira de la justicia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/amado-boudou-el-vice-argentino-esta-en-la-mira-de-la-justicia/14120166 La opositora venezolana Machado declara sobre un complot contra Maduro. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27877431 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/corina-machado-comparece-fiscalia-venezolana-1017305.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701937-corina-machado-declaro-por-el-supuesto-complot http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/opositora-maria-corina-machado-declara-ante-la-fiscalia-venezolana/14127075 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/crisis-economica-en-venezolana/14130276http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402952529_477273.html Inflación en Venezuela supera el 60 %. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/inflacion-en-venezuela-supera-el-60-banco-central-culpa-a-protestas/14113736 El proceso de paz, factor de división entre las víctimas de las FARC. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402950352_781827.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701244-el-proceso-de-paz-factor-de-division-entre-las-victimas-de-las-farc Una veintena de aerolíneas reclaman a Venezuela 3.000 millones de deuda. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402943702_758687.html La tormenta Cristina se convierte en huracán y amenaza a México. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700413-la-tormenta-cristina-se-convierte-en-huracan-y-amenaza-a-mexico Encuentran una fosa con restos de 800 víctimas de Sendero Luminoso. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700660-encuentran-una-fosa-con-restos-de-800-victimas-de-sendero-luminosohttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/jovenes-cubanos-en-ee-uu-rechazan-embargo-/14132598 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ El avance jihadista en Irak pone en guardia a la Casa Blanca. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/u-s-sends-170-military-personnel-iraq-more-possible-n132676 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/middleeast/us-and-iran-signaling-new-joint-effort-in-iraq-crisis.html?ref=world&gwh=5CEE4C088597253F64252D42CA521DF5&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700809-el-avance-jihadista-en-irak-pone-en-guardia-a-la-casa-blanca http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402930536_817143.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/obama-desplegara-soldados-irak-1017413.html ¿Una inesperada alianza entre Estados Unidos e Irán por Irak? Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701810-una-inesperada-alianza-entre-eeuu-e-iran-por-irak Barack Obama enviará 275 soldados a Irak a proteger la embajada de Estados Unidos en Bagdad. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701881-barak-obama-enviara-275-soldados-a-irak-a-proteger-la-embajada-de-estados-unidos-en-bagdadhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ee-uu-despliega-tropas-para-proteger-su-embajada-en-irak/14131715 El Tea Party asesta un golpe inesperado a los republicanos. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21604155-republicans-must-not-misunderstand-meaning-eric-cantors-defeat-be-brave-republicanshttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700492-el-tea-party-asesta-un-golpe-inesperado-a-los-republicanoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/ee-uu-y-canada/reforma-migratoria-en-vilo-por-caida-republicana-en-la-camara/14112161 Estados Unidos abordará con los países centroamericanos la llegada de menores. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402871306_084515.html El Ejército estadounidense investigará la presunta desaparición de Bergdahl en Afganistán. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-27878905http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402950129_409322.html EUROPA Rusia inicia una 'guerra del gas' con cortes en el suministro a Ucrania. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/16/content_17591585.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/05/29/l-ukraine-de-nouveau-face-a-un-ultimatum-gazier_4428760_3214.htmlhttp://money.cnn.com/2014/06/16/news/ukraine-russia-gas/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ucrania-asegura-que-no-teme-a-la-penuria-energetica-por-corte-de-gas/14131515http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402905837_944729.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2014/06/16/lok-chance-russia-ukraine-gazprom-deadline.cnn&hpt=wo_c2&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F%3Fhpt%3Dsitenavhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27862849http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/russia-cut-ukraines-gas-supply-after-payment-deadline-passes-n131891 En Ucrania derriban un avión con militares: los rebeldes se anotaron su mayor golpe en el conflicto. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701349-mueren-al-menos-49-personas-en-un-avion-militar-derribado-en-ucraniahttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/-prorrusos-derriban-un-avion-con-30-militares-ucranianos-a-bordo-/14117776http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701423-ucrania-bajan-un-avion-con-militares El paro de ferroviarios y de la cultura fractura aún más al Partido Socialista de Francia. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2014/06/french-politicshttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27865049http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/miles-de-trabajadores-del-espectaculo-se-manifiestan-en-francia/14128014http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402941165_442663.html Hollande condena linchamiento de adolescente gitano. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/hollande-condena-el-linchamiento-de-un-adolescente-gitano/14131916http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/conmocion-en-francia-tras-paliza-que-dejo-en-coma-a-un-joven-gitano/14132798 Inglaterra reabre su embajada en Teherán. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1702044-inglaterra-reabre-su-embajada-en-teheran "The Economist" analiza coyuntura política polaca. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2014/06/polish-politics Escocia: entre la permanencia y la independencia del Reino Unido. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/escocia-entre-la-permanencia-y-la-independencia-del-reino-unido-/14116930 Julian Assange hablará con la prensa para evitar su extradición a Suecia. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1702118-julian-assange-hablara-con-la-prensa-para-evitar-su-extradicion-a-suecia El primer ministro chino viaja a Londres para potenciar los lazos económicos. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402923435_330744.html Ocho sospechosos de pertenecer a la célula islámica ISIS son arrestados en España. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/world/europe/spain-terror-arrests/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27865046 Los kurdos turcos se aferran a la paz. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/15/actualidad/1402862182_416830.html Otra tragedia para los inmigrantes que intentan llegar a Europa: tres muertos y seis desaparecidos en el Mediterráneo. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27878346http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700049-otra-tragedia-para-los-inmigrantes-que-intentan-llegar-a-europa-tres-muertos-y-seis-desaparecidos-en-el-mediterraneo ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE En un sorpresivo ataque un grupo jihadista toma parte de Irak. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/breve/2014/06/17/irak-275-soldats-americains-envoyes-pour-securiser-l-ambassade-des-etats-unis-a-bagdad_4439362_3218.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700662-irak-terroristas-islamicos-bagdad-desplazadoshttp://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/strange-bedfellows-us-talks-iran-about-saving-iraq-n132646http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/el-yihadismo-crea-alianzas-insospechadas-en-irak/14130502http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27875053http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/impreso/irak-extremistas-se-atribuyen-la-ejecucion-de-1-700-soldados-87329.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/12/world/middleeast/the-iraq-isis-conflict-in-maps-photos-and-video.html?ref=world&gwh=248A7206B41A04135EA207E1CB53D24E&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now China ejecuta a 13 personas por "ataques terroristas y crímenes" en Xinjiang. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27876545 http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/world/asia/china-executions/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402914949_097569.html Secuestro de tres jóvenes israelíes genera tensión entre israelíes y palestinos. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27863465http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402945744_830594.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701899-israel-militariza-hebron-para-hallar-a-los-tres-jovenes-secuestradoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/mahmud-abas-condeno-el-secuestro-de-jovenes-israelies/14128037http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/west-bank-kidnappings ¿Quién es Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, el líder jihadista que opaca a Al-Qaeda? Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701004-quien-es-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-el-lider-jihadista-que-opaca-a-al-qaeda Una ola de violaciones de mujeres sin casta sacude a la India. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1700840-una-ola-de-violaciones-de-mujeres-sin-casta-sacude-a-la-india Búsqueda del avión malayo continúa 100 días después de su desaparición. Para más información:http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/missing-jet/mysterys-milestone-malaysia-flight-has-been-missing-100-days-n131496http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/world/asia/malaysia-airlines-how-long-will-search-continue/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/busqueda-del-avion-malasio-sigue-100-dias-despues-de-su-desaparicion-/14126255http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27832746 Pakistán y Afganistán discuten sobre seguridad en medio de ataques. