Suchergebnisse

The institute of legal relations considering restoration of ownership rights is a specific constituent part of Lithuanian legal system, formation of which in Lithuanian law was determined by historical circumstances: the aggression that was inflicted on the independent Lithuanian Republic by occupant authorities in 1940, whereas the outcome of these actions was nationalization of all privately owned real estate. In 1990 when the independence of Lithuania was restored and the fact that property ownership rights of citizens, which were gained before occupation, are indefeasible and continuous was officially acknowledged, appropriate standard legal regulations were passed which would regulate these legal relations. Upon the order and conditions of these new regulations the restoration of ownership rights commenced. In Lithuania this process already continues since 1991 and, unfortunately, by the end of 2007 it is not yet fully completed. In this master's thesis the institute of restoration of ownership rights is analyzed through one of its constituent parts, i.e. by analyzing restoration of land ownership rights in the cities. This specific field has been chosen as an object of analysis because current situation in Lithuania allows coming to a valid conclusion that in the cities restoration of ownership rights is pursued at the slowest rates (e.g., in the city of Vilnius ownership rights were restored to only 11.37% of overall land, which is claimed in citizens' applications). When investigating this specific legal relations group of restitution, firstly the order of realization of the right to restore ownership rights to the land in the cities was thoroughly analyzed. In this particular part of the thesis the following issues were described and analyzed: which citizens are granted the right by the law to restore ownership rights; under what terms, what order and what documents the citizens are required to submit seeking to materialize this right; which government institutions and under what terms must they consider applications and make decisions about restoration of ownership rights to city land; what are the measures to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city; what kind of city land is classified as redeemable by the state and what are the ways for the state to compensate for this land. Having analyzed the order of implementation of the right to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city and its legal regulations, it was further gone into the causes which raise difficulties for this process to be carried out properly and timely, so that citizens can realize their right granted to them by the law to retrieve the land which is in the city territory or receive a proper compensation for it. The order and peculiarities of compensation for the land with securities, as one of the ways to pursue restoration of ownership to city land, is provided in the last part of the thesis.

The institute of legal relations considering restoration of ownership rights is a specific constituent part of Lithuanian legal system, formation of which in Lithuanian law was determined by historical circumstances: the aggression that was inflicted on the independent Lithuanian Republic by occupant authorities in 1940, whereas the outcome of these actions was nationalization of all privately owned real estate. In 1990 when the independence of Lithuania was restored and the fact that property ownership rights of citizens, which were gained before occupation, are indefeasible and continuous was officially acknowledged, appropriate standard legal regulations were passed which would regulate these legal relations. Upon the order and conditions of these new regulations the restoration of ownership rights commenced. In Lithuania this process already continues since 1991 and, unfortunately, by the end of 2007 it is not yet fully completed. In this master's thesis the institute of restoration of ownership rights is analyzed through one of its constituent parts, i.e. by analyzing restoration of land ownership rights in the cities. This specific field has been chosen as an object of analysis because current situation in Lithuania allows coming to a valid conclusion that in the cities restoration of ownership rights is pursued at the slowest rates (e.g., in the city of Vilnius ownership rights were restored to only 11.37% of overall land, which is claimed in citizens' applications). When investigating this specific legal relations group of restitution, firstly the order of realization of the right to restore ownership rights to the land in the cities was thoroughly analyzed. In this particular part of the thesis the following issues were described and analyzed: which citizens are granted the right by the law to restore ownership rights; under what terms, what order and what documents the citizens are required to submit seeking to materialize this right; which government institutions and under what terms must they consider applications and make decisions about restoration of ownership rights to city land; what are the measures to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city; what kind of city land is classified as redeemable by the state and what are the ways for the state to compensate for this land. Having analyzed the order of implementation of the right to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city and its legal regulations, it was further gone into the causes which raise difficulties for this process to be carried out properly and timely, so that citizens can realize their right granted to them by the law to retrieve the land which is in the city territory or receive a proper compensation for it. The order and peculiarities of compensation for the land with securities, as one of the ways to pursue restoration of ownership to city land, is provided in the last part of the thesis.

The institute of legal relations considering restoration of ownership rights is a specific constituent part of Lithuanian legal system, formation of which in Lithuanian law was determined by historical circumstances: the aggression that was inflicted on the independent Lithuanian Republic by occupant authorities in 1940, whereas the outcome of these actions was nationalization of all privately owned real estate. In 1990 when the independence of Lithuania was restored and the fact that property ownership rights of citizens, which were gained before occupation, are indefeasible and continuous was officially acknowledged, appropriate standard legal regulations were passed which would regulate these legal relations. Upon the order and conditions of these new regulations the restoration of ownership rights commenced. In Lithuania this process already continues since 1991 and, unfortunately, by the end of 2007 it is not yet fully completed. In this master's thesis the institute of restoration of ownership rights is analyzed through one of its constituent parts, i.e. by analyzing restoration of land ownership rights in the cities. This specific field has been chosen as an object of analysis because current situation in Lithuania allows coming to a valid conclusion that in the cities restoration of ownership rights is pursued at the slowest rates (e.g., in the city of Vilnius ownership rights were restored to only 11.37% of overall land, which is claimed in citizens' applications). When investigating this specific legal relations group of restitution, firstly the order of realization of the right to restore ownership rights to the land in the cities was thoroughly analyzed. In this particular part of the thesis the following issues were described and analyzed: which citizens are granted the right by the law to restore ownership rights; under what terms, what order and what documents the citizens are required to submit seeking to materialize this right; which government institutions and under what terms must they consider applications and make decisions about restoration of ownership rights to city land; what are the measures to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city; what kind of city land is classified as redeemable by the state and what are the ways for the state to compensate for this land. Having analyzed the order of implementation of the right to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city and its legal regulations, it was further gone into the causes which raise difficulties for this process to be carried out properly and timely, so that citizens can realize their right granted to them by the law to retrieve the land which is in the city territory or receive a proper compensation for it. The order and peculiarities of compensation for the land with securities, as one of the ways to pursue restoration of ownership to city land, is provided in the last part of the thesis.

The institute of legal relations considering restoration of ownership rights is a specific constituent part of Lithuanian legal system, formation of which in Lithuanian law was determined by historical circumstances: the aggression that was inflicted on the independent Lithuanian Republic by occupant authorities in 1940, whereas the outcome of these actions was nationalization of all privately owned real estate. In 1990 when the independence of Lithuania was restored and the fact that property ownership rights of citizens, which were gained before occupation, are indefeasible and continuous was officially acknowledged, appropriate standard legal regulations were passed which would regulate these legal relations. Upon the order and conditions of these new regulations the restoration of ownership rights commenced. In Lithuania this process already continues since 1991 and, unfortunately, by the end of 2007 it is not yet fully completed. In this master's thesis the institute of restoration of ownership rights is analyzed through one of its constituent parts, i.e. by analyzing restoration of land ownership rights in the cities. This specific field has been chosen as an object of analysis because current situation in Lithuania allows coming to a valid conclusion that in the cities restoration of ownership rights is pursued at the slowest rates (e.g., in the city of Vilnius ownership rights were restored to only 11.37% of overall land, which is claimed in citizens' applications). When investigating this specific legal relations group of restitution, firstly the order of realization of the right to restore ownership rights to the land in the cities was thoroughly analyzed. In this particular part of the thesis the following issues were described and analyzed: which citizens are granted the right by the law to restore ownership rights; under what terms, what order and what documents the citizens are required to submit seeking to materialize this right; which government institutions and under what terms must they consider applications and make decisions about restoration of ownership rights to city land; what are the measures to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city; what kind of city land is classified as redeemable by the state and what are the ways for the state to compensate for this land. Having analyzed the order of implementation of the right to restore ownership rights to previously owned land in the city and its legal regulations, it was further gone into the causes which raise difficulties for this process to be carried out properly and timely, so that citizens can realize their right granted to them by the law to retrieve the land which is in the city territory or receive a proper compensation for it. The order and peculiarities of compensation for the land with securities, as one of the ways to pursue restoration of ownership to city land, is provided in the last part of the thesis.

