AbstractA better understanding of the relative importance of factors related to climate change and to changes associated with economic growth would serve to inform water policy and to focus scarce public resources on anticipated problems arising from distinct sources of changes in water demand. This article investigates the determinants of residential water consumption in Chile, a developing country that has seen noteworthy changes in incomes, household size, poverty rates and levels of urbanization, and which is projected to experience significant climatic but varied changes, depending on the region of the country. Panel data for 1998-2010 at the municipal level is used to analyze the sensitivity of residential water demand to climate and development-related factors. In the case of Chile, the effect on water consumption of these development-related changes is estimated to be several times that of the changes associated with climate projections for 50 to 80 years in the future.
This article examines the role of social norms messages in promoting water conservation. A field experiment is reported in which residents were provided with personalized feedback about their water consumption, coupled with normative information about similar households in their neighborhood. Normative information was provided either through a web-based interface or through postal mail, and survey data were collected from residents prior to treatment. Results showed that residents who received normative information consumed less water than a randomized control group. Additional analyses showed that web-based distribution was less effective than postal mail. Finally, moderated regression analyses showed that residents with strong personal norms about reduced water consumption were less affected by the normative messages than were residents with low personal norms. Implications are discussed for both theory and practice.
Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- PART 1 Coverage -- Chapter 2 Trend in Residential Piped Water Coverage -- Introduction -- Utility Data on Coverage -- Household Survey Data on Coverage -- Alternative Sources of Drinking Water -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Demand and Supply Constraints to Piped water Coverage -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Empirical Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Piped Water Coverage, Time Use, and Poverty -- Introduction -- Basic Statistics -- Econometric Analysis and Simulations -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- PART 2 Tariffs, Subsidies, and Affordability -- Chapter 5 Who Benefits from Subsidies for Piped Water? -- Introduction -- Methodology for Consumption Subsidies -- Targeting Performance of Consumption Subsidies -- Potential Targeting Performance of Connection Subsidies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Targeting Performance of Piped water Subsidies in Africa -- Introduction -- Methodology and Data -- Consumption Subsidies -- Connection Subsidies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Tariff Increase and Affordability -- Introduction -- Household Survey Analysis -- Qualitative Fieldwork -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Figures -- 2.1 Real GDP Growth -- 2.2 Real Per Capita GDP -- 2.3 Trend in Coverage, Access, and Take-Up Rates, 2005-13 -- 2.4 Access, Take-Up, and Coverage Rates, by Decile, 2013 -- 2.5 Concentration Curves for Sources of Drinking Water, 2009/10 -- 2.6 Concentration Curves for Sources of Drinking Water, 2012/13 -- 3.1 Demand and Supply Constraints to Piped Water Coverage -- 5.1 Density Function for Piped Water Consumption, 2009/10 and 2012/13 -- 5.2 Omega and Gamma under Various Target Groups, 2012/13
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British Columbia has set a goal of meeting half of new municipal water needs through conservation by 2020, and residential water consumption represents over half of municipal water demand. This report discusses the state of residential water conservation in BC Municipalities, and presents recommendations to improve conservation across the province. A critical finding is the dearth of publicly available, standardized data surrounding water use and conservation in British Columbia. This report calls for the BC Government, Environment Canada, Local Governments and Researchers to address this gap by: - Adopting common standards for reporting local government water use - Collecting better data on water use, distribution and conservation through regular surveys - Developing a process for integrating randomized control trials in program effectiveness, and incorporating knowledge transfer in the program review process - Building and coordinating a database to share conservation program reviews, successes and failures This report also analyzes results from the BC Municipal Water Survey 2016 to shed light on how water conservation varies across the municipal community in British Columbia. Findings include: - There exists is a wide variety in average residential water consumption across municipalities, from 200 to 1400 liters per capita per day. - Almost all municipalities have a conservation plan, but there is a large variation in their comprehensiveness. - Having more conservation strategies is associated with lower residential water use. - Larger population size is not associated with lower water use. - Municipalities that are part of a greater water system appear to have lower water use. - Some proven conservation measures, such as normsbased messaging in billing through comparisons with neighbours, can be readily implemented with little extra investment. Limitations of this report include the cross-sectional nature of data, a limited sample size of municipalities, and a lack of randomized control trials in existing evidence. Together, these limitations draw attention to the fundamental challenge for British Columbia with regards to conservation planning: improving the quality, quantity and access to BC-specific data. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate