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27878875http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/pakistan-realiza-ataques-aereos-contra-insurgentes-/14127237http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/asia/pakistan-hits-taliban-strongholds-with-airstrikes.html?ref=world&gwh=5690678A97EADC3DB6140B69A2ABC086&gwt=payhttp://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pakistan-army-launches-operation-against-terrorists-after-airport-attack-n131716 Alerta en China por la llegada del primer tifón del año. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1701370-alerta-en-china-por-la-llegada-del-primer-tifon-del-ano Más de 120.000 camboyanos huyen de Tailandia. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27864809 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/world/asia/after-coup-foreign-workers-stream-out-of-thailand.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/16/content_17591316.htm Violencia religiosa en Sri Lanka. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/asia/deadly-religious-violence-erupts-in-sri-lanka.html "The Economist" publica: "The Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21604230-extreme-islamist-group-seeks-create-caliphate-and-spread-jihad-across ÁFRICA Ataques islamistas sacuden Kenia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/ataque-de-islamistas-somalies-deja-al-menos-49-muertos-en-kenia/14126875http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27862510http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/africa/dozens-killed-as-militants-attack-kenyan-town.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/nuevo-ataque-de-islamistas-en-kenia-deja-al-menos-15-muertos-/14131655 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-06/16/content_17591173.htmhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402903109_000286.html Decenas de muertos deja nuevo ataque de Boko Haram en Nigeria. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2014/muertos-ataque-boko-haram-nigeria-1017369.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/world/africa/nigeria-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/pesimismo-en-nigeria-por-futuro-de-ninas-raptadas/14116882http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/boko-haram-exige-800-vacas-para-liberar-a-20-mujeres-secuestradas/14108638 Egipto ordena la liberación de un periodista en huelga de hambre. Para más información:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27878170http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/06/16/actualidad/1402942161_298666.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/fiscalia-egipcia-deja-en-libertad-a-periodista-en-huelga-de-hambre/14128395

Abstract UPT Aneka Industri dan Kerajinan Surabaya is the Technical Services Unit are carrying out Development and Small and Medium Industries Development and Human Resources through Technical Training in the field of Management, Technology, Production Process, Standards, Environment and Information. In improving the performance of the employees in that agency with the necessary changes in work procedures to improve leadership. There are so many ways to improve performance by way of leadership, from the nature of good leadership through effective leadership style so that employees can change their way of working. Because this company is a government company is bona fide and generates revenue from all areas of the required procedures for working very well ordered. Improve the ability and quality of work that the company will then be developed. Manage, serve and process are all ways good leadership to improve employee performance. Keyword:Employee,Leader, Introduction Nowadays, many people decide to become a leader. They do competition to find new innovation for their leadership and they want to be different with other leadership that had already started first. In the work of world every leader must be ready to get complain from their employees. Leadership itself is a person who has the skills or strengths, in particular skill or ability in a field that he is able to influence other to jointly undertake specific activities for the achievement of one or more goalsIntensive competition requires that manufacturers to be competitive with other manufacturers worldwide. Each company must be able to be effectively and efficiently to build an effective performance in order to achieve goals and success, then various components contained in a company should be run according with the objectives to be achieved. One component that has role very important is human resources, which is the leader/supervisor and employee/subordinates. Leadership is an organization or business. The leader of the organization must be able to use its authority in changing the attitudes and behavior of employees that want to work hard and wish to achieve optimal results. Leadership style leaders used can effect thoughts, feeling, attitudes and behavior members of the organization/subordinate (Nawawi, 2003). The sense of satisfaction in the work then the individual will display good personal organization, positive performance satisfactory companies and raised a willingness to undertake the level of labor productivity high for the organization and for improving achievement goals. The few things that can be identified from the dissatisfaction is absenteeism at work, lazy, malingering, absent from work, events strike, the use of time is not efficient and an even worse quit his job. Leadership can good or bad influence organizational climate, which in turn will direct impact on the effectiveness of the work of his subordinate. This leads to leaders must be able to create a conducive organizational climate that achieve job satisfaction, which in turn have an impact on the achievement of objectives organizational. Symptoms employee dissatisfaction can be seen from the absence of harmonious relation between the parties led to the employee, which is the leader less attention to the rights of the employees. For that leader has a very important role in improving job satisfaction employees. Based on the above, the study of the relationship style leadership and employee job satisfaction is very important to do. Definition of Leadership Leadership is one of the function of management human resources that make other people resolve work, maintaining morale and motivate subordinates (Dessler, 1997). From time to time the leadership of an attention to human, human being because of the leadership needed the limitation and advantages of certain human. On the one hand, man limited his ability to lead in other hand there are people who have excess capacity to lead. Here is the emergence of the need for leaders and leadership. Leadership the art of influencing other to directing the will, ability and effort in achieving goal leader. Leadership as an art show that activities affect others are individual, it is not the same way people or pattern between the leaders with one other. Therefore, an effective leader must be able to make purpose as the purpose of the organization, or otherwise make organizational goals into objectives and the ability of leaders lead it should result in all members of the organization felt that the purpose of the organization as a common goal. Mc Gregore in Agus Dharma (1992) says that scouting realize organizational goals and effectiveness when purpose of the organization is supported by all parties in the organization. Leadership is the power to move people and yourself toward a goal or vision particular, as well as power to transform the mobile community. Leadership the power to move people toward a goal or certain dreams. Obviously, there is someone who can move people toward a goal without it should be a true leader, but only a provocateur, even manipulator. Therefore, in addition to causing the motion, a leader is also a person who is able to produce a change or transformation in those he leads, he themselves and the system or community to which they belong. Thus, we recognize a true leader or not of the presence of motion and changes factors (A movement and Transformation Leader) as a prerequisite. Leadership is more detailed in Yulk (1998) is a process of influence, that influence the interpretation about events for followers, the choice of targets for group or organization, organization of work activities to achieves these objectives, the motivation of the followers to achieving goals, maintaining cooperation and team work, and obtaining the support and cooperation of the people who are outside the group or organization. According to Chandra (2005) a leader is a can create a situation in which his followers to step by step move towards their agreed upon with voluntary. Under this view, it is clear that a follow the leader because of his vision, mission formulation or target work. They believe in the leadership because what you want to accomplish along with his followers is a good a clear. They chose to follow because of the leaders are able to explore what has been unconsciously their dreams. This is a major factor determining success of a leader. According Arep and Cape (2002) leadership is properties that should be possessed by a leader, who in it is application to the person of consequences leaders are as follows: must take their own decision explicitly and precisely (decision making), must have the courage to accept this risk themselves, should dare to accept it is own responsibility (the principle of absolute of responsibility). Leadership Effectiveness Understanding of the effectiveness by John Ivancevich Nawawi (2003) is an assessment made in relation to achievement of individuals, groups and organization. The closer the achievement achieved with the expected performance, the more effective assessment of individuals, groups and organizations. By Drucker in Nawawi (2003), the effectiveness is to implement the right (doing the right), an achievement, effectiveness often described as "doing something right" means an activity or work that helps an organization reach the target. The effectiveness of leadership based on the theory of leadership situational (Contingency Theory). In practice, this view assume that no one leader is consistently using particular leadership style regardless of the situation it facts. This is, person's leadership effectiveness depend on its ability to "read" the situation faces and adjust his style to the situation such a way that it effectively perform these function leadership (Siagian, 2003). The success of a leader is that if he can adjust your leadership style to the situation at hand. Situational leadership as well as taking into account factors conditions, time and space play role in a determining the choice of appropriate leadership style. So the effectiveness of leadership a person is determined by the ability to recognize to appropriate nature of the conditions it faces, whether the condition contained in organization and conditions that are outside the organization but have an impact on the course of the organization (Siagian, 2003). In other words, situational leadership theory assumes no single behavioral or leadership style that can affect human behavior or members of the organization to act, to do or work in all situations. Effective leaders have the behavior or leadership style that is flexible able to diagnose situation and use behaviors or styles leadership according to the circumstances they face (Nawawi, 2003). Nature and Characteristics of Leadership According to A.Dale Timpe (1991) there are eight (8) properties improve their productivity:The ability to concentrate, The emphasis on the value of a simple, Always hang out with people, Avoid artificial professionalism, Managing change, Select the people, Avoid doing all by yourself, Dialing with failure. According to Kantz in Nawawi (2003) three characteristic effective leaders are: 1) Have the technical skills such as the ability to apply specialized knowledge in the form of skills in the art. 2) Having the human skills that include the ability work together, understand and be able to motivate others, both of individual or groups. 3) Conceptual skills such as the ability of mental or intellectual to analyze and diagnose complex situation, in particular the time to take a decision. Similarly, according to Browers and Seashore (2003) suggest three characteristic of effective leaders, consisting of: a) Support the behavior of leaders who demonstrate to ability to enhance self-esteem and feeling that are considered important by others especially that people they lead. b) Ease of interaction of leader behaviors that stimulate, member organizations to develop relationship intimate and mutually satisfying. c) Ease of work that is a leader in helping behavior members carry out the work achieve the goals, through activity of job scheduling, coordination, planning, provision of resources such as equipment, labor, material or ingredients work and technical knowledge in the work. Terms and Character of the Leader According Arep and Cape (2002), an outline of a leader should ideally have three general categories, namely: 1) The ability to analyze and draw appropriate conclusions. He must be able to analyze something of a problem, situation or particular set of circumstances and draw conclusions appropriate. 2) The ability to develop an organization and can selecting, and placing the right people to fill position in the organization. 3) The ability to create such a way that the organization concerned running smoothly towards goals, ideals and the decision of higher level to the subordinates, that the goals and the decisions that are acceptable properly. Leadership Strategy Efforts to streamline the organization's leadership must performed by using a strategy that guarantees the highest ability to achieve organizational goals. Strategy such leadership requires the ability to implement leadership functions effectively and efficiently in order to get support, without losing the respect, awe and obedience of all the members of the organization. The main strategy will only be realized if leaders in the running of social interaction with members of the group, showing the ability to understand, concerned and involved in the issues, and organization and its members. Leadership functions according to Nawawi (2003) are: Decision making function, functions of instruction, consultative function, delegates participatory function. a) Decision function Organization will only move dynamically if the leader have the power or ability to perform authority as decision-makers who will or should carried out by members of the organization. For that decision require courage because any definite decision at risk, especially if the process or mechanism is not meet the demands of the decision-making strategy implementation leadership, to be more accurate in leadership for streamline the organization, a leader must include members of the organization, according to the position and responsibilities. Inclusion can be done by provides an opportunity to provide input, such as creativity, initiatives, suggestion, opinions and feedback. Function instruction is order from a leader to realize the organization effect must be clear, both on the content terms and language that should be adjusted to the level skills or education of members who receive orders. Effective leaders don't need to be emotionally error in executing command members. Leaders must be willing to look for the causes of errors, both in execution of the order on him as well as possible caused by a lack of clear leadership in providing orders. In giving the order should be followed as well to give an explanation to members of the organization will carry on the impact or consequences that would occurs when in command is done in correctly. Thus, it can be expected to be more careful execution of the command caution and careful, because a warrant maybe quite difficult for the implementing organization members. Consultative function is streamline the organization every leader must be prepared and willing to provide opportunity for member organization to consult in resolving the issues related to work and it is not impossible to consult on issues related to personal directly or indirectly to the job. Consultative function can also mean members of the organization were opportunity convey criticism, advice, information and opinions related to the job and the organization. This function is useful for improvement leadership, especially for new decision making, thus can improve leadership in effecting organization. Participatory function is the ability of leaders to include members of the organization according to position and authority in order to participate actively in relevant activities, can be realized through work in teams to reduce individual. Willingness shoot leaders and leaders below for participate in helping member organization carry work or resolve the problem faced by provide guidance, direction, discuss, resolve urgent work together. Delegatife function is every leaders need and has power or authority and responsibility should be implemented properly, appropriately and correctly, the leader must be able to divide the work and delegation of authority, and responsibilities in timely execution of the work and fair, as well as in decision making in accordance limit the power and responsibility that has been delegated. Control in Leadership Control in leadership do to keep that effect in the activities of members of the organization has always focused on mutually agreed goals. Control also significantly members of the organization to prevent and avoid activities that deviate from the goals of the organization. If to achieve a purpose, leaders have set up a way, but in implementation found a new, more effective and possible goals can be achieved more quickly, as well as risks low, then the leader must make decisions specify the use of the new method. Control activities in leadership must start the clarity of the objectives to be achieved by the organization, either leader and members of the organization. Organizational goals perceived as a common goal can be used intensively activities affect thought, feeling, attitudes and behaviors, through the direction of the members of the organization. Activity organizing the control is carried out by dividing duty or authority and responsibility into practice. The division of task is followed by its implementation by every member of organizations that have been implemented should be decided continue to perform the role of the controlled trough coordination, monitoring and redirection. So leader effective for activities that have been implemented should be decided continue to perform the role of the controllers so that the activities do not deviated from it is original purpose. Research Methodology Data can be a company's working hours for employees. This data then needs to be processed and converted into information. If the hours worked per employee is then multiplied by the value per-hour, it will produce a certain value. If the picture of each employee's earnings and then added together, will result in recapitulation salary to be paid by the company. Payroll is the information for the owner of the company. Information is the result of a process of existing data, or data that can be interpreted as having meaning. Information will unlock everything that is unknown. Basically, this research is categorized as qualitative research, since the data are in the form of words or sentences which are separated according to each category in order to get the conclusion (Arikunto, 1996:243). In this study, entitled "Leadership in Improving Employees' Performance in UPT Aneka Industri dan Kerajinan Surabaya". Based on the question "How does the leader role in improving the employees' performance?" and "How the employees' performance can be improved through the leader role?" Qualitative data is data in the form of words or in the form of verbal statements, not the robin figures. The qualitative data obtained through a variety of data collection techniques such as interviews, document analysis, focus group discussions, or observations that have been set forth in the court record (transcript). Another form of qualitative data was obtained through shooting images or video footage. Qualitative data include: 1. Inductive, which is based on one or a number of specific data to derive a conclusion by way of generalization, or analogy or causal relationship 2. Deductive, which is a process of thinking which is based on an existing propositions to acquire new proposition as the conclusion to the syllogism, the argument consisting of three propositions (the major premise, minor premise and conclusion or conclusions) 3. Comparative namely by outlining the similarities and differences between the two data objects under study. Subjects in this study were all employees. Researchers from the source there are 43 employees working in various industries and Crafts UPT Aneka Industri dan Kerajinan Surabaya. On the subject of this study, researchers led to all employees in order to improve their performance with the leadership role that will be applied. Leadership effectiveness is influenced by many diverse and varied, several factors related to leadership effectiveness, among other: task structure, leadership awareness of employees, skills and leadership skills, leadership traits superior and subordinate relationships, management support and human resources, a position of power, subordinate effort, behavior management and external coordination, of those factors when analyzed can be made a set of factors is smaller than the initial factors, namely: leadership factors, factors boss and subordinates and environmental factors. Based on these factors can be seen how the relationship with the leadership of subordinates in decision making and problem solving. Leadership style reflect the relationship in this study is how the leader relates to subordinates in order to improve the performance of the good and positive in an institution. Effective leadership that is able to run by leaders. Will be able to streamline the organization and increase employee productivity. With the respect to this benchmark in studying leadership in effective institutions can be seen from: achieving the institution itself, employee satisfaction and development of the company itself. So, if the factors of leadership effectiveness can be carried out well and the leadership is able to apply his leadership style according to the situation and condition is going to reach benchmark of effective leadership, it has been demonstrate effective leadership and employee productivity indirectly itself will increase. Data and information collection is a process of obtaining data and preparing useful to describe that result of data collected to be use as information, for example as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information to keep on way, to make decisions about the important issues, and also to give information on the others in specific topic. In general the data collection is to answer the problems that will be discussed as well as provide information about the problem and issues. In this study the data of things that can be applied by employees is the attitude of leadership, responsibility and attitude performance. All that can be applied when the employee aware of the importance of improved performance in an institution. The effect of the attitude of a leader can also affect how the performance of its employees whether they are good or bad. Therefore, a good attitude and decisive leadership is needed in the soul of a leader so that the performance of employees and leaders to get maximum results. By applying the managerial role of the leader in the employee's performance is expected to improve the performance of employees in a company or institution. Employees can apply the leadership that has been adopted by leaders in the office working on a task or attitude in the office everyday. Given such, will appear sustainable attitude among employees and leaders that will create a good performance. The research instrument is any equipment that is used to acquire, manage, and interpretation information from the respondents who performed the same measurement pattern. Research instrument designed for one purpose and cannot be used in another study. Peculiarities of every object of research led to a researcher must design their own instrument used. Arrangement for each research instrument is not always the same as the other studies. This is because the purpose and mechanism of action in any research techniques also vary. Several types of instruments in the study were as follows: 1) Test The test is a series of questions or exercises or other tools used to measure the skills, measurement, intelligence, ability or talent possessed by individuals or groups. 2) Questionnaire or questionnaires Questionnaires are a number of written questions used to obtain information from respondents in terms of their personal statements, or the things that he knew. 3) Interview (interview) Interview is used by researchers to assess the state of a person, for example to find data on student background variables, the elderly, education, attention, attitude towards something. 4) Observation In the sense that observational studies are conducted direct observations, observations can be done with the test, questionnaire, range images, and sound recordings. Observation contains a list of the types of activities that may arise and will be observed. 5) Graduated scale (ratings) Rating or a graduated scale is a measure of the scale, subjective made. Although this produces a graduated scale data rude, but enough to give specific information about the program or person. This instrument can easily provide an overview of performance, especially in the performance of duty, which shows the frequency of appearance of the properties. In preparing the scale, which needs to be considered is how to define a variable scale. What is in question should be what can be observed respondent. 6) Documentation Documentation, from the origin of the document, which means that the written stuff. In exercising methods of documentation, research investigating the written objects such as books, magazines, documents, regulations, minutes of meetings, and so on. Register questionnaire is a series of questions posed to the respondents in order to collect information from respondents about the object being studied, either in the form of opinions, responses, or himself. As a research instrument, then these questions should not deviate from the direction that will be achieved by the proposed project, which is reflected in the formulation of hypotheses. Thus the list of questions that must be filed with the tactical and strategy so as to filter out the information required by the respondent. Questions raised by the respondent should be clear formula, so researchers will receive the right information from the respondents. Because the respondent and the interviewer can interpret the meaning of a sentence different from the intent of researchers, so that the contents of the question cannot be answered precisely. Besides, it should also be noted that where the direction is achieved, given no clear direction may not be able to formulate a list of questions adequately. Compile a draft list of questions is actually a collective work across research team members. Involvement of all members of the research team will contribute research instrument construction completion. Steps in compiling a list of questions are determination of the required information, determination of the data collection process, preparation of the research instrument, testing instrument research. Result and Discussion Basically a company or institution can run smoothly when it has a strong foundation. And foundation here in question is a leader. When a leader has a dominant role in the company or institution, then the employees will follow the rules and will get good results in the form of improved performance. Therefore, there is no doubt that the role of leadership can improve employee performance. The Leader Role in Improving Employees' Performance The role of leadership is crucial in a job. Who first determined is to choose a leader who can truly lead a company or institution. When we get a leader who deserves to lead the leader must have a vision and mission for the welfare of its employees by way of improving the performance of employees. A leader does not have to give orders to his subordinates or employees to do something, but by way of an example, the employee will follow what their leaders are doing as long as it's true. The employees' performance can be improved through leader role Leadership is one of the issues in the management which is still interesting enough to be discussed until today. Mass media, both electronic and print, often featuring opinion and conversation discuss about leadership. Leadership role and strategic importance to the achievement of the mission, vision and goals of an organization, is one of the motives that drive people to always investigate the intricacies associated with leadership. Quality of leadership is often regarded as the most important factor in the success or failure of the organization as well as the success or failure of a business-oriented organizations in both the public and, generally perceived as a success or a failure of leadership. Once the importance of the issue of the role of the leader so that the leader be the focus of interest to researchers in the field of organizational behavior. Organizations that succeed in achieving its objectives and be able to fulfill its social responsibility will depend on the leadership. When the leader is able to perform well, it is possible that the organization will achieve its goal. An organization needs an effective leader, who has the ability to influence the behavior of its members or subordinates. Leadership style is a way used by a leader in influencing the behavior of others. Leadership style is the norm of behavior that is used by a person when the person is trying to influence the behavior of others. Each style has advantages and disadvantages. A leader will use the appropriate leadership style and personality skills. Every leader in providing care to foster, promote and direct all potential employees in the environment have different patterns