Suchergebnisse

In the Philippines, women and children with disabilities were found to have lower literacy and school participation rates, and generally have lower educational attainment, than male persons with disability (PWDs) and nondisabled children. This paper is part of the joint project of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies and the Institute of Developing Economies. It looked into the school participation of children with disability in Mandaue City and San Remigio, Cebu, Philippines. Using survey data (collected involving PWD enumerators) and key informant interviews with various stakeholders, the study found that school participation among PWD children is generally low in both study sites. Possible reasons for low school participation are: type and severity of impairment, distance of school (especially in rural area, San Remigio), household size, and income. Some recommendations include making sure that assistive devices given to PWD children match their needs, possible learning livelihood and basic health care modules/trainings for parents, exploring ways to train more teachers (including the Alternative Learning System or ALS) to handle children with disabilities, and possible local government unit partnerships to provide venues for the ALS. Lastly, the study recommends pushing for more awareness to make schools not just "child friendly" but also "PWD friendly".

The United States invaded Afghanistan after the attacks of 9/11 to fight the Global War on Terror against al Qaeda and to abolish the Taliban regime. This created high hopes of change for a peaceful future in the Afghan society, but the expectations stayed unfulfilled: The U.S.-led counterinsurgency Operation Enduring Freedom ignored the structure of tribal networks of the Pashtuns, their historical development and their Pashtunwali code, which led to a dramatic comeback of the revitalized Taliban. A lot of wrong political decisions and the unwillingness, to take responsibility for the nation-building process in Afghanistan affected the dynamics of the virulent insurgency. Especially poor Pashtun tribes in rural, underdeveloped areas in southern and eastern Afghanistan suffer from the consequences of state failure after the invasion, which pushed a revival of the Islamic extremists. The masterthesis "Die Hydra der Taliban. Auswirkungen der US-geleiteten Intervention Operation Enduring Freedom auf paschtunische Netzwerke in Afghanistan" deals with the controversial war in Afghanistan, which was provoked by the United Stated. The comeback of the Taliban is linked with this military operation particularly between the years 2002 and 2007 and claryfies why the mission failed. ; eingereicht von: Isabell Schaurhofer, BEd ; Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1829609

This article illuminates the value of the concept of the region in political ecology and environmental justice studies by presenting three arguments about the role of regions in environmental justice social movements engaged in climate change mitigation in California's San Joaquin Valley. First, regional planning agencies and environmental justice advocates are engaged in conflicts over not only the content of regional climate change plans, but the very definitions of region and the authority used to put these regional visions into action. Second, regional organizing provides environmental justice movements with new opportunities to address regional economic patterns and to negotiate with regional planning agencies, both of which influence local manifestations of environmental injustice. Third, regional strategies raise significant dilemmas for these movements as they try to sustain engagement across extensive spatial territories and engage with a broad set of policy and economic protagonists. Together, this analysis demonstrates that a dynamic approach to regions, regionalism, and regionalization can assist political ecology and environmental justice scholars in their common aim of understanding the co-production of social and environmental inequity and collective action to change it.Key Words: Environmental justice, regional political ecology, climate change mitigation, regional planning, rural community development

AbstractAccess to justice is one of the significant pre-requisites for sustainable human development and it has been made available in the form of both the formal and informal systems stretching from the very top of the judiciary to the local justice system in Bangladesh. The formal justice system, even though it plays the most pivotal role, has been facing huge pressure from case backlogs, which ultimately hampers the true spirit of justice. On the other hand, most people's perception towards informal justice system is also fairly poor with lack of trust due to partisan political interference, corruption, religious dogmas, and social elitism, which have made this system almost ineffective. Consequently, state-sponsored local justice system has come forward with a view to combining the both streams in a single channel in the form of restorative justice and a quorum of quasi-formal justice system aimed at ensuring and dispensing justice to the people in rural areas in an affordable and convenient manner. In line with this view, village courts have been established to redress petty civil and criminal issues. This article attempts to examine the feasibility of the present legal framework of village courts to deliver justice efficiently at the grassroots level.

In recent years pastoral regions of western China have been subjected to significant spatial transformation in the name of economic development and environmental protection. Scholarly accounts of these regions have often focused on the state's efforts to sedentarise herding households; this article, however, examines the significance of the administrative recategorisation of a pastoral district and the relocation of its centre, in line with the state's policy of creating towns in rural areas. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Alasha, in the west of Inner Mongolia, I show how this particular transformation involved the combination of elements from two distinct spatial formations which characterised state territorialisation in this part of China in the early socialist period: the pastoral district or commune, and the military-agricultural colony. While much recent literature has highlighted the enduring legacy of pre-socialist spatiality in the face of the modern state's projects of spatial reconfiguration, this article attends to the ways in which the spatial transformations of the early socialist period continue to reverberate today. I show how, for local ethnic Mongolians, the meanings inscribed upon the landscape during this period, and the infrastructural orientations which were established then, today sit awkwardly with official visions of an urban future.