The new order of the elections of the peoples' courts, adopted in 1948, did not change basically the former elections practice. After the elections in 1949, 1951 and 1954 the massive and unanimous participation of society was stated, but in reality neither positive, nor negative voting results had an impact on the court formation. Forming the body of Soviet judges during the first years of the reoccupation was challenging, because of the low number of reliable judges which was attempted to reduce by political and legal training in legal classes and in special institutions of legal education. But the demand of legally educated and politically reliable judges was much higher than was possible to prepare in short time, therefore, in 1944–1956 randomly selected individuals of questionable reputation sometimes became judges, by whom not only the Soviet judiciary system, but the Communist regime as a whole, could be discredited. Therefore, in 1946 the Communist Party implemented the Decree which reformed legal and political education of judiciary officers. After this initiative, the training of legal officers and the results of political and legal education started slowly to improve.

The new order of the elections of the peoples' courts, adopted in 1948, did not change basically the former elections practice. After the elections in 1949, 1951 and 1954 the massive and unanimous participation of society was stated, but in reality neither positive, nor negative voting results had an impact on the court formation. Forming the body of Soviet judges during the first years of the reoccupation was challenging, because of the low number of reliable judges which was attempted to reduce by political and legal training in legal classes and in special institutions of legal education. But the demand of legally educated and politically reliable judges was much higher than was possible to prepare in short time, therefore, in 1944–1956 randomly selected individuals of questionable reputation sometimes became judges, by whom not only the Soviet judiciary system, but the Communist regime as a whole, could be discredited. Therefore, in 1946 the Communist Party implemented the Decree which reformed legal and political education of judiciary officers. After this initiative, the training of legal officers and the results of political and legal education started slowly to improve.

The article is dedicated to researching the 25th anniversary of the restoration of free Lithuanian press in Latin characters, celebrated in 1929. The research is aimed at elucidating the initiators of celebrating the anniversary, finding out who the organizers were and how the celebration in question succeeded. The conducted research showed that the very first initiators were the Kaunas city intellectuals, who established the special committee, named Komitetas spaudos atgavimo 25-mečio minėjimui. The main members of the committee were widely known persons – Vaclovas Biržiška, Petras Ruseckas, Vincas Vileišis, Juozas Žiugžda and Balys Žygelis. The Committee started to spread the idea of the celebration. One of the most important publications published by the Committee was the P. Ruseckas Proclamation for the Society, which presented appropriate ways to commemorate the anniversary of free press. After all organizational procedures had been finalized, the Committee organized a great celebration on May 9th, 1929. As the Committee started to organize the anniversary, another organization emerged. On March 22nd, the Association of Lithuania's Journalists separated from Writers' Association. From the first day journalists decided to organize press anniversary celebration – The Press Ball. Aided by the right political wing, including the President of the Republic Antanas Smetona and the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, the Lithuanian journalists organized an even greater ceremony. It was held on May 18th, with the Prime Minister attending as an honourable guest and delivering an opening speech. During the ball, the journalists expressed an idea to publish four issues of a 4 page newspaper, covering the information about the ceremony and guests. Unfortunately, only 2 issues were published. However, it is difficult to compare these two celebrations, because the Committee had no political support and no financial foundation while the journalists were supported by the government. The two previously mentioned celebrations were held in Kaunas, but the idea to celebrate anniversary gradually spread in the whole country. Various organizations in smaller cities and even in the then occupied Vilnius organized celebrations. In the Šiauliai central city square, 4 Press Oaks were planted as a memorial of the period when press was prohibited. In Vilnius, the memorable part of the celebration was a huge exhibition with a great number of publications issued during the press prohibition times. Thus, a widely commemorated anniversary began a new traditional celebration.

The article is dedicated to researching the 25th anniversary of the restoration of free Lithuanian press in Latin characters, celebrated in 1929. The research is aimed at elucidating the initiators of celebrating the anniversary, finding out who the organizers were and how the celebration in question succeeded. The conducted research showed that the very first initiators were the Kaunas city intellectuals, who established the special committee, named Komitetas spaudos atgavimo 25-mečio minėjimui. The main members of the committee were widely known persons – Vaclovas Biržiška, Petras Ruseckas, Vincas Vileišis, Juozas Žiugžda and Balys Žygelis. The Committee started to spread the idea of the celebration. One of the most important publications published by the Committee was the P. Ruseckas Proclamation for the Society, which presented appropriate ways to commemorate the anniversary of free press. After all organizational procedures had been finalized, the Committee organized a great celebration on May 9th, 1929. As the Committee started to organize the anniversary, another organization emerged. On March 22nd, the Association of Lithuania's Journalists separated from Writers' Association. From the first day journalists decided to organize press anniversary celebration – The Press Ball. Aided by the right political wing, including the President of the Republic Antanas Smetona and the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, the Lithuanian journalists organized an even greater ceremony. It was held on May 18th, with the Prime Minister attending as an honourable guest and delivering an opening speech. During the ball, the journalists expressed an idea to publish four issues of a 4 page newspaper, covering the information about the ceremony and guests. Unfortunately, only 2 issues were published. However, it is difficult to compare these two celebrations, because the Committee had no political support and no financial foundation while the journalists were supported by the government. The two previously mentioned celebrations were held in Kaunas, but the idea to celebrate anniversary gradually spread in the whole country. Various organizations in smaller cities and even in the then occupied Vilnius organized celebrations. In the Šiauliai central city square, 4 Press Oaks were planted as a memorial of the period when press was prohibited. In Vilnius, the memorable part of the celebration was a huge exhibition with a great number of publications issued during the press prohibition times. Thus, a widely commemorated anniversary began a new traditional celebration.

The article is dedicated to researching the 25th anniversary of the restoration of free Lithuanian press in Latin characters, celebrated in 1929. The research is aimed at elucidating the initiators of celebrating the anniversary, finding out who the organizers were and how the celebration in question succeeded. The conducted research showed that the very first initiators were the Kaunas city intellectuals, who established the special committee, named Komitetas spaudos atgavimo 25-mečio minėjimui. The main members of the committee were widely known persons – Vaclovas Biržiška, Petras Ruseckas, Vincas Vileišis, Juozas Žiugžda and Balys Žygelis. The Committee started to spread the idea of the celebration. One of the most important publications published by the Committee was the P. Ruseckas Proclamation for the Society, which presented appropriate ways to commemorate the anniversary of free press. After all organizational procedures had been finalized, the Committee organized a great celebration on May 9th, 1929. As the Committee started to organize the anniversary, another organization emerged. On March 22nd, the Association of Lithuania's Journalists separated from Writers' Association. From the first day journalists decided to organize press anniversary celebration – The Press Ball. Aided by the right political wing, including the President of the Republic Antanas Smetona and the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, the Lithuanian journalists organized an even greater ceremony. It was held on May 18th, with the Prime Minister attending as an honourable guest and delivering an opening speech. During the ball, the journalists expressed an idea to publish four issues of a 4 page newspaper, covering the information about the ceremony and guests. Unfortunately, only 2 issues were published. However, it is difficult to compare these two celebrations, because the Committee had no political support and no financial foundation while the journalists were supported by the government. The two previously mentioned celebrations were held in Kaunas, but the idea to celebrate anniversary gradually spread in the whole country. Various organizations in smaller cities and even in the then occupied Vilnius organized celebrations. In the Šiauliai central city square, 4 Press Oaks were planted as a memorial of the period when press was prohibited. In Vilnius, the memorable part of the celebration was a huge exhibition with a great number of publications issued during the press prohibition times. Thus, a widely commemorated anniversary began a new traditional celebration.

