Suchergebnisse

AbstractRural development in Botswana has proceeded using a non‐directive approach. During the period 1973–1979 sectoral programmes for promoting development in rural areas have been administered by executive ministries, but, in addition, there has been non‐executive machinery devoted to achieving a co‐ordinated approach to development in rural areas. The emphasis in the work of the non‐executive rural development unit was to promote communication and co‐operation, and the success of the programme so far is partly attributed to this approach. The article points to additional lessons to be learnt from the experience of using this approach.

The author reviews the evolution of rural development policy and planning in Zimbabwe within three periods: 1890-1977; 1977-1980; 1980-1989. Two components have emerged: internal development within Communal Areas; resettlement of peasant farmers mainly onto former white farmland. Despite marked political and ideological changes, rural planning and policy have shown some continuity in outlook and procedures. Recent progress in peasant agricultural production is encouraging, but the problems of increasing population pressures seem intractable and to be worsening in many Communal Areas. (DÜI-Sth)

AbstractTanzania did not have the kind of agricultural policies, popular participation, or government bureaucratic capacity necessary for integrated rural development projects to perform well. Nonetheless the World Bank, EEC, and United States each implemented such projects there during the 1970s. The implementation and achievements of the projects varied considerably due to differences in their design as well as decisions made by the implementation teams. However the experiences of all three projects demonstrate two things: no agricultural development project can adapt to producer price disincentives; and both participation and project management require a 'critical minimum' level of finance and resources which the Tanzanian bureaucracy does not have. The latter observation raises the question of whether donors should attempt to build management capacity in fourth world bureaucracies or, as Goran Hyden suggests, avoid the government and work through other institutions and local organizations.

Zusammenfassender Bericht über drei Projekte. Trotz großer Unterschiede in den Ausgangsvorstellungen der Träger (Weltbank, FAO, USAID) und während der Durchführung, zeigten sich nach Projektabschluß ähnliche Mängel: ungenügende Anpassung an staatliche Preispolitik für Agrarprodukte; geringe Partizipation der Endempfänger und der örtlich Verantwortlichen; unflexible örtliche Verwaltung führt vorwiegend nur Entscheidungen der Zentralverwaltung aus; personell und materiell unzureichend ausgestattete Regierungsbürokratie. Künftig seien grundsätzliche Überlegungen auf Seiten der ausländischen Träger unvermeidbar, ein "kritisches Minimum" an Finanzen und Ausstattung zu sichern und sich auf dauerhaftes Engagement einzustellen, - bezogen auf die Vierte Welt allgemein und speziell auf Tansania mit seiner besonders teuren Bürokratie. (APA-Glz)

Assesses available research on effective rural development strategies; US; 8 articles.

A report of the conference on the legal, economic, and social aspects of African refugee problems, which took place in Addis Ababa in October 1967, appeared in this Journal, V, 4, December 1967. That conference had recognised three phases of activity on the African refugee problem: the phase of succour and relief when the refugees first pour across the frontiers of the countries of asylum; the second phase, when they are rescued from their overcrowded reception areas, and established on the land to produce their own food, with at least a minimum of social services and amenities; and the third phase, which was of most interest to the conference, involving the new concept of zonal integration and development. Since then there has been some important progress in clarifying, planning, and putting into practice this new form of rural development, which by now merits a separate report.