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The objective of this article is to show how issues concerning women in science and the problem of gendered science, often treated separately, are interconnected. To examine how research on women in science and research on gender and science relate to each other, some feminist epistemological perspectives, mainly feminist contextual empiricism, are used in order to show how the feminist philosophical conceptual framework may be useful for understanding the problems currently faced by women in science. After reflecting and elaborating on the very thesis of gendered science, the author analyses in more detail the concept of epistemic communities and the concept of trust as an epistemic factor. Through these concepts the author argues that philosophical/epistemological considerations are fruitful for studying the experience of individual women in science. Both of these interrelated concepts are considered highly relevant in the search for an epistemological framework facilitating the thematic study of women in science on a theoretical level and research on the current situation of women in the academic world in Slovakia.

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos valstybiniu ir savivaldybiu svietimo istaigu (isskyrus aukstuju mokyklu) vadovu kaita ir politizacija 2001-2013 metais Vilniaus miesto ir rajono savivaldybese bei 2011 metu svietimo istaigu vadovu atrankos reforma. Nustatyta, jog politizuotu vadovu skaicius Vilniaus miesto ir rajono savivaldybese 2001-2013 metais buvo 43 % (siuo metu yra 39 %), o pagal naujaja atrankos tvarka paskirtu vadovu - 50 %. Svietimo istaigu vadovu politizacijos laipsnis kelia susirupinima, nes jis yra didesnis nei kitu Lietuvos viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju (agenturu ir valsty-bes valdomu imoniu) vadovu, o 2011 metais vadovu atrankos reforma, priesingai nei tiketasi, neturejo reiksmingos itakos mazinant politizacijos masta. Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti, kokie veiksniai skatina skirtingas veikeju elgesio strategijas (,,is virsaus zemyn' arba ,,is apacios aukstyn' politizacija) ir daro itaka politizacijos mastui. Politizacijos masta geriau paaiskina ne vadovu atrankos sistemos veiksniai, o partines sistemos stabilumas (meru kaita) ir partiju prioritetai. Nuo pastaruju dvieju veiksniu taip pat priklauso, dazniau ar reciau yra politizuojama ,,is virsaus zemyn'. Vilniaus mieste dazniausiai politizuojama ,,is apacios aukstyn', Vilniaus rajone ,,is apacios aukstyn' ir ,,is virsaus zemyn' politizuojama vienodai daznai This research analyses the change and politicisation of educational management in Lithuania in 2001-2013, as well as the impact of reforming the educational managers' recruitment procedures on the scope of politicisation. According to the data analysis, 43% of managers in Vilnius city and Vilnius district were politicised during the period between 2001 and 2013. The politicisation level is even higher (50%) among the managers who were selected through the new recruitment procedures. The aim of this research is to identify factors that stimulate different behavioural strategies ('top-down' and the 'bottom-up' politicisation) and affect the actual level of politicisation. The results of this research show that the level of politicisation is better explained not by the factor of organisational structure (personnel management autonomy), but by the factors of party system (change of mayors) and party priorities. A very stable, uncompetitive party system as well as prioritising a particular public policy area increases the level of politicisation and the frequency of exercising a 'top-down' politicisation strategy. While a 'bottom-up' politicisation strategy dominates in Vilnius city, 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' strategies are equally popular in Vilnius district. Adapted from the source document.

