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Former U.S. Congressman Pat Williams will discuss the political and economic conditions that resulted in the largest restoration effort in American history.

Cover title. ; Foreword -- Introduction -- Area and location of lands that should be reforested -- Purposes to be served by reforestation -- Prospective contributions of forest restoration to wealth and income -- The problem of protection : fire control and grazing control -- Problem of local government maintenance during the transition period -- Federal aids in forest restoration and maintenance -- Division between State, Federal and local responsibility -- Relationships between public and private forest management -- The State's ability to undertake a reforestation program -- A long-time plan for reforestation in Missouri. ; Includes bibliographical references.

The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) frames restoration as a momentous nature-based solution for achieving many of the ecological, economic, and social objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, a critical void lies at the heart of this agenda: the lack of attention to social and political dimensions of nature and restoration initiatives. At this critical juncture, urgent attention is needed to the power and politics that shape the values, meanings, and science driving restoration; and to the uneven experiences of these processes as national restoration pledges touch down in diverse and unequal contexts. In this introduction to the special issue on "Restoration for Whom, by Whom?", we critically examine the social inclusivity of restoration agendas, policies, and practices as these unfold across ecological and geographic scales. We argue that feminist political ecology (FPE), with its focus on gendered power relations, scale integration, and historical awareness, and its critique of the commodification of nature, offers a valuable lens through which to examine the socio-political and economic dynamics of restoration. Taking an FPE perspective, we elucidate how the ten papers comprising the special issue challenge mainstream narratives of environmental sustainability and suggest more grounded and nuanced ways forward for inclusive restoration initiatives. In conclusion, we highlight the urgency of addressing the systemic fault lines that create exclusions in restoration policies and practice; and the need to legitimize the plural voices, values, situated knowledges, and paths to sustainably transform degraded landscapes.

Throughout the process of developing the states' case in the Natural Resource Damage Claim, I have felt very confident that the state has assembled a team of scientists who could solve the problems that are identified, if they are solvable. I am encouraged to continue in that belief by the hiring of Carol Fox as coordinator of the program at this time. It will take a strong leader to guide everyone through the maze of complexities involved in allocating settlement funds. Chris Clancy pointed out that state biologists are spread thin and it will take additional manpower to implement projects that are funded. He also discussed some of the work that is being done by the biologists and technicians. It should be noted that there is a tremendous amount of training and on-the-ground-experience among Region 2 fisheries workers in river mechanics, biology and implementing stream rehabilitation projects. This experience should be drawn on in the selection of projects to be funded by the NRD settlement. It will require the kind of experience these people have to be able to judge what is best for the aquatic ecosystem. There are many relatively small projects that are worthy of funding and are very necessary to restore the river to its former condition. I hope there will be a mechanism for getting projects such as these through the screening process without a lot of delay. For example, Chris Brick noted that there is a lot of bank erosion along the mainstem of the river. Some of this is because the river has been straightened. Several of these artificially straight sections could be put back in old channel meanders by simply removing portions of the old Milwaukee Railroad bed. In most cases the old channel is relatively unchanged from when it was cut off by the railroad. Projects such as this will improve fish habitat in the mainstem, possibly get the river away from metals contaminated riverbed and reduce erosive forces. Because the process of selecting projects for funding with NRD settlement dollars is political in nature, the advisory committee needs to make a special effort to inform and encourage the public to be involved in the process. Everyone interested in river restoration should know what the money can and cannot be used for.

Cover title. ; Foreword -- Introduction -- Area and location of lands that should be reforested -- Purposes to be served by reforestation -- Prospective contributions of forest restoration to wealth and income -- The problem of protection : fire control and grazing control -- Problem of local government maintenance during the transition period -- Federal aids in forest restoration and maintenance -- Division between State, Federal and local responsibility -- Relationships between public and private forest management -- The State's ability to undertake a reforestation program -- A long-time plan for reforestation in Missouri. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) frames restoration as a momentous nature-based solution for achieving many of the ecological, economic, and social objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, a critical void lies at the heart of this agenda: the lack of attention to social and political dimensions of nature and restoration initiatives. At this critical juncture, urgent attention is needed to the power and politics that shape the values, meanings, and science driving restoration; and to the uneven experiences of these processes as national restoration pledges touch down in diverse and unequal contexts. In this introduction to the special issue on "Restoration for Whom, by Whom?", we critically examine the social inclusivity of restoration agendas, policies, and practices as these unfold across ecological and geographic scales. We argue that feminist political ecology (FPE), with its focus on gendered power relations, scale integration, and historical awareness, and its critique of the commodification of nature, offers a valuable lens through which to examine the socio-political and economic dynamics of restoration. Taking an FPE perspective, we elucidate how the ten papers comprising the special issue challenge mainstream narratives of environmental sustainability and suggest more grounded and nuanced ways forward for inclusive restoration initiatives. In conclusion, we highlight the urgency of addressing the systemic fault lines that create exclusions in restoration policies and practice; and the need to legitimize the plural voices, values, situated knowledges, and paths to sustainably transform degraded landscapes. ; PR ; IFPRI3; CRP2; CRP5; CRP6; ISI; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; G Cross-cutting gender theme ; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE); CGIAR Research Program on Forest, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)

