Suchergebnisse

The landscape of Chinese copyright law has transformed dramatically since the publication of the first edition of this Guide in 2000. The Copyright Law was amended in 2010, followed by promulgation of a new set of regulations in 2013. China jointed a series of international treaties and agreements concerning copyright and IPR. Between 2014 and 2015, three new specialized courts were established by the national legislature and are now in full operation. This edition attempts to capture and reflect on all these changes. This book is a complete rewrite of the former edition. Several new chapters bring in more content, which are organized to make it easier for the reader to use the information. The tables of cases, statutes, and international agreements add a new way of accessing information readily. A directory of Chinese IP agencies and law firms can be helpful to the practitioner.--Publisher

Preliminary Material /Liu Jianqiang -- On Environmental and Ecosystem Protection: What Have We Done? /LI Dun -- Competition for Water Resources and Its Economic and Political Implications /Guo Weiqing and Zhou Yu -- Initial Exploration of Environmental NGOs' Involvement in Environmental Mass Incidents /Li Bo -- Correlation between Water Pollution and Deaths Caused by Digestive Tract Tumors in the Huai River Basin /Yang Gonghuan -- The Urgent Need for an Environment and Health Law: A Study of 63 Health Hazard Incidents /Lv Zhongmei and Huang Kai -- Environmental and Health Risks: Unusual Expansion of Waste Incineration in China Needs Attention /Yang Changjiang -- War on Smog /Liu Xiaoxing -- Smog Brings Widespread and Far-Reaching Impact to Human Health /Lin Na -- Environmental PILs Returned to the Starting Point in 2013 /Lin Yanmei and Wang Xiaoxi -- The Revision of China's Environmental Protection Law from a Minor Change to a Critical Improvement /Qie Jianrong -- Ecological Red Lines: Concept, Features and Supervision /Zou Changxin -- How to Restore the Siberian Tiger Population at Changbai Mountain /Piao Zhengji -- The Siege of Cities by Chemical Plants: How to Make a Breakthrough? /Peng Liguo -- The 2012 Pollution Information Transparency Index (PITI) Fourth Annual Assessment of Environmental Transparency in 113 Chinese Cities: Bottlenecks and Breakthroughs /Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) -- The "Last" Report on China's Rivers /Li Bo , Yao Songqiao , Yu Yin and Guo Qiaoyu -- Report on Applying for the Disclosure of Information on 122 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants across China /Wuhu Ecology Center -- Annual Indexes of the Environment Green Papers 2013—Changing Trends of the Environment in China /Liu Jianqiang -- Major Environmental Incidents and Events in 2013 /Liu Jianqiang -- Index /Liu Jianqiang.

After World War II, an international military court sentenced 20 Nazi doctors and 3 collaborators with crimes against the humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. For the past 70 years after Nuremberg Trials, the restoration to pre-Nazi's ethical standard has been progressed. The eugenicist theories and the policies of racial hygiene were the fundamental axes of the Nazi euthanasia programs without paying attention to the basic ethics of the medicine. German psychiatry that it enjoyed an extraordinary international reputation, played a capital rôle in these programs and the mental patients supposed the main group of risk for these practices during the Nazi era. In this overview, we deal with, the historical perspective of the euthanasia programs of the mental patients, and the procedures for its execution, and the use of the mental patients as investigation tools. Direct consequence of the mentioned penal process gave birth to the Nuremberg Code, which has been considered as the fi rst international code of ethics for the medical experiments with human subjects. During the last 70 years, it has advanced substantially in the restoration of ethical codes and norms to protect patients in particular in the fi eld of psychiatry and psychopharmacology, and its culmination of advancement has been in the 1996 Declaration of Madrid.

貧窮既是一種客觀況,又是一種主觀心感受。既有的研究很少關注老年人自身關於貧窮的經驗,特別是缺乏華人社會背景下貧窮老人主觀經驗的研究。本研究試圖從個體的層面考察貧窮對於中國城市老人多重面向的負面影響,以及他們如何回應這些負面影響,在此基礎上為改善與貧窮老人有關的社會政策提出適切的建議。 ; 基於這一研究目的,本研究從批判老年學和抗逆力的理論視角出發,採取建構主義範式和生命故事的研究取向,以中國北京的城市貧窮老人為例,選取17位城市貧窮老人為研究物件,深入研究中國城市貧窮老人的各種壓力,以及抗逆力的內外保護性因素回應這些壓力的機制及其所起到的作用。 ; 研究發現,中國城市貧窮老人面臨經濟壓力、疾病與老化的壓力、逆反哺與照顧配偶的壓力,以及貧窮恥感的壓力。貧窮在城市老人的主觀經驗裡意味著多重壓力的相迭,這從主觀經驗的角度揭示了中國城市貧窮老人的多重弱勢。 ; 作為抗逆力外在保護性因素的社會支持,它的實現機制因其類型的不同而相異。代際支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到代際團結和代際張力的共同影響;其他非正式支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到互惠關係的影響;社會政策的支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到人情倫理的雙重性和代群差異的影響。這些機制共同決定了貧窮老人的非正式支援日趨弱化,而社會政策和專業服務提供的正式支援有待加強。 ; 作為貧窮老人抗逆力的內在保護性因素,工具性策略由獨立性的要求所驅動,意義創造遵循追尋自我價值和重構貧窮經驗這兩條路徑。意義創造在貧窮老人的內在保護性因素中發揮著更為根本性的作用。內外保護性因素的比較有助於我們識別城市貧窮老人中更脆弱的次群體。 ; 基於這一研究發現,本研究在原有研究框架的基礎上,補充了貧窮老人的多重壓力和保護性因素的實現機制,擴展了貧窮老人抗逆力研究的研究框架。文章的最後提出了社會政策的具體建議。 ; Poverty is both an objective condition and a kind of subjective psychological feeling. However, existing studies pay little attention to older people's own experience of poverty, especially lacking of studies on subjective experience of the aged poor in the Chinese context. This research attempts to explore from the individual level, the multi-dimensional negative effects of poverty on the aged poor in urban China and how they respond to these impacts. On this basis, appropriate social policies were proposed to improve the living conditions of the aged poor. ; Taking the constructivist position and life story approach, this study was conducted from the perspectives of resilience theory and critical gerontology and used the urban aged poor in Beijing, China as an example. Seventeen urban aged poor were selected as the sample for in-depth interview and their multiple stresses, and the mechanisms of internal and external protective factors of resilience in response to their stresses and their functions were investigated. ; Research findings show that China's urban aged poor suffer stresses from economic pressure, diseases and aging, taking care of their spouses, inverse nurturing, and shamefulness of poverty. Poverty means a combination of multiple stresses in ...