The present study aims to measure the technical efficiency and establish core factors affecting rice production in Cambodia. A four-year dataset generated from the central government document 'Profile on Economics and Social' of 25 entire provinces between 2012 and 2015 and the stochastic production frontier model (SFA) was applied. The results indicated that the level of output (quantity) of Cambodian rice production varied according to the different level of capital investment in agricultural machineries, total rice actual harvested area, and technical fertilizer application within provinces. Furthermore, evidence revealed that the overall mean efficiency of rice production is 78.4%, which implies that there is still room to further improve technical efficiency given the same level of inputs and technology. More importantly, the findings revealed that irrigation, production techniques and amount of agricultural supporting staff are the most important influencing factors of rice production's technical efficiency in Cambodia. In conclusion, the present study strongly recommends the development of irrigation systems and good water management practices to be considered and bring about more effective actions by the central government as well as related agencies for improving rice production in Cambodia in addition to capital investment and improving technical skills of supporting staff and rural farmers.

Reducing maternal and child mortality is the most important goal of the National Rural Health Mission. Indian government has worked towards its commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Huge investments are being made by Government of India to achieve these goals. A well framed roadmap is being developed for accelerating child survival and improving maternal health and 16 indicators is selected for this purpose. The improvement in these indicators shows the way towards the achievement of MDGs. India has made considerable progress over the last few years since NRHM in the area of maternal and child health, which was further accelerated after introduction of RMNCHA+ () strategy which appropriately directs the states to focus their efforts on the most vulnerable and disadvantaged sections of the society in the country. Main focus is healthy mothers and child. It also emphasizes on the need to reinforce efforts in those poor performing districts that have already been identified as the high focus districts. 'Continuum care' is required to have equal focus on various life stages. Improvement in these indicators provide an understanding the importance of 'continuum of care' to ensure equal focus on various life stages. Some low performing districts had shown an improvement over period of time in its RMNCHA+ indicators.

The lowest level of population pyramid is the segment, consisting of more than 3.5 billion of people. These people earn less than Rs.200 a day and are termed as poor or low income people. Due to insufficient income and inadequate savings these people mainly face two types of risks: (i) related to property and (ii) related to body. These people constitute an untouched market of insurance but given proper guidance, proper channels and right products, even they can form a significant part of the insurance market in terms of demand. To boost this segment to purchase insurance policies is to facilitate them with a product in which the terms and conditions are modified to suit their needs. This product is capable to tap the rural market and is called 'Micro insurance'. The article also stresses the obstacles faced and the benefits of the same.Microinsurance is a tool for increasing economic growth and development by providing small scale, low premium insurance policies to members of the poorest strata of society in the developing world. In this paper, I will be focusing on the ways in which micro insurance programs, Micro-insurance delivery models, how government helps, Micro insurance Products, Challenges and suggestions.

Fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age in resource-limited countries. Although prevention and treatment of febrile illnesses have improved, the costs—both financial and nonfinancial—remain barriers to care. Using data from the 2009 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey, we describe the costs associated with the care of a febrile child and assess predictors of care-seeking behavior. Over 80% of caregivers sought care for their febrile child, however less than half did so on either the day of or the day after the development of fever. The odds of seeking care decreased with each additional month of the child's age. Caregivers living in rural areas were more likely to seek care, however were less likely to seek care promptly. Caregivers with at least a primary school education and those familiar with the protective effect of bed nets and the need to seek care promptly were more likely to seek care. Despite government assistance, the majority of caregivers did incur costs (mean 13,173 Ugandan shilling; $6.84 U.S. dollars) associated with medical care. Continued efforts targeting barriers to seeking care, including the economic burden, are necessary.

This research set out to evaluate whether the periodic review, adaptations and implementation strategies in the B Sc access programs with foundation provision in the Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology at Walter Sisulu University from 1998 to 2007 have had any impact on the number of B Sc graduates produced. The study also evaluated whether the programs addressed issues such as redress, access and success for which they were initiated in conjunction with government policies and available resources. A longitudinal action research that involved review of program models, selection criteria, curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, monitoring and impact was carried out. Data was collected annually from 1998 to 2011 and a three phase analysis was made. The overall analysis indicated that the programs afford an alternate entry point to higher education and training (HET) to aspiring science matriculates in a semi urban/rural catchment area providing redress and access. The students from the programs from 1998 to 2007 (without considering the effects of attrition and migration) have made a commendable 14% contribution to the annual FSET number of B Sc graduates where the annual allowed intake of access students is about 15%. Key words: Access, foundation provision, extended programs, academic development, success, graduation