The article is dedicated to researching the 25th anniversary of the restoration of free Lithuanian press in Latin characters, celebrated in 1929. The research is aimed at elucidating the initiators of celebrating the anniversary, finding out who the organizers were and how the celebration in question succeeded. The conducted research showed that the very first initiators were the Kaunas city intellectuals, who established the special committee, named Komitetas spaudos atgavimo 25-mečio minėjimui. The main members of the committee were widely known persons – Vaclovas Biržiška, Petras Ruseckas, Vincas Vileišis, Juozas Žiugžda and Balys Žygelis. The Committee started to spread the idea of the celebration. One of the most important publications published by the Committee was the P. Ruseckas Proclamation for the Society, which presented appropriate ways to commemorate the anniversary of free press. After all organizational procedures had been finalized, the Committee organized a great celebration on May 9th, 1929. As the Committee started to organize the anniversary, another organization emerged. On March 22nd, the Association of Lithuania's Journalists separated from Writers' Association. From the first day journalists decided to organize press anniversary celebration – The Press Ball. Aided by the right political wing, including the President of the Republic Antanas Smetona and the Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, the Lithuanian journalists organized an even greater ceremony. It was held on May 18th, with the Prime Minister attending as an honourable guest and delivering an opening speech. During the ball, the journalists expressed an idea to publish four issues of a 4 page newspaper, covering the information about the ceremony and guests. Unfortunately, only 2 issues were published. However, it is difficult to compare these two celebrations, because the Committee had no political support and no financial foundation while the journalists were supported by the government. The two previously mentioned celebrations were held in Kaunas, but the idea to celebrate anniversary gradually spread in the whole country. Various organizations in smaller cities and even in the then occupied Vilnius organized celebrations. In the Šiauliai central city square, 4 Press Oaks were planted as a memorial of the period when press was prohibited. In Vilnius, the memorable part of the celebration was a huge exhibition with a great number of publications issued during the press prohibition times. Thus, a widely commemorated anniversary began a new traditional celebration.

After a restoration of the Independence on March 11, 1990, the Provisional General Law (the Provisional Constitution of Republic of Lithuania) has been passed. Although state authorities were organized according to the principles of power distribution used in democratic states, however, an insufficient attention was paid to this issue. The law provided the principles of the legal status of the only executive institution – the Government, but did not pay a considerable attention to the system of executive institutions. Only the logical analysis of the Law on Government passed on March 22, 1990 allows to suppose that it consisted of the Government, ministries and inspections. The National Referendum dated October 25, 1992, had approved the Constitution of Republic of Lithuania that consolidated the structure of the system of executive institutions: the President and the Government of Republic of Lithuania, ministries and governmental institutions, county administrations. Because of an adoption of the new Law on Government, the central level of the system of executive institutions shall be reorganized. Within eleven years of Independence, eight reforms were implemented on the level of ministries (13 ministries were established and 18 ministries were liquidated), not taking into account reforms, related to changes of heads of ministries and organizational transformations of their structure. From 1995, reforms are implemented once in two years and the trend of a reduction of number of ministries – from 19 to 13 – takes place. An absence of a stable policy in respect of the number and purpose of the ministries caused frequent reforms in this system that replaced one organizational–legal form of an executive institution was replaced by another form (for example, ministries were reorganized into governmental organizations and vice versa). Within last years (from 1998), growing of the number of quasi–governing structures (governmental committees and commissions) was particularly rapid. The number of institutions at ministries and governmental organizations gradually grew as well, and the number of institutions of county's heads remained the most stable from the moment of the establishment. The system of executive institutions from March 11, 1990 passes the period of permanent changes. Governing reforms present a continuous process in our state. The necessity of reforms is predetermined by the programme of the Government, i.e. all reforms are bound with the intuition and opinion of various political parties on state governing. Thus, in absence of a strategy (conception, programme) of an improvement of the system of executive institutions, based on an comprehensive analysis and independent on political processes, it is impossible to ensure a stability and harmony of the system of executive institutions. ; Jau pačią pirmą nepriklausomybės atkūrimo dieną buvo padėtas naujos valstybės valdžios sistemos pamatas. Naujoji sistema grindžiama demokratinėse pasaulio valstybėse plačiai taikoma valdžių padalijimo doktrina. Šis straipsnis ir skirtas vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemos – vienos iš svarbiausių valstybės valdžios instituto – genezei po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo analizuoti. Jame pateikiamas šios valdžios rūšies institucijų sistemos formavimasis, gana daug dėmesio skiriama atskirų vykdomosios valdžios institucijų struktūrų evoliucionavimui nagrinėti. Minėtos sistemos pokyčiai iliustruojami empiriniais tyrimais. Nurodomos vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemos tobulinimo gairės bei priežastys, turinčios įtakos jos raidai.