with each other. The difference is caused by different leadership styles also vary from each leader. Correspondence between leadership styles, norms and organizational culture is seen as a key prerequisite for the successful achievement of organizational goals. Leader etymologically derived from the word "pimpin" (lead) means guided or guided, so in which there are two parties that led (the people) and the lead (priest). Having added the prefix "pe" to "leader" (leader) means those who influence others through the process of communication so that the authority of the act is something other people achieve specific goals. Is a leader who has the ability to influence individuals and groups can work together to achieve the intended purpose. Hendry in Kartini Kartono Pratt Fairchild (2006:38-39) argues that leaders in the broad sense is a person who leads by way of initiating social behavior by regulating, indicating, organize or control efforts / attempts of others or through prestige, power or position. Anagora (1992) in Harbani (2008:5) argues, that leadership is the ability to influence others, through communication either directly or indirectly, with the intention to drive people to the understanding, awareness and happy to follow the will of the leadership of the leadership is defined as the process of influencing and directing a variety of tasks related to the activities of the group members. Leadership is also defined as the ability to affect a variety of strategies and objectives, the ability to influence the commitment and devotion to duty in order to achieve common goals and capabilities affect the group in order to identify, nurture and develop organizational culture (Stogdill in Stoner and Freeman 1989: 459-460). Elements of leadership according to Stogdill is he involvement of members of the organization as a follower, distribution of power among the leaders of member organizations, legitimacy granted to followers, leaders influence followers through a variety of ways. Leadership is an activity to influence the behavior of others so that they would be directed to achieve certain goals. Leadership is defined as the ability to move or motivate some people to simultaneously perform the same activities and focused on achieving the goal. From the above, it is basically a leader who has the ability to move others and be able to influence that person to do something in accordance with the goals to be achieved. Conclusion Leadership is one of the function of management human resources that make other people resolve work, maintaining morale and motivate subordinates (Dessler, 1997). From time to time the leadership of an attention to human, human being because of the leadership needed the limitation and advantages of certain human. On the one hand, man limited his ability to lead in other hand there are people who have excess capacity to lead. Here is the emergence of the need for leaders and leadership. The success of a leader is that if he can adjust your leadership style to the situation at hand. Situational leadership as well as taking into account factors conditions, time and space play role in a determining the choice of appropriate leadership style. So the effectiveness of leadership a person is determined by the ability to recognize to appropriate nature of the conditions it faces, whether the condition contained in organization and conditions that are outside the organization but have an impact on the course of the organization (Siagian, 2003). In other words, situational leadership theory assumes no single behavioral or leadership style that can affect human behavior or members of the organization to act, to do or work in all situations. Effective leaders have the behavior or leadership style that is flexible able to diagnose situation and use behaviors or styles leadership according to the circumstances they face (Nawawi, 2003). In this study the data as the information needed to give an overview of the research. Data is something that does not have any meaning for the recipient and is still in need of a treatment. In this case, the data can be regarded as an object and a subject of the information is useful for the recipient. Information can also be caled as a result of processing or data processing. Quality of leadership is often regarded as the most important factor in the success or failure of the organization as well as the success or failure of a business-oriented organizations in both the public and, generally perceived as a success or a failure of leadership. Once the importance of the issue of the role of the leader so that the leader be the focus of interest to researchers in the field of organizational behavior. Organizations that succeed in achieving its objectives and be able to fulfill its social responsibility will depend on the leadership. When the leader is able to perform well, it is possible that the organization will achieve its goal. An organization needs an effective leader, who has the ability to influence the behavior of its members or subordinates. Thus, a leader or head of an organization will be recognized as a leader if he can have an influence and capable of directing his subordinates towards the achievement of organizational goals. Suggestion Expectations of the employees are in the presence of a wise leader and able to adjust the structure of the company or institution can work to change the existing errors in the body corporate. In the end, that the existence of a leadership role within a company or institution can improve and enhance the performance of employees and can form a good partnership between employees and management. REFERENCE Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur, 2008, Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksanaan Teknis Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Provinsi Jawa Timur, Surabaya. Prayoga, Sondra, 2011, The Role of Exhibition to Increase Foreign and Domestic Market Activity TIU (Technical Implementation Units) REPTC (Regional Export Training and Promotion Center) of East Java. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEKRANASDA www.google.com www.blogspot.com

Priorities for future sustainable development within Europe and Central Asia are formulated in visions by governments and societal actors. Integrated scenario and modelling studies enable the assessment of impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people, and a good quality of life resulting from these priorities, and help to co-design and codeliver appropriate pathways to sustainable futures (established but incomplete) (5.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.2). Priorities for future sustainable development are captured in regional visions, which describe a future desired by society or parts of society in Europe and Central Asia. Matching these priorities to the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets revealed that regional priorities include sustainable economic growth in tandem with sustainable industrialization (Goal 8, Goal 9), sustainable agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and management of natural resources (Goal 15, Target 7), all promoted by sustainable consumption and production patterns (Goal 12, Target 4). Climate action and sustainable energy (Goal 13, Goal 7) are also priorities. Reduced inequalities (Goal 10), gender equality (Goal 5) and peace, justice and strong institutions (Goal 16), as well as representation of a diverse range of values, are less emphasized (established but incomplete) (5.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3). Integrated assessments of future interactions between the priorities for sustainable development and nature and its contributions to people, which support proactive decisionmaking that anticipates change, mitigates undesirable trade-offs and fosters societal transformation in pursuit of a good quality of life, are rare due to the complexity of human and environment interdependencies (well established) (5.1.1, 5.3.1, 5.5.3, 5.5.4). Nevertheless, ignoring these complexities is likely to cause undesired trade-offs and to prevent the realization of synergies (5.3.1). Cross-sectoral and cross-scale integration of adaptation, mitigation and transformative actions and policies by multiple actors is key to the co-design and co-delivery of appropriate pathways to realize visions of future sustainable development (established but incomplete) (5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.5, 5.5.6). The choices made by decision-makers and societal actors are expected to lead to large differences in future impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life within Europe and Central Asia (established but incomplete) (5.2.3, 5.3.3, 5.3.4). More positive impacts are projected under futures that assume proactive decision-making on environmental issues and promote a more holistic approach to managing human and environmental systems which supports multifunctionality and multiple contributions from nature to people (established but incomplete) (5.2.3, 5.3.3, 5.3.4). Projecting historical trends into the future under a businessas- usual scenario results in stable trends in nature (e.g. reflected in biodiversity vulnerability indices), negative trends in nature's regulating contributions (e.g. regulation of climate or hazards and extreme events) and mixed trends in nature's material contributions (e.g. food production) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Different assumptions about future trends in drivers lead to widely varying projected impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people and a good quality of life. Under economic optimism scenarios, where global developments are steered by economic growth and environmental problems are only dealt with when solutions are of economic interest, an increase in the provision of most of nature's material contributions to people (e.g. food and timber) is projected associated with a general decline in nature and its regulating contributions to people (e.g. air and water quality regulation) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under regional competition scenarios there is a growing gap between rich and poor, increasing problems with