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Over the last few decades the importance of human rights has increased considerably in international relations. With globalization and democratization, more states and individuals develop concerns about the fundamental rights every human is entitled to; regardless of sex, religion and ethnicity. Latin American countries began obtaining their independence over 200 years ago while progressing into becoming working democracies. Yet, they have been plagued by oscillating authoritarian regimes and social conflicts that constrain and inhibit their hopeful development. The majority of the Latin American states have reached a point where further positive growth was expected; yet human violations have taken a backseat within the government of such countries. The case studies shed light on the three main causes of human right violations in Latin America. These are: the abuse of power by the government and the subsequent changes to the constitution to gain further control and authority; the government's inadequacy in dealing with subversive groups; and the deficiency of subsequent democratic governments to bring past offenders to trial for crimes against humanity while giving pardons to those who did face trial. By understanding why the violation of human rights occurred, future infringements can be avoided and fundamental rights will be awarded to all humans. ; 2011-12-01 ; B.A. ; Sciences, Dept. of Political Science ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Introduction / Joseph Marko -- The interrelationship between law, sociology and political sciences / Joseph Marko -- The historic-sociological foundations: state formation and nation building in europe and the construction of the identitarian nation-cum-state paradigm / Joseph Marko, Edith Marko-Stöckl, Benedikt Harzl and Hedwig Unger -- Law and ideology : the ideological conundrums of the liberal-democratic state / Joseph Marko -- Law and sociology: the constructivist and interpretative turn / Joseph Marko -- Against annihilation : the right to existence / Joseph Marko and Hedwig Unger -- Against assimilation : the right to multiple identities / Joseph Marko, Sergiu Constantin, Günther Rautz, Andrea Carlà and Verena Wisthaler -- Against discrimination : the right to equality and the "dilemma of difference" / Joseph Marko -- Against marginalization: the right to effective participation / Joseph Marko and Sergiu Constantin -- From minority protection to multiple diversity governance : in change of the paradigm / Joseph Marko

I. Human Rights and Democratic Movements in Armenia - Human Rights as an "Attractor" of Europeanization Processes of Transcaucasian "Neither War nor Peace Societies" (Artur Mkrtichyan) - Human Rights Defender's Office Armenia (Larisa Alaverdyan) - The Factor of Human Rights Protection as Criteria for the Development in the Social System (Hovhannes Hovhannisyan) - Two Priorities and Two Suggestions in Leading the Way to Human Rights Protection (Gevork Manoukian) - Intrastate Mechanisms of the Protection of Human Political Rights and Freedoms in Armenia (Ashot A. Alexanyan) - The Future of Democracy in Armenia: Institutional and Mass Beliefs Perspectives (Alexander Markarov) II. Human Rights and Education in Armenia - Human Rights in the System of Civic Education Values (Valery Poghosyan) - The Role of Academic Knowledge in Maintaining Tolerance (Ani Muradyan) - Rights of a Child or Duties of Adults.? (Mira Antonyan) - The Right to Education for Children with Special Needs: Inclusive Education in Armenia (Marina Hovhannissyan) - Human Rights Awareness and UNDP Evaluation in Armenia (Kristina Henschen) - Human Rights Education in Armenia – A Base Line Study (Litit Umroyan; Lucig Danielian) III. Human Rights and Minorities in Armenia - Human Rights, Minorities and Human Rights Education in Armenia: An External Perspective (Claudia Mahler; Anja Mihr; Reetta Toivanen) - Minorities and Identity in Armenia (Tatevik Margaryan) - Legal and Real Opportunities for the National Minorities Residing on the Territory of the Republic of Armenia (Hranush Kharatyan)

The concept of human rights is over three millennia old. The oldest document listed three specific rights: physical liberty, shelter, and life. By the present time, many more have been added through various countries' legal systems and important historical documents. Probably the most comprehensive such document is the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although not all-inclusive in terms of incorporating all the human rights proposed by previous documents, the broad acceptance of the Declaration as a model for human rights observance has constituted a hopeful sign. Unfortunately, the protection of human rights has been in a decline for some recent years. Examples and social forces leading to this decline are examined.

Abstract
The article distinguishes metaphysical from practical communitarianism. Metaphysical communitarianism is alleged to involve a concealed ideological element, which leads its adherents to stereotypes when trying to capture the essence of the modern self. The claim is examined that minorities, or other ethnic and cultural groups have collective rights, either moral or legal in nature. Justifications of collective rights resorting to the value of cultural identity are said to be in need of explaining why the proper way of protecting such value is through rights. It is argued that practical communitarianism's case for collective rights needs embracing meta-normative and normative relativism, whose application to political action yields consequences at odds with widespread ethical intuitions.

What explains variation in populist radical right (PRR) support within Western democracies? Specifically, why is contemporary PRR support often and increasingly stronger in areas seemingly detached from the effects of globalization, transnationalism, or immigration, the key issues these parties emphasize? This study articulates a theory of residential constraints to deepen understanding of these spatial patterns. I hypothesize that when citizens are residentially constrained—that is, when their means of reacting to local conditions and "voting with their feet" are limited—they are more likely to support PRR parties. To test this claim, I use a multimethod research design and exploit both quantitative and qualitative evidence from France, an important case of long-standing and geographically divided PRR support. I demonstrate that the PRR performs well in areas where locals' access to services and opportunities is compromised and where opportunities and incentives to relocate are blocked by residential constraints. Residential constraints thus generate a set of relative economic grievances and render them highly salient in localities that may otherwise appear unaffected by more objective hardships and structural decay.

Ever since June 2015, American political discussion has been near-solely dominated by Donald Trump, his ideology, his style and the grievances his voters possess. At the same time, similar figures in Europe were preparing to make victories on their own after being minor forces in the political arena. Despite the amount of attention Trump and similar figures have been receiving, the political ideology they propagate, right-wing populism, has existed for many years in the academic world. In the research paper Obstinate Anger and Pessimism: An (Academic) History of Right-Wing Populism, University of California, Merced political science student Nathan Parmeter explores the history of right-wing populism through an academic lens. The results of his research show that since the modern version of right-wing populism first rose in the 1990s, the same bloc of voters and their economic and social grievances have remained consistent as have the grievances they possess against the state. Furthermore, Mr. Parmeter also notes that the current wave of right-wing populism takes a unique form due to an evolved media landscape and the after-effects of the Great Recession.