All over the world, there are always buildings to be built and buildings that become old. Should buildings that catered to older needs but are now obsolete be torn down and replaced with new buildings or can we do something to balance the value of the present and the past? All buildings have historic and aesthetic values of their own times, so it is not wise to wipe them out of history completely. It would be better to preserve, restore and reuse them. Restoration has a long history in the West and since the beginning of the 20th century there have been many conferences and discussions on the subject; as a result, there are many well-known theories that influence contemporary architects. But in China, restoration theory and practice are not very mature and the conditions of different kinds of buildings vary a lot, leaving challenging problems to be addressed. Methods of restoration vary across countries, even in different regions within the countries. Whether and how to restore a historic building properly has been and continues to be an important debate. Especially in China, many valuable historic buildings, including traditional wooden buildings and modern buildings constructed since 1840, have been torn down for different reasons, such as economical needs, cultural movements, or political sacrifices. Compared to traditional wooden buildings, which enjoy a more mature system of restoration theory and techniques, modern buildings still face a problem for two reasons: the lack of standards for evaluating the historic value of the building, and immature unity of theory and advanced techniques. The thesis project mainly focuses on what restoration standards might be like for historic buildings during the period of 1840-1949, when architecture was called "modern architecture". Since research in this field started at the end of the 20th century, there was a lot of damage to those historic buildings with historical and aesthetic value. No mature system of modern architectural restoration has been set up, so I refer to western theories and standards/codes to generate standards for modern Chinese architectural restoration. In particular, I have identified the writings of Cesare Brandi [8 Apr. 1906-19 Jan. 1988, Italy], as particularly relevant to his theory of critical restoration. After generating a sample standard using these theories, I explore some design implications using the Swatch Art Peace Hotel [Walter Scott, 1908].

International audience ; The long-term outlook for global ocean abundance of living marine resources is uncertain. Times have changed quickly. Some States have reacted to the decline in marine resources with two generic strategies. First States have been designating a variety of marine protected areas in part to respond to SDG target 14.5 to «conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas». Second, States have been investing in better monitoring and enforcement programs to address illegal fishing. These solutions may ameliorate certain human pressures on ecosystems, but do not directly contribute to the enhancement of marine ecological values. Active marine restoration is the coordinated efforts by individuals or groups to revive the structures and functions of ecological systems. This might include targeted efforts to revive habitat that is damaged through active planting of seagrasses or grafting of coral reefs. This might include releasing fish or other marine animals into an area to increase the breeding population. Some States are engaged in active marine restoration efforts. But the number of States undertaking such projects is limited.This chapter offers three political proposals with legal implications to further active marine restoration and improve state performance under existing duties to restore marine stocks and ecosystems. First, States need to enhance their existing marine scientific research cooperation to improve measures that support «active marine restoration» including incorporating new types of knowledge into assisting in ecosystem recovery. Second active marine restoration focused on accelerating restoration efforts should be mainstreamed as an international «blue economy » development strategy. Finally, given that oceans have permeable geopolitical boundaries, effective active marine restoration may require a new institutional approach that is not state-based but guardian-based. If an Ocean Guardian Council was to convene and be given powers by States to protect ocean interests ...

The human rights movement is an older and stronger global movement than the social movement for restorative justice, and so are the peace movement, the women's movement, indigenous rights movements, the children's rights movement, the animal rights movement, and the environmental movement. Creatively conceived, these are all related social movements against domination and arbitrary power, and advocates of humbling power. The arbitrary powers that must be humbled include overreaching state power, corporate power, institutions that are hegemonically male, prisons, and militaries. These diverse movements differentially focus on these sources of power.

Two slides for a 3-min lightning talk at the Climate Restoration workshop held at the University of Virginia on 17 January 2020. Slide 1: Climate restoration needs open sharing The meeting was about climate restoration, and the visualization of the carbon cycle is there to highlight the complexity of such an endeavour, conscious that similar complexity exists for other aspects of climate like water, energy or nitrogen cycles. In order to address climate restoration in any meaningful way, we thus need to apply a whole range of scientific, engineering, political, social, economic and other approaches, which could be symbolized by a Swiss Army Knife. The Swiss Army Knife actually depicted sits one zoom level below, highlighting the main shades of openness that are at humanity's disposal. The background image depicts a scene in a National Park as a reminder of how intact nature looks like. Slide 2: Open sharing maximizes societal impact The bullet points outline some of the ways in which the claim in the title could be examined. The slide also provides contact data and a persistent identifier for this specific slide set, the DOI. I forgot to link it to https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3610757 but once you are here, this probably does not matter any more. The DOI was included to highlight that even things as small as a pair of slides can be shared in a way that is citable and that contextualizes the resource being shared. Image credits: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle.jpg by United States Department of Energy, Public Domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png by Johannes Spielhagen, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ніжний ранковий світло.jpg by Balkhovitin, CC BY-SA 3.0 Event information: URL: https://eri.virginia.edu/event/restore-workshop/ (archived) Program: https://eri.virginia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CRI-Event-Program.pdf (archived)