crime, violence and terrorism, and strong trade barriers. Consequently, its impacts are highly mixed with generally large declines in nature (e.g. habitat maintenance and creation) and the most negative impacts of all scenarios on nature's non-material contributions to people (e.g. learning and inspiration) and good quality of life indicators (e.g. health and well-being) (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Inequality scenarios, which assume increasing economic, political and social inequalities, where power becomes concentrated in a relatively small political and business elite who invest in green technology, result in negative impacts on nature's regulating contributions to people (established CHAPTER 5. CURRENT AND FUTURE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURE AND SOCIETY 575 but incomplete), but mixed or unclear impacts on other indicators (inconclusive) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under global sustainable development scenarios, which are characterized by an increasingly proactive attitude of global policymakers towards environmental issues and a high level of regulation, positive impacts are projected for nature and its regulating contributions to people. Predominantly positive trends are also projected for nature's material contributions to people and good quality of life indicators, with some regional variation (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Under regional sustainability scenarios, which show increased concern for environmental and social sustainability and a shift toward local and regional decision-making, similar impacts are projected as for global sustainable development. Regional sustainability, however, leads to slightly fewer benefits for nature's regulating and material contributions to people (with decreases in food provision) than global sustainable development and more positive impacts on nature's non-material contributions to people and good quality of life, particularly traditional knowledge and supporting identities reflecting the local focus of the regional sustainability scenario (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs between nature and different contributions from nature to people are projected under all plausible futures for Europe and Central Asia (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.3.4). How these trade-offs are resolved depends on political and societal value judgements within each plausible future. In general, those futures where environmental issues are mainstreamed across sectors are more successful in mitigating undesirable cross-sector trade-offs, resulting in positive impacts across a broad range of indicators concerning nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life indicators (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs between nature's material and regulating contributions to people are commonly projected in the economic optimism and regional competition scenarios, which tend to promote a limited number of nature's material contributions to people. For example, increases in food provision (generally associated with the expansion of agricultural land or the intensification of livestock production and fish captures) are often associated with decreases in the provision of nature's regulating contributions to people (e.g. prevention of soil erosion, regulation of water quality and quantity) and nature values. Similar trade-offs were projected between increases in timber provision and decreases in nature's regulating (e.g. carbon sequestration) and non-material (e.g. aesthetic value) contributions to people. Such trade-offs lead to strong positive effects in nature's contributions to people with market values and negative effects in nature's contributions to people without market values (established but incomplete) (5.3.3, 5.6.1). Trade-offs were also apparent under the sustainability scenario archetypes, particularly in relation to the use of land and water (e.g. effects of agricultural extensification – the opposite of agricultural intensification - or increases in bioenergy croplands on other land uses and biodiversity) (established but incomplete) (5.6.1). However, such scenarios proactively deal with such trade-offs through, for example, political choices aiming to maximize synergizes through mainstreaming and multifunctionality (global sustainable development) or through societal choices to live less resource-intensive lifestyles and, hence, reduce demand for nature's material contributions to people (regional sustainability). Impacts of plausible futures differ across the regions of Europe and Central Asia. Hence, regional and national decision-makers face different trade-offs between nature and its various contributions to people. Cooperation between countries opens up possibilities to mitigate undesirable crossscale impacts and to capitalize on opportunities (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). In Central Asia, significant water shortages are projected in the long-term. This affects farmers' choices between intensive crop production and more sustainable production with resulting impacts on nature's regulating contributions to people, such as water quality (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Similar impacts on water stress are projected under future scenarios for Central Europe, including decreases in multiple contributions from nature to people from wetlands (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Transboundary and integrated water management strategies that protect minimum water levels for the environment are projected to mitigate these negative impacts. In Eastern Europe, particularly Russia, trade-offs between wood extraction and carbon sequestration are projected. Sustainable forest management and reforestation of areas set aside from agricultural activities are suggested as having the potential to mitigate such trade-offs. Similarly, in mountain systems in Central and Western Europe and in marine systems in all subregions adaptive management strategies are projected to address the vulnerability of the majority of nature's contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). In the European Union (EU), significant differences between northern and southern countries are projected. Most scenarios indicate increases in agricultural production for food, feed and bioenergy for northern European Union countries, while decreases in agricultural and timber production, as well as increases in water stress, are projected for southern European Union countries. The latter is projected to have considerable negative impacts on nature's non-material contributions to people, such as national heritage and tourism-related services dependent on local food production. Scenarios which included international coordination of adaptive measures across THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 576 geographical areas were projected to have better capacity to cope with, or mitigate, undesirable cross-scale impacts (established but incomplete) (5.3.3). Future impacts of drivers of change on nature and its contributions to people in Europe and Central Asia are likely to be underestimated because scenario studies are dominated by a few individual drivers (e.g. climate change) and often omit other important drivers (e.g. pollution) that may adversely affect their impacts (well established) (5.2.2, 5.3.2). Scenario studies predominantly focus on single direct drivers and fail to capture interactions between drivers (well established) (5.2.2, 5.3.2). Climate change is the most represented single direct driver in scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem change. By contrast other direct drivers, such as pollution and invasive alien species, which are known to have an adverse impact on nature and its contributions to people, are poorly represented in scenario studies (well established) (5.2.2). Single-driver scenarios fail to capture various dynamics such as feedbacks and synergies between and amongst indirect and direct drivers operating at different scales. Policy approaches that consider single drivers or single sectors are unlikely to successfully address environmental problems as they do not consider trade-offs between different drivers, impacts and responses. Integrated, multi-driver scenario studies offer a more realistic assessment of impacts to inform robust decision-making about future sustainable development pathways that avoid unintended consequences (established but incomplete) (5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.4, 5.3.1, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.5.5). Priorities for future sustainable development expressed by governments and other societal actors for Europe and Central Asia are more widely achieved under plausible futures that consider a diverse range of values (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.6.1). Recognizing the different time frame of the scenarios of plausible futures (often 2050 or later) to those stated in the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2030 or 2020), continuing current trends under a business-as-usual scenario is estimated to lead to failure in achieving most of the Sustainable Development Goals (13 out of 17), but mixed effects on achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (8 achieved). Economic optimism is estimated to have a mixed level of success in achieving the goals (8 achieved), but would fail to achieve the majority of the targets (16 out of 20), while regional competition fails to reach the majority of all goals and targets (15 and 19, respectively). The focus of these scenarios on instrumental values and individualistic perspectives, with little acknowledgement of relational or intrinsic values, means they are unlikely to offer effective sustainable solutions to environmental and social challenges (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.6.1). In contrast, the sustainability scenarios (regional sustainability and global sustainable development) are estimated to achieve the majority of the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Such scenarios attempt to support nature and its multiple nature's contributions to people and