Suchergebnisse

Url: http://josc.selcuk.edu.tr/article/view/1075000405 ; Devlet-sivil toplum-demokrasi üçgeninin ağırlık merkezinde yer alan basının Batı'lı ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de yurttaşlık haklarının gelişmesinde doğrudan katkısı olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de yurttaşlık haklarının olgunlaşmasının, özellikle yazılı basındaki gelişmelere koşut bir paralellik gösterdiğinin irdelenmesidir. Betimleyici bir yaklaşımın sergilendiği çalışmanın başlangıç noktasını, Osmanlı'nın son dönemindeki Batılılaşma hareketleri ve basının üstlendiği misyon oluşturmuştur. Bu dönemde, yüzü Batı'ya dönük gazetecilerin yenileşme ve hak arayışları ön plana çıkarken; karşılaştıkları önemli engellemeler, sağlanan kazanımların sınırlılığına neden olmuştur. Bağımsızlık savaşı sonrasında kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti döneminde ise, Batı'lı anlamda bir toplum projesi oluşturulmuştur. Bir yandan temel hak ve özgürlükler anayasal güvence altına alınırken; diğer yandan modern bir yurttaş profili gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, dönemin gerek iç gerekse dış politikasındaki konjonktürel gelişmeler demokrasi fikrinin yaşama geçirilmesinde gecikmelere yol açmıştır. Özellikle bu dönemde, basından beklenilen işlev, kurulan yeni düzeni ve devrimleri desteklemesi ve bu konuda halkı bilinçlendirmesi olmuştur. Kuşkusuz bu dönemde, Cumhuriyet idealine muhalif olan basın üzerinde önemli kısıtlamalara gidilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çok partili siyasal hayata geçiş öncesindeki dönemin ele alındığı bu çalışmada, basının kimi zaman karşılaştığı sınırlamalara rağmen, yurttaşlık haklarının gelişiminde önemli ancak yeterli olmayan bir rol oynadığı vurgulanmıştır. ; Press is to be taken part in the gravity's center of the triangle of state-civil society- democracy that has been contributed directly to the development of citizenship rights in Turkey like western countries. The aim of this study, it is mentioned that the development of citizenship rights shows a conditioned parallellism towards the development of the written press. In the last period of the Ottoman's westernization movements and mission of the press have constituted the begin-ning point of this study that has been exhibited a descriptive approach. At this term, when jour-nalists whose faces became towards West, surpassed their modernization and right seeking, the limitations of the acquired rights were caused by the importance prohibitions. After Independence War and the Republician of Turkey was established, a social project was formed in Western context. Fundemental right and freedoms were taken by constitutional guaranty. And also, the profile of modern compatriot was constituted. However, the concept of democracy was constituted to be delayed by the conjuncturel developments about both internal and external pol-itics. Especially at this period, it was expected that the function of the press supported the estab-lishing, new deal and revolutions and also, educated to public about this subject. Definitely at this term, importance prohibitions on the press which was related to opposition of the ideal of republician, were constituted by the government. As a result of this study which was related to the term about before the plural political life, although the press was confronted with limitations from time to time, it played a significant role about the development of citizenship rights. But, this role did not become efficent for citizenship rights and democracy.

Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, "devletin milli güvenlik siyasetinin tayini, tespiti ve uygulanması ile kararların alınması ve gerekli koordinasyonun sağlanması" çerçevesinde, silahlı kuvvetler komuta kademesi ile hükümet üyelerinin Cumhurbaşkanı'nın başkanlığında biraraya gelerek, karşılıklı görüş alış verişinde bulundukları ve görüş belirdikleri bir organdır. Özellikle kriz dönemlerinde dönemlerinde Türk siyasal hayatında oldukça etkili bir işlev görev Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, uygulamada oynadığı bu rol nedeniyle, zaman zaman ülkenin "en üst karar organı" nitelemelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu (MGK), 1961 Anayasası'yla faaliyete başlamıştır. Türkiye'de Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'ndan önce de çeşitli savunma kurulları faaliyette bulunmuştur. Bunlar; Harb Encümeni(1922), Yüksek Müdafaa Meclisi ve Umumi Katipliği (1933) ve Milli Savunma Yüksek Kurulu(1949) dur. Ancak bunların görev alanları askeri savunmaya yönelik sınırlı bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Türkiye'yi bu tür bir organ arayışına iç siyasi gelişmeler ve dengeler ile dış dinamikler ve konjonktür götürmüştür. Dış dinamiklerin başında, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra ABD öncülüğünde bütün dünyada meydana gelen savunma konseptindeki değişiklik gelmektedir. Bu savaştan sonra milli savunma, kavramından daha kapsayıcı bir kavram olan milli güvenlik kavramına geçilerek, ABD örneğindeki Milli Güvenlik Konseyi(National Securty Cuoncil) gibi milli güvenliği sağlamakla görevli organlar kurulmuştur. Ancak Milli Güvenlik Kurulu uygulamasına Türkiye açısından bakıldığında, mevzuat ve geleneklerden hareketle, iç dinamiklerin belirleyici bir rol oynadığını görmek mümkündür. Bu nedenle Türkiye uygulaması, Batı ülkelerinden önemli ölçüde farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ülkemiz örneğinde asker ve sivillerin eşit oranda temsil edildiği MGK'nda milli güvenlik kavramı çerçevesinde ülkenin ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal ve kültürel bütün sorunları müzakere edilmekte, toplantı sonucunda alınan kararlar, "alınması zorunlu görülen kararlar" amir hükmüyle Bakanlar Kurulu'na bildirilmektedir. Bu durum, askeri otoritenin devlet yapısı ve siyasal karar süreçleri içindeki özerkliği ile kendisini Batı ordularından ayıran aşırı merkezi yapısının bir sonucudur. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, mevcut yapısı ve işleyişiyle, üç önemli soruna yol açmaktadır:1-Milli güvenlik kavramının kapsamının müphem ve muğlak bırakılması, uygulamada temel hak ve özgürlüklerin kısıtlanmasına yol açmaktadır.2-Kurul'a katılan kuvvet temsilcileri vasıtasıyla ordu iç politikaya müdahaleyle karşı karşıya bırakılmaktadır.3-Sivil idareyi devamlı gözetim altında tutan bir mekanizma görevi gören Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, yürütmenin gücünü kırmakta, enerjisini tüketme, zayıf ve etkisiz bırakmaktadır.Anayasa'da ve ilgili mevzuatta düzenlenen Kurul'un yapısı yeniden ele alınmalıdır. Kurulun amacı, statüsü, görevleri tartışmalara imkan vermeyecek şekilde, net bir şekilde ortaya konulmalıdır. Yapılacak yeni düzenlemede Kurul, asker -sivil hesaplaşma alanı olmaktan çıkarılma ve bir "danışma kurulu" statüsünü aşmamalıdır.THESIS SUMMARYThe National Security Council is an organ, consisting of the armed forces command rank and goverment members, who convene within the frame of "determination, designation and application of state's national security policy, taking decisionds and providing the necessary coordination", under the presidency oy the Head of State and mutually exchange views and state opinions. The National Security Council, whic performs a quite efective function especially in crises periods, due to the role it plays in application, is being exposed from time to time to " the highest decision organ" of the country description. The National Security Council (MGK), began activity by the Constitution of 1961. Before the National Security Council in Turkey there had been other various defence committees. These were War Council (1922), High Defence Assemly and General Clerkship (1933) and National Defence High Council (1949). However, the duty scopes of these cover a limited area directed towards military defence.Turkey has been carried to the search for such an organ by the internal and external development and balances and by external dynamics an conjunture. The most important of the external dynamics ist the change in the defence concept, that occurred around the world especially after the Second World War in the leadership of the USA. After this var it has been passed from national defence concept to national security, which concept is more comprehensive and as with the example of the USA's National Security Council, organs, appointed to ensure the national security have been established. When looked at the National Security Council application from the viewpoint of Turkey, however, starting from the regulations and customs, it is possible to see that the internal dynamics play a determining role. Therefore the application in Turkey shows substantial differences from the Western Countries. In our country's example in the National Security Council, where the military and civils are represented equally, within the frame of national security concept, economic, political, social and cultural and all problems ar negotiated. Decisions, taken at the end of the meeting, "decisions, regarded as compulsory" are communicated to the Council of Ministers by a superior's order. This situation is a consequence from the autonomy of the military authority from the state structure and political decision mechanism and from its excessive centralized structure, whic distinguishesit from the Western Armies. The National Security Council, with its present structure and functioning, opens the way to three important questions:1-Leaving the national security concept vague and confusing results practinally in the restriction of the basic rights and freedoms. 2-Through the power representatives joining the Council, the army is left face to face with intervention in domestic politics. 3-The National Security Council, which functions as a mechanism, holding the civil execution constantly under supervision, breaks down the strength of he execution, exhausts its energy, leaves it weak and unefective. The Council's structure, coordinated in the constitution and reladet regulations, must be handled anew. The Council's purpose, its status, and duties must be determined in a neat manner, which leaves no ways for debates. The Council in this new arrangement, should stop being a form of military-civil accounts-settling and should not exceed its status of "consulting comittee".