Si-Wei You,1 Ming-Mei Wu,2 Fang Kuang,2 Kin-Sang Cho,3 Kwok-Fai So4,5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, 2Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; 3Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 4GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 5Department of Ophthalmology, The State Key laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Abstract: Optic neuropathy refers to disorders involving the optic nerve (ON). Any damage to ON or ON-deriving neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), may lead to the breakdown of the optical signal transmission from the eye to the brain, thus resulting in a partial or complete vision loss. The causes of optic neuropathy include trauma, ischemia, inflammation, compression, infiltration, and mitochondrial damages. ON injuries include primary and secondary injuries. During these injury phases, various factors orchestrate injured axons to die back and become unable to regenerate, and these factors could be divided into two categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic inhibitory factors refer to the environmental conditions that influence the regeneration of injured axons. The presence of myelin inhibitors and glial scar, lack of neurotrophic factors, and inflammation mediated by injury are regarded as these extrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors need to trigger the intracellular signals to exert inhibitory effect. Proper regulation of these intracellular signals has been shown to be beneficial to ON regeneration. Intrinsic factors of RGCs are the pivotal reasons that inhibit ON regeneration and are closely linked with extrinsic factors. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium levels affect axon guidance and growth cone response to guidance molecules. Many genes, such as Bcl-2, PTEN, and mTOR, are crucial in cell proliferation, axon guidance, and growth during development, and play important roles in the regeneration and extension of RGC axons. With transgenic mice and related gene regulations, robust regeneration of RGC axons has been observed after ON injury in laboratories. Although various means of experimental treatments such as cell transplantation and gene therapy have achieved significant progress in neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and restoration of the visual function after ON injury, many unresolved scientific problems still exist for their clinical applications. Therefore, we still need to overcome hurdles before developing effective therapy to treat optic neuropathy diseases in patients. Keywords: retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve injury, neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, vision restoration

© The Author(s) 2017. Monitoring protocols are needed to evaluate the millions of hectares of land that are being proposed for forest restoration in the coming decades. Standardized proposals are critical to evaluate efficacy of restoration strategies, identify triggers for corrective actions, compare results across projects, and generally learn from past projects to inform future restoration efforts. We describe an iterative process, including over 200 stakeholders, to develop a protocol for monitoring Brazilian Atlantic Forest restoration. We give an overview of the ecological, socioeconomic, and management criteria, indicators, and metrics included in the protocol. Strengths of the protocol include the following: (a) testing and use across sites with a range of ages, forest types, past land uses, restoration techniques, and implementing institutions; (b) participation by a broad range of government, nongovernment, private, and academic institutions in the protocol development process; and (c) inclusion of socioeconomic and management criteria. Next steps for facilitating the broad adoption of the protocol in the Atlantic Forest region include providing in person and online training courses, establishing an online repository for storing and comparing monitoring data, and developing smartphone applications to facilitate data collection. Although the protocol was developed for the Atlantic Forest context and further refinements are needed, we think that the Atlantic Forest Pact monitoring protocol may serve as a model to inform the development of similar protocols in other regions, which ultimately could be integrated to produce a pantropical protocol for common use by several restoration forest programs worldwide.

People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007‐2013/. Grant Number: 607785 ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Monitoring protocols are needed to evaluate the millions of hectares of land that are being proposed for forest restoration in the coming decades. Standardized proposals are critical to evaluate efficacy of restoration strategies, identify triggers for corrective actions, compare results across projects, and generally learn from past projects to inform future restoration efforts. We describe an iterative process, including over 200 stakeholders, to develop a protocol for monitoring Brazilian Atlantic Forest restoration. We give an overview of the ecological, socioeconomic, and management criteria, indicators, and metrics included in the protocol. Strengths of the protocol include the following: (a) testing and use across sites with a range of ages, forest types, past land uses, restoration techniques, and implementing institutions; (b) participation by a broad range of government, nongovernment, private, and academic institutions in the protocol development process; and (c) inclusion of socioeconomic and management criteria. Next steps for facilitating the broad adoption of the protocol in the Atlantic Forest region include providing in person and online training courses, establishing an online repository for storing and comparing monitoring data, and developing smartphone applications to facilitate data collection. Although the protocol was developed for the Atlantic Forest context and further refinements are needed, we think that the Atlantic Forest Pact monitoring protocol may serve as a model to inform the development of similar protocols in other regions, which ultimately could be integrated to produce a pantropical protocol for common use by several restoration forest programs worldwide.

This is the first published book to examine comprehensively the relationship between international environmental law and ecological restoration. While international environmental law (IEL) has developed significantly as a discipline over the past four decades, this book enquires whether IEL can now assist states in making a strategic transition from not just protecting and maintaining the natural environment but also actively restoring it. Arguing that states have international duties to restore, this book offers reflections on the philosophical context of ecological restoration and the legal content of a duty to restore from an international law, European Union law and national law perspective. The book concludes with a discussion of several contemporary themes of interest to both lawyers and ecologists including the role of private actors, protected areas and climate change in ecological restoration. ; https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/facw_books/1003/thumbnail.jpg