aspects of a good quality of life. Thus, they represent a greater diversity of values, but often at the acceptance of lower, or more extensive, production of nature's material contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.3.4, 5.6.1). Multiple alternative pathways exist to achieve the priorities for future sustainable development set by governments and societal actors within Europe and Central Asia and in particular for mitigating tradeoffs between nature and nature's contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.5.2). The most promising pathways include long-term societal transformation through continuous education, knowledge sharing and participatory decisionmaking. Such pathways emphasize nature's regulating contributions to people and the importance of relational values in facilitating a holistic and systematic consideration of nature and nature´s contribution to people across sectors and scales (established but incomplete) (5.5.3, 5.5.4). Four types of pathways have been developed to address trade-offs between food, water, energy, climate and biodiversity at different scales (5.5.2). Green economy pathways focus on sustainable intensification and diversification of production activities coupled with the protection and restoration of nature. Low carbon transformation pathways focus on biofuel production, reforestation and forest management. Both types of pathways include actions related to technological innovation, land sparing or land sharing. Green economy and low carbon transformation pathways do not fully mitigate trade-offs between nature's material contributions to people, nature conservation, and nature's regulating and non-material contributions to people (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4). Ecotopian solutions pathways focus on radical social innovation to achieve local food and energy self-sufficiency and the production of multiple contributions from nature to people. They include actions on multifunctionality within individual land uses with connecting green infrastructure, urban design and food production (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4). Transition movements pathways emphasize a change towards relational values, promoting resource-sparing lifestyles, continuous education, new urban spatial structures and innovative forms of agriculture where different knowledge systems are combined with technological innovation. Transformation is achieved through local empowerment, participatory decision-making processes, community actions and voluntary agreements. As opposed to other pathways, transition movements CHAPTER 5. CURRENT AND FUTURE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURE AND SOCIETY 577 pathways address all of the Sustainable Development Goals identified as being important in the Europe and Central Asia visions (5.1.2, 5.5.4), except Goal 7 (sustainable energy). The narrative offers the broadest set of actions targeting elements of nature, multiple contributions from nature to people (material, regulating and non-material) and multiple dimensions of a good quality of life (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.6.1). Different sets of actions and combinations of policy instruments are suggested by the different pathways. Joint instruments suggested across pathways give priority to participation, education and awareness raising, and often cross-scale integration and mainstreaming of environmental objectives across sectors (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.6). The green economy and low carbon transformation pathways build towards sustainability without challenging the economic growth paradigm. They are implemented through combinations of top-down legal and regulatory instruments mixed with economic and financial instruments designed at regional (European Union) or national levels (Eastern Europe and Central Asia). Such pathways are often formulated at a sectoral level, and integration across sectoral pathways is critical. However, because green economy and low carbon transformation pathways do not fully mitigate trade-offs, they may not be sufficient alone to achieve sustainability (established but incomplete) (5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.6.1). The trade-offs are better addressed by diverse local bottom-up transition movements or ecotopian solutions pathways (5.5.2). Such pathways reconsider fundamental values and lifestyles through sets of actions focusing on less resource-intensive lifestyles, education, knowledge sharing, good social relations and equity (e.g. food and dietary patterns, transport, energy and consumption patterns). Transition movements pathways also develop bottom-up transformative capabilities by combining rights-based instruments and customary norms (including indigenous and local knowledge) and social and information instruments (established but incomplete) (5.5.3, 5.5.4). The sets of actions proposed in the pathways are not mutually exclusive and can be combined. For example, actions from green economy and low carbon transformation pathways may pave the way towards more transformative transition movements pathways. Moreover, future transitions to sustainability may be fostered through cross-scale integration and mainstreaming of environmental issues into sectoral policies and decisions, along with nurturing diverse social, institutional and technological experiments (established but incomplete) (5.5.5). Participatory scenario, vision and pathway development is a powerful approach for knowledge co-production and has great potential for the explicit inclusion of indigenous and local knowledge (established but incomplete) (5.4.3, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.6, 5.6.2). Many scenario, vision and pathways exercises include local stakeholders and their valuable knowledge and practices. However, the use of different knowledge systems, such as indigenous and local knowledge, was rarely explicitly mentioned in studies (5.6.2). Explicit examples that included indigenous and local knowledge (see Boxes 5.2, 5.6 and 5.10), show a clear added value from combining different forms of knowledge with technological innovations, and cultural diversity, norms and customary rights when pursuing goals of sustainable development (5.2.2, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.6). Knowledge gaps and resulting uncertainties in exploring future interactions between nature and society are substantial because integrated assessments of future impacts on nature, nature's contributions to people and a good quality of life that take account of the complex interdependencies in human and environmental systems are rare (well established) (5.6.2). Very few studies were available for Central Asia and to a lesser extent for Eastern Europe (well established) (5.6.2). Less information was also available for marine systems than for terrestrial and freshwater systems (well established) (5.6.2). Few integrated scenario and modelling studies include indicators of nature's nonmaterial contributions to people and good quality of life (5.3.2, 5.5.1, 5.6.2) and therefore existing assessments of synergies and trade-offs are limited in the interactions and feedbacks they represent (well established) (5.3.2). No studies were found that assessed future flows of nature's contributions to people across countries, which would have been important to assess the impacts of the scenarios and pathways for Europe and Central Asia on other parts of the world (well established) (5.6.2). There is also a significant gap in the current literature in recognizing the diversity of values, with the focus being mainly on instrumental values (well established) (5.6.2). Finally, scenario and modelling studies include many uncertainties in their projections of the future resulting from input data, scenario assumptions, model structure and propagation of uncertainties across the integrated components of the systems, which should be borne in mind when interpreting their results (well established).

Density or Intensity?There is much debate about how to measure density – dwellings per hectare, bedrooms per hectare or people per hectare; including or excluding major highways, parks and open spaces; the permanent population only or the transient one too?While this gives urban planners something to disagree about it risks missing the point: great urban places are not created by density; they are created by intensity.And the difference matters. When people describe the buzz of a marketplace they do not say, "Wow - it was so dense!". They are much more likely to say how intense it was. Density is a word used by planners. Intensity is a word that real people use, and perhaps because it describes the outcomes that people experience rather than the inputs that have gone in to creating them. It is the outcomes that are ultimately more important. But planning professionals like density. Even though density fails to capture the essence of what it feels like to be somewhere, the term appeals to professional instincts. It describes the raw ingredients that planners have to handle and, once you choose which version of the formula you are going to use, density is easy to measure. It involves a simple calculation of straightforward urban quantities such as the number of people, the number of houses or the number of bedrooms, all divided by the geographic area over which those ingredients occur. Easy.In contrast, intensity seems more difficult to pin down, not least because it appears to have a subjectively emotional dimension; it speaks of feelings, of responses, of stimuli, and this raises problems about how it can be effectively measured. But intensity is also a response to context, to place and above all to people - and here we can find clues to its measurement.Observing IntensitySo what are the factors that people are responding to when they instinctively feel the intensity of a great place? For a start, they can not be calculating a planner's measure of urban density because, even if they were so minded, they could not possibly know about populations and geographic areas when they are walking along a street or sitting at a café table on a public space.What people can respond to though is