This article illuminates the value of the concept of the region in political ecology and environmental justice studies by presenting three arguments about the role of regions in environmental justice social movements engaged in climate change mitigation in California's San Joaquin Valley. First, regional planning agencies and environmental justice advocates are engaged in conflicts over not only the content of regional climate change plans, but the very definitions of region and the authority used to put these regional visions into action. Second, regional organizing provides environmental justice movements with new opportunities to address regional economic patterns and to negotiate with regional planning agencies, both of which influence local manifestations of environmental injustice. Third, regional strategies raise significant dilemmas for these movements as they try to sustain engagement across extensive spatial territories and engage with a broad set of policy and economic protagonists. Together, this analysis demonstrates that a dynamic approach to regions, regionalism, and regionalization can assist political ecology and environmental justice scholars in their common aim of understanding the co-production of social and environmental inequity and collective action to change it.Key Words: Environmental justice, regional political ecology, climate change mitigation, regional planning, rural community development

Uncovering magnitude, trend, and spatial pattern of land cover/land use changes (LCLUC) is crucial for understanding mechanisms of LCLUC and assisting land use planning and conservation. China has been undergoing unprecedented economic growth, massive rural-to-urban migration, and large-scale policy-driven ecological restoration, and therefore encountering enormous LCLUC in recent decades. However, comprehensive understandings of spatiotemporal LCLUC dynamics and underlying mechanisms are still lacking. Based on classification of annual LCLU maps from MODIS satellite imagery, we proposed a land change detection method to capture significant land change hotspots over Northern China during 2001–2013, and further analyzed temporal trends and spatial patterns of LCLUC. We found rapid decline of agricultural land near urban was predominantly caused by urban expansion. The process was especially strong in North China Plain with 14,057 km2 of urban gain and −21,017 km2 of agricultural land loss. To offset the loss of agricultural land, Northeast China Plain and Xinjiang were reclaimed. Substantial recovery of forests (49,908 km2) and closed shrubland (60,854 km2) occurred in mountainous regions due to abandoned infertile farmland, secondary succession, and governmental conservation policies. The spatial patterns and trends of LCLUC in Northern China provide information to support effective environmental policies towards sustainable development.

В статье приводится краткий обзор истории появления и развития высшего женского медицинского образования в нашей стране на протяжении XVIII, XIX, начала XX веков. Отображено отношение общественности, властей и самих женщин к проблеме женского высшего образования вообще и медицинского в частности. Показано непреходящее стремление женщин на протяжении обозначенного периода к получению образования высшего уровня, их стремление лечить и облегчать страдания в самых тяжелых условиях: на войне и в сельской глубинке. Отражена поддержка идеи высшего женского медицинского образования выдающимися врачами-мужчинами, в том числе Николаем Васильевичем Склифосовским ; The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence and development of women's medical education in our country during the 18th, 19th and the beginning of 20th century. In this article the attitude of the society, government and women is reflected to a problem of the women's high education in general and medical high education particularly. It is shown that women have a strong desire for getting degree during specified period. Moreover, their desire to treat and alleviate the suffering in the most difficult conditions: the war and the rural hinterland. Idea about female's high medical education is supported by great male doctors including Nicolay Vasilyevich Skifosovskiy.

In Himachal Pradesh, 85 per cent of the female work force is in agriculture and 60 per cent of the total work force in agriculture and allied activities is female. Women are a storehouse of traditional knowledge of agriculture (cropping patterns and rotation), conservation methods, cuisines and medicinal plants. The current development scenario is changing women's lives for the worse. The degradation of the environment and the neglect of rural household needs have a great impact on biomass-based subsistence societies, with the women bearing the brunt of such changes. This article discusses how land acquisition for industry and hydro power, the non-profitability of and loss of interest in agriculture and its consequent decline for all the above-mentioned reasons are affecting women. The article discusses why the state needs to address the displacement of women from livelihoods and also the declining social cohesion caused by reduced agriculture and reduced community feeling and increased commercialisation and penetration of the market. The article also discusses how Jan Abhiyan Sanstha (JAS) and other civil society organisations have been mobilising communities, especially women, to prevent acquisition of rich agricultural land and loss of ecology and livelihoods.

Handicrafts industry comprises diversified artistic and decorative products portfolio with its large variety and contributes significantly to the national economy by way of both exports and employment generation. The decline of productions of Handicrafts items that started during the British Role continued even in the independent India for lack of adequate support and the invasion of the machine made goods even in the rural areas. The conflicting policies in India's handicrafts sector can be traced well right from the beginning of the Post Independence Period, which fettered its growth causing loss to human creativity, employments, earnings and exports. Objectives - To investigate the historical perspective of Indian handicrafts during the Pre-British Period, the Period of Colonial Rule and the Post Independence Period. To assess the growth potential of handicrafts, its Problems and to find out the steps taken to promote the sector. Methodology - The present work is a diagnostic study. The sources of data are secondary sources obtained various journals, reports and websites. Data Analysis - The data obtained are processed, interpreted and analysed through numerical calculations and graphically. Conclusion-Handicrafts sector offers enormous prospects for increasing the opportunities for income and employments and plays an important role in the economic development.