Siame ivadiniame straipsnyje pristatomi specialiojo 'Politologijos' numerio tiriamieji klausimai ir turinys, taip pat pateikiamas bendras analizes pagrindas, kuri taikant nagrinejama, kokie veiksniai gali paaiskinti vadovu kaita ir politizacija skirtingose Lietuvos viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju (agenturu, valstybes valdomu imoniu, asmens sveikatos prieziuros ir svietimo istaigu) grupese. Palyginus visu straipsniu rezultatus nustatyta, kad viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju vadovu kaita geriausiai paaiskina valdanciosios daugumos ir vyriausybiu pokyciai, o politizacija - politiniu partiju dalyvavimas valdzioje, ju tinklai ir politiku isitikinimai. Taciau asmens sveikatos prieziuros ir svietimo istaigu grupese, kurioms budinga didesne politizacija, yra statistinis rysys tarp vadovu stabilumo ir politizacijos. Valstybes tarnybos reglamentavimo bei teisiniu nuostatu igyvendinimo uztikrinimo veiksnys nera labai reiksmingas - tai daro itaka tik ribotam istaigu prie ministeriju vadovu skaiciui. Pagaliau aiskinant politizacijos skirtumus gana svarbus yra tokie viesojo administravimo veiksniai kaip politinis valdymo sriciu jautrumas ir finansiniai organizaciju istekliai This introductory article presents the common research questions of this special issue and offers a joint framework for analysing the change and politicisation of the senior levels of management of different groups of Lithuanian public sector organisations (agencies, state-owned enterprises, personal health care organisations and educational organisations). A comparison of all contributions to this special issue revealed that repeating alterations of governing majorities and governments best explain the frequent turnover of heads of different Lithuanian public sector organisations (except those of personal health care and educational organisations). However, their politicisation is associated with party entrenchment in power, density of the party networks and politicians' beliefs. Furthermore, variations in the scope of politicisation are related to such administrative factors as the political salience of policy areas and organisational functions, as well as the budget size. Therefore, it is the interplay of political and administrative factors that determines the change and politicisation of management in various public sector organisations. Adapted from the source document.

There are no simple answers when it comes to explaining what information technologies would change in public management. Conceptually the electronic government is a rather new research field, therefore it lacks universally accepted definitions & causal models. Therefore this article attempts to make a contribution in theoretical terms: it develops the idea that technologies provide an impetus towards development of a new institutional public management model, which is fundamentally different from the traditional rational bureaucracy & New Public Management. Having defined the main features of the IT-based model, the article discusses the possible mechanism of change -- ie., to what extent within this mechanism the IT can be considered an independent variable? Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the commercial diplomacy of Ukraine on its export. Within this field of research we mutually compare various official representations abroad and their effects on export flows. We consider embassies, consulates general and honorary consulates as commercial diplomacy actors abroad. The main contribution of the paper is that it is the first empirical study of Ukrainian commercial diplomacy in terms of export promotion. We use an empirical trade model to verify the impact of economic, cultural, geographical and diplomatic factors on Ukrainian exports. The panel data incorporates 1386 export flows to 198 destinations during the period from 2007 to 2013. In the end, we conclude that embassies are more relevant instruments of export stimulation than consulates general or honorary consulates. Adapted from the source document.

"The aim of this paper is to introduce one of the classical sociological research conducted by Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz in the city of Decatur (Illinois) in the Midwest of United States in 1955. The subject of the research was nonformal everyday interpersonal influence in areas of marketing, fashion, public affairs and movie going and the object was the population of women older 16 years (n = 718). By means of indicators of life cycle, social status and gregariousness the research report describes the profiles of opinion leaders in given areas and provides an answer to question if the two step flow of communication hypotheses is applicable in mentioned spheres of social life." (author's abstract)

A considerable empirical literature has arisen to explain what determines people's decision to participate in such a pro-environmental behavior as recycling. Examining the studies carried out in the context of Lithuania, it could be seen that the first two factors are given much attention, while the deep and extensive research of the third one is missing, regardless of how problematic the recycling issue in the country is. For this reason, the aim of the article is to identify the valuable and motivational drivers that influence the Lithuanian population sorting behavior and could help in formulating recommendations for effective interventions to promote or change it. The qualitative methodological approach and a semi-structured interview as a method are used. The survey was conducted in March and April 2014, using a convenience sampling of 32 people. Content analysis using the Nvivo.10 QSR software package was applied for the data research. Adapted from the source document.

This article aims to draw the attention to a field that has been widely acknowledged worldwide but can be considered as rather new in Lithuania -- to the methods of foresighting & future studies. Foresighting can serve as a supplement to analytic research & can be applied as a significant methodological instrument in numerous fields of political science. Authors state that foresighting is particularly relevant to the research of international relations. As actors of the international system are competing for power & attempting to formulate strategies to expand their power, foresighting & construction of future scenarios becomes an inherent part of the strategic processes. A scenario constructing process & examples are presented in the article. Adapted from the source document.