Books in the Polish language publishing in Lithuania after Independence Restoration – is a separate research branch, forming only a part of Lithuanian publishing process; however, it is unseperable from the country political, economical and social events. Publishing reflects country development, cultural understanding of community. Therefore, publishing acquaints with current problems and achievements of the national minorities. In a globalizing world national mentality preserving becomes more and more challenging. For this reason, the discussion about national minority situation and its contribution into national majority is essential. Publishing in the period after Independence Restoration has not been fully analysed yet whereas forming multinationalism fosters to pay attention not only to majority, but also to minority functioning in the society. The subject of this work – books in the Polish language published in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009. The aim of this work – to analyse Polish books publishing situation and tendencies in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009 as well as its future perspectives. The following tasks have been raised in order to achieve the aim: to review Polish national minority situation in Lithuania; to analyse the publishing development of Polish books in a general publishing context; to determine Polish books publishers and the tendency of their work; to analyse Polish books range of topicality; to analyse books from the tipological point of view; to analyse Polish books publishing present situation and its future perspectives, based on the publishers experience; to analyse the need for Polish books publishing and perspectives with a reference to Polish youth opinion. In order to achieve the goals analysis of articles, scientific literature, the analysis of statistical -bibliographical data were conducted. The methods applied: the analysis of scientific literature; statistical data analysis; bibliographic method; half-structured qualitative analysis-interview with experts; quantitative analysis-questionnaire. Books in the Polish language publishing formed in the first years after gaining the independence and has not changed significantly up to 2009. The extent of circulation fluctuates around 60 publications a year. The circulation does not usually exceed 100000 (one hundred thousand). Coursebooks and fiction by local authors(vilniukai) is dominating. The main publishing centre is coursebooks publishing "Šviesa" whereas fiction and leisure publications cradle is "Magazyn Wilenski" editorial office. From the local Polish books publishers point of view, publishing process is constantly initiating despite the financial difficulties which are being handled with a help of support funds, private sponsors, authors contribution and publishers capital. There are only several people involved in the publishing process in order to save money for future investments. Prose, poetry circulation is restricted to thousand publications in order to satisfy export and tourists needs. Local Pole, Lithuanian intellectual, guest from Poland can purchase Polish books in the bookshop sections, editorial offices, via post. The repertoire is not sufficient; books on Polish integration into Lithuanian community are not available; however, there is a wide range of books published in Poland. According to the opinion of local publishers as well as Bialystok university students, Polish books publishing has its niche and will find it among the local Poles despite the political disagreements , economic recession or unpopularity. Economic capability will allow to purchase quality publications and raising education level will form the demand for Polish, Lithuanian, foreign authors fiction.

