Suchergebnisse

Housing rights are now one of the most fundamental social and economic human rights. It is therefore
the duty of every country to implement such rights for its own citizens, irrespective of its economic
development, political situation, or social conditions. Possession of appropriate living conditions determines,
in fact, the possibility of using other, more advanced human rights (e.g. the right to health,
right to development, right to peace, or access to culture). Realization of the right to adequate housing
is increasingly problematic for developed countries. According to the United Nations, there are
over 100 million homeless people worldwide and more than 1 billion inadequately housed. Poland
is an example of a country particularly afflicted by housing problems after the Second World War.
Experiences of Polish democratic transformation after 1989, therefore, provide interesting lessons
(and warnings) for all countries wishing to deal with the social problems arising from housing difficulties.

AbstractHousing rights are now one of the most fundamental social and economic human rights. It is therefore the duty of every country to implement such rights for its own citizens, irrespective of its economicdevelopment, political situation, or social conditions. Possession of appropriate living conditions determines, in fact, the possibility of using other, more advanced human rights (e.g. the right to health, right to development, right to peace, or access to culture). Realization of the right to adequate housing is increasingly problematic for developed countries. According to the United Nations, there areover 100 million homeless people worldwide and more than 1 billion inadequately housed. Poland is an example of a country particularly afflicted by housing problems after the Second World War.Experiences of Polish democratic transformation after 1989, therefore, provide interesting lessons (and warnings) for all countries wishing to deal with the social problems arising from housing difficulties.Keywords: right to adequate housing, human rights, housing rights, social transformation, transition, economic and social human rights, social issues, Poland, United Nations, communism.ResumenEl derecho a la vivienda es uno de los derechos humanos sociales y económicos más elementales. Por lo tanto, es un deber de todos los países implementar esos derechos para susciudadanos y ciudadanas, independependientmente de su desarrollo económico, situación política, o condiciones sociales. La posesión de adecuadas condiciones de vida determinala posibilidad de utilizar otros derechos humanos más avanzados (por ejemplo, derecho a la salud, derecho al desarrollo, derecho a la paz, acceso a la cultura). La realizacióndel derecho a una vivienda adecuada es cada vez más problemática para los países desarrollados. Según las Naciones Unidas, hay más de 100 millones de personas sin hogar en todo el mundo y más de 1000 millones alojadas en viviendas inadecuadas. Polonia es ejemplo de un país particularmente afectado por los problemas de vivienda después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Experiencias de la transformación democrática de Polonia después de 1989 ofrecen lecciones interesantes (y advertencias) para todos los países que deseen hacer frente a los problemas sociales derivados de las dificultades de vivienda.Palabras clave: derecho a la vivienda, derechos humanos, transformación social, transición, derechos económicos y sociales, cuestiones sociales, Polonia, Naciones Unidas, comunismo.

AbstractHousing rights are now one of the most fundamental social and economic human rights. It is therefore the duty of every country to implement such rights for its own citizens, irrespective of its economicdevelopment, political situation, or social conditions. Possession of appropriate living conditions determines, in fact, the possibility of using other, more advanced human rights (e.g. the right to health, right to development, right to peace, or access to culture). Realization of the right to adequate housing is increasingly problematic for developed countries. According to the United Nations, there areover 100 million homeless people worldwide and more than 1 billion inadequately housed. Poland is an example of a country particularly afflicted by housing problems after the Second World War.Experiences of Polish democratic transformation after 1989, therefore, provide interesting lessons (and warnings) for all countries wishing to deal with the social problems arising from housing difficulties.Keywords: right to adequate housing, human rights, housing rights, social transformation, transition, economic and social human rights, social issues, Poland, United Nations, communism.ResumenEl derecho a la vivienda es uno de los derechos humanos sociales y económicos más elementales. Por lo tanto, es un deber de todos los países implementar esos derechos para susciudadanos y ciudadanas, independependientmente de su desarrollo económico, situación política, o condiciones sociales. La posesión de adecuadas condiciones de vida determinala posibilidad de utilizar otros derechos humanos más avanzados (por ejemplo, derecho a la salud, derecho al desarrollo, derecho a la paz, acceso a la cultura). La realizacióndel derecho a una vivienda adecuada es cada vez más problemática para los países desarrollados. Según las Naciones Unidas, hay más de 100 millones de personas sin hogar en todo el mundo y más de 1000 millones alojadas en viviendas inadecuadas. Polonia es ejemplo de un país particularmente afectado por los problemas de vivienda después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Experiencias de la transformación democrática de Polonia después de 1989 ofrecen lecciones interesantes (y advertencias) para todos los países que deseen hacer frente a los problemas sociales derivados de las dificultades de vivienda.Palabras clave: derecho a la vivienda, derechos humanos, transformación social, transición, derechos económicos y sociales, cuestiones sociales, Polonia, Naciones Unidas, comunismo.

Adequate housing plays a central role in people's lives as housing conditions influence people's health, the relationship between members of the households as well as their social life. As a developing country, Indonesia faces alarming challenges to provide affordable and adequate housing for its citizens, particularly for disadvantaged groups. The right to adequate housing is recognised in international conventions ratified by Indonesia and is also incorporated in Indonesian domestic legislation. However, this is not sufficient to guarantee the realisation of such right in practice. This study has identified that the right to adequate housing is often infringed at the local level, for instance through discriminatory regulation of access to affordable housing and in cases of forced evictions. The understanding of the human rights perspective at all levels of government is needed in implementing the right to housing. This requires a comprehensive approach. The right to housing is not just a matter of providing buildings, but it involves careful planning and budgeting, transparent regulations regarding land ownership and availability, social and economic acceptability, as well as cultural customs and expectations. To support the implementation of the right to housing, this study proposes that Indonesia improves its processes of decision making on the basis of the concept of "accountability as a process". This process contains the following elements: participation, monitoring, accountability mechanisms, remedies and redress, and enforcement measures. Taking these elements seriously at the local and national level will assist in developing housing policies and law that are consistent with international and national human rights obligations. This study makes a number of concrete recommendations for Indonesian legislators and policy-makers to fully integrate these elements into their housing policies and law.