Siame straipsnyje siekiama aprasyti ir paaiskinti esminius agenturu vadovu politizacijos, agenturu skaiciaus ir ju valdymo pokycius, taip pat nustatyti, koks buvo ES poveikis tiems dalykams. Straipsnis pagristas teoriniu europeizacijos ir viesosios politikos poziuriu sinteze, taip pat turimos informacijos ir statistiniu duomenu analize. Nors ES reiksmingai prisidejo prie nauju agenturu isteigimo, jos poveikis siu agenturu islikimui issipletus ES buvo kur kas mazesnis. ES dare itaka agenturu vadovu politizacijos mazejimui per specifinius acquis reikalavimus, o ne politines narystes ES salygas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo diferencijuota ES poveiki: europeizuotu agenturu valdymas po truputi darosi profesionalesnis, palyginti su neeuropeizuotomis agenturomis The paper compares the actual patterns of agencification and depoliticisation in Lithuania and explains the extent to which the EU contributed to these changes. Based on the transformational approach and theories of public policy process, our framework for analysis links external factors (including the EU's influence), internal factors and our dependent variables (changes in public administration and the impact of the EU). Our research employs (descriptive and inferential) statistical analysis of data on the organisational changes of Lithuanian agencies and political participation of their managers. Furthermore, it follows a longitudinal approach to observe 'net changes' by mapping agencification and politicisation throughout the period 1990-2012. The paper found that the EU made a significant contribution to the establishment of new agencies driven by the exigencies of EU accession, but its impact on the survival of Europeanised agencies was much smaller after enlargement. Overall, the results of our research confirm the stronger and more enduring impact of specific acquis rules in the EU policy domains compared to the much weaker influence of the EU's political conditionality. Furthermore, it points to the importance of interactions between domestic actors that realise particular beliefs and pursue certain strategies to understanding institutional and policy changes at domestic level. Adapted from the source document.

The article explores the effect of personal economic conditions & economic evaluations on the support for political regime. First, the relationship between different economic indicators & the support for democracy is examined using public opinion survey data. Further, the qualitative data are used to analyze the impact of socio-economic status on the regime support of an individual. Finally, the article explores how the evaluations of the national economic situation are formed. The qualitative research was carried out in July 2004 in four Lithuanian districts: Vilnius, Joni(eth)kis, Klaipeda & Taurage. Vilnius & Klaipeda were selected as the most prosperous regions, & Joni(eth)kis & Taurage were selected as the poorest regions of Lithuania. During the research, 40 in-depth interviews were made. The respondents were selected using the criteria of age, education & profession. The quantitative data are drawn from the 2001 Baltic Barometer survey. The results of the research reveal that support for democracy is mostly influenced by the evaluation of the national economic situation. The dissatisfaction with the economic performance of the political system, however, is only weakly related with the personal economic situation of an individual. Deprivation appears to be the strongest objective economic factor of political support. The other factors influencing the formation of the negative assessment of the economic development of Lithuania includes the economic situation of the region & neighborhood & the opinion of experts. The decisive criterion conditioning the attitudes toward the current economic situation in Lithuania is the comparison of the current life quality with that of Soviet times. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyses the European studies in Lithuania since the reestablishment of independence in 1990. It discusses the main issues researched and their dynamics. First, what factors have been behind the changing subjects of European studies in Lithuania & how do they compare with the European studies in Western academia. Second, what have been the dominant subjects of European studies in Lithuania since 1990 & how do they relate to political developments between the EU and Lithuania as well as the nature of academic community in Lithuania. Third, taking into account the experience with European studies so far, to suggest possible future developments of this academic field in Lithuania, in such a way providing a map of potential subject of future research. Adapted from the source document.

Based on an international review of state-owned companies' (hereinafter SOE) management practice and review of related academic literature, the paper seeks to explain and summarise the main determinants of SOE performance efficiency. For this purpose, the concept of SOE management control and autonomy is used, showing a link between the level of control (and / or management autonomy) and the performance efficiency of SOE. A specific case of Lithuania and / or other post-soviet countries has not been analysed in depth so far. Therefore, elements of SOE performance management are analysed in this paper to understand the relations between SOE and its shareholder (state / government), SOE profitability and contribution to the budget, the quality of SOE services and production, the level of public and state interest to be included into the performance indicators of a specific SOE (e.g., in cases of natural monopolies and / or strategic interests of the state). Accordingly, as per main paradigms of public administration (including analysis of the traditional bureaucratic system, new public management (NPM)) and post-NPM, SOE performance efficiency is analysed via the concepts of control and management autonomy. Additionally, an analytical model, which could be applied for the analysis of Lithuanian SOE management reform and its impact, is presented in this paper. Adapted from the source document.