Books in the Polish language publishing in Lithuania after Independence Restoration – is a separate research branch, forming only a part of Lithuanian publishing process; however, it is unseperable from the country political, economical and social events. Publishing reflects country development, cultural understanding of community. Therefore, publishing acquaints with current problems and achievements of the national minorities. In a globalizing world national mentality preserving becomes more and more challenging. For this reason, the discussion about national minority situation and its contribution into national majority is essential. Publishing in the period after Independence Restoration has not been fully analysed yet whereas forming multinationalism fosters to pay attention not only to majority, but also to minority functioning in the society. The subject of this work – books in the Polish language published in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009. The aim of this work – to analyse Polish books publishing situation and tendencies in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009 as well as its future perspectives. The following tasks have been raised in order to achieve the aim: to review Polish national minority situation in Lithuania; to analyse the publishing development of Polish books in a general publishing context; to determine Polish books publishers and the tendency of their work; to analyse Polish books range of topicality; to analyse books from the tipological point of view; to analyse Polish books publishing present situation and its future perspectives, based on the publishers experience; to analyse the need for Polish books publishing and perspectives with a reference to Polish youth opinion. In order to achieve the goals analysis of articles, scientific literature, the analysis of statistical -bibliographical data were conducted. The methods applied: the analysis of scientific literature; statistical data analysis; bibliographic method; half-structured qualitative analysis-interview with experts; quantitative analysis-questionnaire. Books in the Polish language publishing formed in the first years after gaining the independence and has not changed significantly up to 2009. The extent of circulation fluctuates around 60 publications a year. The circulation does not usually exceed 100000 (one hundred thousand). Coursebooks and fiction by local authors(vilniukai) is dominating. The main publishing centre is coursebooks publishing "Šviesa" whereas fiction and leisure publications cradle is "Magazyn Wilenski" editorial office. From the local Polish books publishers point of view, publishing process is constantly initiating despite the financial difficulties which are being handled with a help of support funds, private sponsors, authors contribution and publishers capital. There are only several people involved in the publishing process in order to save money for future investments. Prose, poetry circulation is restricted to thousand publications in order to satisfy export and tourists needs. Local Pole, Lithuanian intellectual, guest from Poland can purchase Polish books in the bookshop sections, editorial offices, via post. The repertoire is not sufficient; books on Polish integration into Lithuanian community are not available; however, there is a wide range of books published in Poland. According to the opinion of local publishers as well as Bialystok university students, Polish books publishing has its niche and will find it among the local Poles despite the political disagreements , economic recession or unpopularity. Economic capability will allow to purchase quality publications and raising education level will form the demand for Polish, Lithuanian, foreign authors fiction.

Books in the Polish language publishing in Lithuania after Independence Restoration – is a separate research branch, forming only a part of Lithuanian publishing process; however, it is unseperable from the country political, economical and social events. Publishing reflects country development, cultural understanding of community. Therefore, publishing acquaints with current problems and achievements of the national minorities. In a globalizing world national mentality preserving becomes more and more challenging. For this reason, the discussion about national minority situation and its contribution into national majority is essential. Publishing in the period after Independence Restoration has not been fully analysed yet whereas forming multinationalism fosters to pay attention not only to majority, but also to minority functioning in the society. The subject of this work – books in the Polish language published in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009. The aim of this work – to analyse Polish books publishing situation and tendencies in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009 as well as its future perspectives. The following tasks have been raised in order to achieve the aim: to review Polish national minority situation in Lithuania; to analyse the publishing development of Polish books in a general publishing context; to determine Polish books publishers and the tendency of their work; to analyse Polish books range of topicality; to analyse books from the tipological point of view; to analyse Polish books publishing present situation and its future perspectives, based on the publishers experience; to analyse the need for Polish books publishing and perspectives with a reference to Polish youth opinion. In order to achieve the goals analysis of articles, scientific literature, the analysis of statistical -bibliographical data were conducted. The methods applied: the analysis of scientific literature; statistical data analysis; bibliographic method; half-structured qualitative analysis-interview with experts; quantitative analysis-questionnaire. Books in the Polish language publishing formed in the first years after gaining the independence and has not changed significantly up to 2009. The extent of circulation fluctuates around 60 publications a year. The circulation does not usually exceed 100000 (one hundred thousand). Coursebooks and fiction by local authors(vilniukai) is dominating. The main publishing centre is coursebooks publishing "Šviesa" whereas fiction and leisure publications cradle is "Magazyn Wilenski" editorial office. From the local Polish books publishers point of view, publishing process is constantly initiating despite the financial difficulties which are being handled with a help of support funds, private sponsors, authors contribution and publishers capital. There are only several people involved in the publishing process in order to save money for future investments. Prose, poetry circulation is restricted to thousand publications in order to satisfy export and tourists needs. Local Pole, Lithuanian intellectual, guest from Poland can purchase Polish books in the bookshop sections, editorial offices, via post. The repertoire is not sufficient; books on Polish integration into Lithuanian community are not available; however, there is a wide range of books published in Poland. According to the opinion of local publishers as well as Bialystok university students, Polish books publishing has its niche and will find it among the local Poles despite the political disagreements , economic recession or unpopularity. Economic capability will allow to purchase quality publications and raising education level will form the demand for Polish, Lithuanian, foreign authors fiction.

