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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the nature and significance of the spoken word in early Hays City from 1876, to 1900 as shown by accounts contained in Hays City newspapers of this period and interviews with some of Hays' oldest citizens. Memorial Day and the Fourth of July were special occasions in which public speaking played an important part. The local Grand Army of the Republic was an organization which was responsible for much of the public address in early Hays City. The Camp fires of the G.A.R., Harvest Home Celebrations, and the Farmer's picnic were always events which were accompanied with various forms of pubic address. Many speaking events were held in relation with the public school. The meeting of the Teacher's Association, The Normal Institute, and the High School Commencement were events in the school year in which public speaking played an important part. The young city's enthusiasm for politics was great. Several distinguished politicians visited Hays City. With the formation of a strong third party, the woman orator became a popular figure on the political platform. Public speaking was important in early Hays City. The nature of public address was versatile, and its significance was great.

More than other fields of public affairs, the discussion of foreign policy presents special temptations to irrelevancy, rhetoricalness, and sheer hocus pocus. Several possible explanations for this come to mind. For one thing, it is a vast and varied subject, remote from the scope of observation and sensory evidence. The relevant processes are too complex for their essences to be tangible. We reduce the complexities to label-words, then pass these around as if they contained the essences of the matters referred to.The Cold War, thermonuclear deterrence, national self-determination, peaceful settlement, international Communism—a myriad such expressions enjoying common currency are the simple labels put on enormously complex relationships and processes in continuous flux.

Hatch develops a robust rhetorical theory of reconciliation and applies it to contemporary national and global efforts to redress the racialized wounds and injustices created by slavery. What emerges from this work is a profound vision for the prospects of meaningful reparation, forgiveness, and reconciliation in American race relations

Using Lasswell's 2-fold typology of agitators (publicists & orators) differentiation between them is made in terms of both role & personality structure. It has been previously noted (See SA 5053) that publicists had a strong need to control their world & that such a pattern of att's was characterized psychoanalytically as anal expulsiveness. While the agitational role of the orator was similar to that of the publicist, it differed in that it involved direct, face-to-face attempts to influence others. It was hypothesized that the personalities of orators, in contrast to publicists, would display lesser tendencies of a preego, oral dependent or anal retentive sort. Both orator & publicist were characterized as highly narcissistic types. The pop of study were the M members of 4 campus pol'al org's: the Democratic & Republican S groups, the Civil Liberties Committee, & the S's for Democratic Action (N=30: 6 members of the Civil Liberties Committee; & 8 each from the other org's). The S's were given a questionnaire about their soc background, U career, & extra-curricular interests. The Krout Personal Preference Scale (PPS) was also administered: a 100-item test 'typical of the 7 psychoanalytical stages.' The S's from each of the pol'al org's were seated around a table with a number (also on the questionnaire & PPS forms) in front of the investigator. Each group member was asked to answer the following sociometric questions: '(a) List, in order, the place numbers of the 5 members of this org whom you feel have the most influence on this group. (b) List, in order, the numbers of the 5 people in this group who are most likely to be openly active in trying to influence & persuade the other members of this group.' From the sociometric results, it was found that the ranking by number of attempts to influence others (most nearly like the conceptual definition of the orator) was the most useful index against which to conduct further analyses. The data from the PPS profiles showed no appreciable diff's between the various pol'al groups. When the PPS scores of all the politicians were combined, however, & compared with the scores of publicists previously obtained, diff's were found. No appreciable diff's were noted between politicians & publicists in the measures of oral sadism, anal expulsiveness, or phallic striving. As predicted, diff's were found in the scores with regard to the pre-ego, oral dependent, & anal retentive measures. An examination of the soc background of the R's showed that the diff's in PPS scores could not be accounted for in terms of this soc background as reflected in a set of standard demographic indices. M. O. Wagenfeld.