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INTEREST RATE IN TURKEY AND MEASURES THAT ARE TO BE MET IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE INTEREST RATESNotwithstanding the fact that the Turkish economy has realized certain steps, it can be told that it has not yet gained a sound and healthy structure and that it will be highly dependent on the outer world in the 21st century. Foreign capital is of great importance in terms of the added value it creates, especially for countries making efforts to develop economically. As stated above, due to the high acceleration of data flow speed, the whole world can always obtain the same information at the same time, thus the rational investors can monitor the investment possibilities in all economies. At this point, the interest rates are determinant for investment decisions. Therefore, estimation of changes in interest rates in the most appropriate manner in the future has become one of main targets of economic researches. After presentation of Turkey's economic overview in the introductory section, we can discuss the working method of our thesis. In Part One of our study, after definition of the interest concept and the brief history of its development, relevant theoretical approaches, the principal economic theories, namely the Classical, Neo-Classical, Keynesian Portfolio, and the monetarist economic theories have been dealt with in the subsections in chronological order, and the determination of interest has been discussed under light of such theories. After relevant theoretical approach in Section Two, factors determining the structure of interest rates have been considered in detail.Principally, we have tried to reveal in our thesis, to what extend the freed and raised interest rates as an instrument of an anti-inflationary policy prevent inflation; further, to what extend the credit and stability policies are secured. In doing so, the issue has been dealt with by a theoretical approach and in Section Three of our thesis, we have dealt with The Factors Determining Interest Rates, The Monetary Transfer Mechanisms Required by Monetary Policy Transfer Process with Different Approaches, and the Turkish Practice.After the general assessment of the Interest Policy in developing countries and Turkey in the Turkish Practice relating to our thesis, we have reviewed the development of interest policies implemented since 1980 and 1989 up to today.In Section Five, the interest rate concept is explained in detail and the development of the regulatory and institutional structure for interest rates in Turkey are considered and changes in interest rates in Turkey are revealed. After review of our interest regime, as guided and free interest regime in Section Six, we have tried to analyze the Domestic Savings Rate and Interest Rate, Nominal and Real Interest Rates and the relations between Inflation and Treasury Interest Rates.In Section Eight, the structure, development and determinants of deposits and credits in interest regime periods distinguished as the guided and free interest regimes have been considered. Data for the period discussed in this section relates to the years after 1980 as much as possible. However, data relating to distribution of bank credits by economic sectors, which has been discussed in connection with credits in our thesis, begins from 1870.In the Section of Conclusions, under the light of all theoretical and empirical knowledge, we have tried also to present various proposals after a general arrangement of the Turkish Practice, we have stated our thoughts and prospects, the reason of this is our wish that Turkey has its position in the global world fully, appears as a country that has solved its economic issued in the eve of the European Union and as a universal country holding the capacity of a producing country, not a consumer one. In a globalizing world, as a person passionately fond of Great Turkey, I am in favour of development of strategic policies, not policies despite everything. Because certain processes have been wrongly interpreted by practitioners in Turkey, concession in nature of capitulations have been granted continuously and the present change process has been reached. I would like to quote a sentence of Machiavelli: "Don't think that the light at the end of the tunnel is brightness, it might be the headlamp of the train coming onto you." Up to date, we have followed this logic, like firefly flying to light, we have gone to artificial model lights that have almost prepared our fate and lost time continuously. In spite of everything, we are powerful, dynamic, because we are too young so that we can overcome the difficulties. Now it is the right time to change, for a sparkling Turkey in the new millennium: quality in every respect, justice and honesty in every matter, to bring practitioners on power who monitor the technology, treat in justice, develop policies making all individuals constructive and productive, catch with the information era, specialize and work in departments, target to position Turkey at the top of a new world order, and do not target only to save the day.Change is necessary to bring all such positive sentiments into practice. In depends on total democracy, change of major part of political parties code and constitution, realization of economic and social reforms, challenge to bring our education to the level of really developed countries. The noble blood flowing in our vessels will absolutely bring us to our target.In fact, this introductory part was to be included in the section of Conclusions; however, I wanted to point in advance at the economical difficulties in Turkish economy, so that sound evaluations can be made until reaching the Section of Conclusions. I believe you better understand the concept that, the person who has not thought of the fate in advance, returns to the beginning, at the end of the thesis. I think that we do not have time to return to the starting point.