Books in the Polish language publishing in Lithuania after Independence Restoration – is a separate research branch, forming only a part of Lithuanian publishing process; however, it is unseperable from the country political, economical and social events. Publishing reflects country development, cultural understanding of community. Therefore, publishing acquaints with current problems and achievements of the national minorities. In a globalizing world national mentality preserving becomes more and more challenging. For this reason, the discussion about national minority situation and its contribution into national majority is essential. Publishing in the period after Independence Restoration has not been fully analysed yet whereas forming multinationalism fosters to pay attention not only to majority, but also to minority functioning in the society. The subject of this work – books in the Polish language published in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009. The aim of this work – to analyse Polish books publishing situation and tendencies in Lithuania in the period of 1991–2009 as well as its future perspectives. The following tasks have been raised in order to achieve the aim: to review Polish national minority situation in Lithuania; to analyse the publishing development of Polish books in a general publishing context; to determine Polish books publishers and the tendency of their work; to analyse Polish books range of topicality; to analyse books from the tipological point of view; to analyse Polish books publishing present situation and its future perspectives, based on the publishers experience; to analyse the need for Polish books publishing and perspectives with a reference to Polish youth opinion. In order to achieve the goals analysis of articles, scientific literature, the analysis of statistical -bibliographical data were conducted. The methods applied: the analysis of scientific literature; statistical data analysis; bibliographic method; half-structured qualitative analysis-interview with experts; quantitative analysis-questionnaire. Books in the Polish language publishing formed in the first years after gaining the independence and has not changed significantly up to 2009. The extent of circulation fluctuates around 60 publications a year. The circulation does not usually exceed 100000 (one hundred thousand). Coursebooks and fiction by local authors(vilniukai) is dominating. The main publishing centre is coursebooks publishing "Šviesa" whereas fiction and leisure publications cradle is "Magazyn Wilenski" editorial office. From the local Polish books publishers point of view, publishing process is constantly initiating despite the financial difficulties which are being handled with a help of support funds, private sponsors, authors contribution and publishers capital. There are only several people involved in the publishing process in order to save money for future investments. Prose, poetry circulation is restricted to thousand publications in order to satisfy export and tourists needs. Local Pole, Lithuanian intellectual, guest from Poland can purchase Polish books in the bookshop sections, editorial offices, via post. The repertoire is not sufficient; books on Polish integration into Lithuanian community are not available; however, there is a wide range of books published in Poland. According to the opinion of local publishers as well as Bialystok university students, Polish books publishing has its niche and will find it among the local Poles despite the political disagreements , economic recession or unpopularity. Economic capability will allow to purchase quality publications and raising education level will form the demand for Polish, Lithuanian, foreign authors fiction.