what is happening around them in the public realm: they can see how many other people there are, and they can see what these people are up to. In other words, intensity is obvious, immediate and instinctively calculable to the person in the street: not only the mobile population of walkers, drivers and cyclists but also the immobile population of sitters, leaners and pausers. Intensity has a static as well as a kinetic dimension. Indeed the stationary people are the essential ingredient of intensity. They are the people who have chosen to be there, to add to the place through their semi-permanence and not simply to pass through on the way to somewhere else. Intensity is not therefore about the population density of an area but the population that is participating in the public realm of an area. And this should be obvious. And everyday. But any attempt to emphasise the benefits of static participation runs counter to the mindset of the traffic engineer and counter to the still-persuasive, kinetic legacy of Le Corbusier, who described "grinding gears and burning gasoline" as the pleasurable objectives of the Plan Voisin.Nevertheless, intense places are sticky places and especially so when people are not only co-present in space but when they are also interacting: talking to each other, sharing thoughts, ideas, opinions. This is the essence of intensity; there is an exchange - a transaction – be it economic, social, cultural, intellectual, factual or simply facile. It is the daily public life of every thriving village, town and city. It is so apparently unremarkable as to go unnoticed, unobserved and unmeasured. Until it is not there. And that is when you feel it most clearly.A number of years ago my colleagues at Space Syntax were working on a sample of towns across the UK, some historic and some new. The towns had similar residential populations and similar retail floorspace provisions across similar geographical areas; in other words, similar densities. But what the team had also done was to count the numbers of people using the centres of each town: how many were walking and sitting in public space. They had counted over several days, from morning until evening. What they found was that the historic towns consistently had many more people using their centres than the new ones - and they knew from other evidence that the historic towns had stronger economic performances. Here then were places with similar urban densities but different intensities of human activity.What seemed to explain the differences between historic and new towns were first, the spatial layout and second, the street design of each place. The historic towns were laid out around radial streets that were designed to carry cars as well as vehicles and which met at the centre of the town in a public space. Behind these radial streets were more or less continuously connected grids of residential streets, interrupted by the occasional large open space. Both cars and pedestrians could use the residential streets, while the open spaces were generally for pedestrians only. There was some limited pedestrianisation in the very centre of each town.In contrast, the new towns often had separate street networks for vehicles and pedestrians, no high street or central public space and usually one or two enclosed shopping malls. Their central areas were typically pedestrianised and spatially separated from the surrounding residential areas by a vehicle-only ring road; these residential areas were separated from each other by large swathes of open space.To summarise, the key differences were first in the intensity of the human experience and second in the design of the street network. Intensity, it seems, is facilitated by an alignment of physical and spatial factors: having the movement-sensitive land uses on sufficiently well-connected streets that are, in the main, shared by vehicles and pedestrians.Measuring IntensityImportantly, both the amount of human activity and the degree of street connectivity are measurable commodities – if you know how. This is the professional specialism of my practice, Space Syntax, and it has two key parts: one part that takes place in the studio, using purpose-designed software that measures the amount of connectivity in street grids and the other part that happens on site using some form of counting device. This device may be a camera strapped to a lamp post or, in recent years, a drone flight. Or it may simply be a set of human eyes, a pencil and a notepad. Onto these 'foundational' datasets are added other information, which might be about air quality, land value, crime rates or health outcomes. Statistical software is employed to explore relations between the datasets: how is health or wealth or educational achievement related to spatial connectivity or isolation? The product of this process is an Integrated Urban Model: a quantitative record of urban form and urban performance. A Geographical Information System is used to hold the datasets in one place and a basic form of artificial intelligence is run to explore the links between the data.However it is possible to create a primitive version of a data platform using only PowerPoint and Excel. After all, Space Syntax began its work before the Macintosh, before colour screens, before the internet, before CAD, before GIS and long before BIM. Its observations of pedestrian movements around Trafalgar Square were done with pen and paper, the results coded manually into a simple drawing programme.What matters today is what mattered then: to bring data to life using maps and colours rather than spreadsheets and charts. To make it accessible to the audiences that will be making judgments about the future of places: investors, planning officers, politicians and local communities. Measures of intensity therefore need to speak to multiple audiences and not least to the design community, into whose creative hands is entrusted the responsibility for shaping the aspirations of stakeholders. An Integrated Urban Model must be nimble, capable of responding again and again to the short and intensive programme of a rapid design process. Beware the Smart City "Control Room" stuffed with technicians; eintegratedmbrace instead a portable platform that can respond to the timescale of a creative whim.Creating a Profession of "Urban Intensity Surveyors"So why do we not measure towns and cities in such a systematic way? Why is there not a profession of urban intensity surveyors? And a culture among architects and urban planners of designing for intense human interactions?The problems start when the responsibility for thinking about cities, streets and public spaces moves from the individual enjoying the buzz of the boulevard to the collective of professional institutes charged with creating place. Density prevails over intensity and we revert to simplifications. Assumptions are made - incorrectly as we have seen - that the quality of street life will be in direct proportion to the density of people in an area. That if we have more people then the streets will be busier and the busier the streets, the better the place. But then the counter view is quite reasonably made that people need quiet streets and so densities should not be too high. And a compromise is eventually reached for neither super high nor super low densities; neither towns that are too big nor too small. And if we need big towns then they should be broken up into manageable parcels. Since we want pedestrians then we should pedestrianise.We end up with an urbanism of averages and a morphology of enclaves through an approach that is much too simplistic to ever create great place. It is not born of science and it does not reflect human experience: people know instinctively that you can turn off the busiest street in the city and immediately find yourself on a lane that is one of the quietest; that the intensity of the urban experience can transform itself in seconds. This is one of the great joys of exploring great cities: they are not pervasively busy; they are intensely quiet as well. They have a foreground grid of busy streets and a background grid of quiet ones. If we can systematically measure urban intensity then we will understand how towns and cities work in ways that will transform practice. And by transforming practice we will transform place.The Future for IntensityThe professions will be unwise to avoid the opportunities presented by technology. Both the technologies of data capture, visualisation and analysis as well as the technologies that are affecting human behaviours: broadband, social media, augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). Human activity is becoming ever more intense and this gives us another reason to systematically measure urban intensity. People are walking more slowly, ensconced in virtual worlds at the same time as participating in physical space; seeing their surroundings augmented with pop-up information. The trend will continue as AR on our smartphones becomes AR on our spectacles. As well as talking to each other we will be talking to objects on display in shops, to screens in buildings and on streets, and to ourselves – our digital twin may appear as an avatar walking alongside us in our peripheral vision or in front of us when trying on clothes for us. This intensity of communication can already be seen in early adopting countries, especially China, and it may seem strange at first. But there was a time, not long ago, when it seemed strangely ostentatious to put down a mobile phone on a table in a public place.The brain has a finite processing capacity and so what goes into handling increased visual information will have to be taken away from the control of bodily function. People may therefore adapt to the amplified intensity of visual stimuli by moving ever more slowly. We will need more space for these intense activities and the obvious place is the street, where we will need more space for people. Road space will have to narrow and footways will have to widen. We will need more places to sit and lean - to be sticky.And this presents a choice for designers: continue to disagree about the best way to measure density or embrace intensity and anticipate the radical transformation of place.