Suchergebnisse

When a military regime undertakes rule over a country for a lengthy period, stresses over policies and political succession place great strains upon the unity within the ranks and between the branches of the services. This unity, which is a prerequisite to peaceful transition to civil authority, is examined in Brazil's case by comparative tests of the military elite ideology in three key areas : development, internal security, and international relations. Using as a means the essays of the service authors in their professional journals, the study concludes that the range of differences has not reached the limits of threatened fracture, and that stable transition remains possible

MOST OF THE SHI'I MUJTAHIDS (RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES) OF THE PAST TWO CENTURIES HAVE HELD THAT THERE HAVE BEEN THREE OFFICES IN SHI'ISM DEALING WITH THE AFFAIRS OF MUSLIM BELIEVERS. THE OFFICE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RELIGIOUS MATTERS AND THAT OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE HAVE BOTH BEEN UNQUESTIONABLY ENTRUSTED TO THE MUJTAHIDS. THE THIRD OFFICE IS THAT OF POLITICS AND RULERSHIP. THE IDEA OF THE LATTER BEING UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE ULAMA (RELIGIOUS LEADERS) DURING THE GREATER OCCULTATION (GHAYBAT-I KUBRA) OF THE TWELFTH IMAM (I.E. THE HIDDEN IMAM) HAS NOT BEEN UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXAMINE THE POSITION OF THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS IN IRAN TOWARD THE PROBLEM OF RULERSHIP DURING THE FIRST FEW DECADES OF THE QAJAR RULE AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTS CENTURY.

SummaryDuring the last 15 years or so, the study of Chinese history in the United States and Europe has been transformed through new foci of interest as well as the employment of social science methodologies. This article surveys a selected number of recent publications and categorizes them according to five themes: "commoners, women, and outsiders", "the structural approach", "state and society", "China andl'histoire globale", and "China and the West". It is demonstrated that the continuities within Chinese development, including the progressive demographic expansion of the Chinese population, the formulation and exercise of gentry rulership, the general vigour of the economy, and increased regional and subregional agricultural/industrial production and distribution are not confined to specific dynastic periods and should be viewed in a long-term context.