During 2000 Finland and the USSR had special relations. Finland's foreign and defense policy was highly dependent on the USSR. Their cooperation went through four stages: starting from Finland being a part of Russian empire, to being one of the most important allies in the Western and Nordic Europe. The last period dates go back to the end of the Cold War. Finland come to conceive Russia not only as a threat to their homeland, but also as a possible partner and ally in helping to create secure community across the Baltic Sea region. The collapse of the former Soviet Union, the rise of new states in the neighborhood of Finland and the changed attitude of Russia towards Finland allowed Finns to adopt new defense and foreign policy. This allowed Finland to join the European Union and NATO program Partnership for Peace (PfP). Since 1991 Finns have paid a special attention towards the development of security in the Baltic Sea region, where the most important task was Russia's integration into European institutions and its democratization. Baltic Sea could become a bridge for achieving Russia's integration. Scandinavian countries, the Baltic States and Russia may turn the Baltic Sea region into a big economic and cultural network.[.].
During 2000 Finland and the USSR had special relations. Finland's foreign and defense policy was highly dependent on the USSR. Their cooperation went through four stages: starting from Finland being a part of Russian empire, to being one of the most important allies in the Western and Nordic Europe. The last period dates go back to the end of the Cold War. Finland come to conceive Russia not only as a threat to their homeland, but also as a possible partner and ally in helping to create secure community across the Baltic Sea region. The collapse of the former Soviet Union, the rise of new states in the neighborhood of Finland and the changed attitude of Russia towards Finland allowed Finns to adopt new defense and foreign policy. This allowed Finland to join the European Union and NATO program Partnership for Peace (PfP). Since 1991 Finns have paid a special attention towards the development of security in the Baltic Sea region, where the most important task was Russia's integration into European institutions and its democratization. Baltic Sea could become a bridge for achieving Russia's integration. Scandinavian countries, the Baltic States and Russia may turn the Baltic Sea region into a big economic and cultural network.[.].
During 2000 Finland and the USSR had special relations. Finland's foreign and defense policy was highly dependent on the USSR. Their cooperation went through four stages: starting from Finland being a part of Russian empire, to being one of the most important allies in the Western and Nordic Europe. The last period dates go back to the end of the Cold War. Finland come to conceive Russia not only as a threat to their homeland, but also as a possible partner and ally in helping to create secure community across the Baltic Sea region. The collapse of the former Soviet Union, the rise of new states in the neighborhood of Finland and the changed attitude of Russia towards Finland allowed Finns to adopt new defense and foreign policy. This allowed Finland to join the European Union and NATO program Partnership for Peace (PfP). Since 1991 Finns have paid a special attention towards the development of security in the Baltic Sea region, where the most important task was Russia's integration into European institutions and its democratization. Baltic Sea could become a bridge for achieving Russia's integration. Scandinavian countries, the Baltic States and Russia may turn the Baltic Sea region into a big economic and cultural network.[.].
. Legal rules possess a certain organizing principle which is greatly important in nowadays crisis Russian conditions of "transition period" for insufficiently initiative population who has got accustomed to depend upon the command from the top. Criminological legislation (laws and other legislative acts which in total form juridical basis of control of criminality) may be divided on criminal legislation (legislation which contains criminal law rules) and criminological legislation in the narrow sense of the word, which regulates activity which prevents committing the crimes but does not connect with application of criminal punishment and other measures of criminal repression. 2. Criminological legislation in the true sense consists of the following six groups of legal ndes which accordingly regulate: 1) criminological policy; 2) resocialization of criminal contingent of population; 3) prevention of crimes commited by minors and youth; 4) victimological prevention of crimes and social help to victims (victimological legislation); 5) activity of subjects of social control of criminality; 6) control of financial activity and also of turnover of certain things: drugs, drastic substances, weapon and ammunition, cultural and historical values, currency and others - which especially often become objects of crimes. 3. Russia needs changing of Criminal Code principles and goals (functions) of punishment in such a way which regards as of paramount importance compensation of injury to the victim and preventing the offender from commiting further crimes. Also it is greatly desirable to pass the Basis of Russia legislation about social control of criminality and according to it systematize, remake (in ideal, codify) criminological legislation in the true sense and, in order to develop it, to pass a number of laws, in particular, about control of family violence and youth criminality. ; Teisinėms normoms būdingas tam tikras organizuojamasis poveikis. Jis šiandieninėje krizės apimtoje Rusijoje pereinamojo laikotarpio sąlygomis ypač svarbus neaktyviems, prie komandų pripratusiems piliečiams. Kriminologiniai įstatymai (įstatymai ir kiti teisiniai aktai, sudarantys nusikalstamumo kontrolės juridinį pagrindą) gali būti suskirstyti į baudžiamuosius įstatymus, apibrėžiančius baudžiamosios teisės normas, ir kritninologinius Įstatymus siaurąja prasme. Jie reglamentuoja nusikalstamumo prevenciją, tačiau nenumato baudžiamosios bausmės taikymo ir kitų baudžiamosios represijos priemonių. Kriminologinius įstatymus sudaro 6 teisiniu normų grupės, reglamentuojančios: 1) kriminologinę politiką; 2) baudžiamojo gyventojų kontingento resocializaciją; 3) nepilnamečiu ir jaunų žmonių nusikalstamumo prevenciją; 4) viktimologinę nusikaltimu prevenciją ir socialine pagalbą aukoms (viktimologiniai įstatymai); 5) socialinės nusikalstamumo kontrolės subjektų veiklą; 6) finansinės veiklos ir tokių prekių kaip narkotikai, ginklai ir amunicija, kultūrinės ir istorinės vertybės, valiuta ir kt., kurios ypač dažnai tampa nusikaltimu objektais, apyvartos kontrole. Rusijoje būtina pakeisti Baudžiamojo kodekso principus ir bausmės tikslus. Labai svarbu aukai atlyginti padarytą žalą ir apsaugoti nusikaltusi asmenį, kad nepadarytą daugiau nusikaltimu. Svarbu priimti bazinius socialinės nusikalstamumo kontrolės įstatymus ir susisteminti, patobulinti (o geriausia - kodifikuoti) kriminologinius įstatymus. Šiam tikslui pasiekti būtina priimti kitus įstatymus (reglamentuojančius prievartos šeimoje kontrolę ir nepilnamečių nusikalstamumą).
A chalcedony disc with the image of a child's face was discovered during the excavations at the Mokino cemetery (Western Urals, Perm region, Russia) dated to the Iron Age. It was found in the context of warrior burial with traces of nomadic (Sarmatian) influence. The disc seems to be a Roman military phalera used during the Early Principate. Disputing that this was a "Cupid" type, the authors propose that the elder brother of the Emperor Caligula was depicted on this phalera. About 30 medals of this kind can be found in European museums. Later the phalera was used as a pommel on a sword (or dagger) handle by a Sarmatian warrior. ; Okrogla ploščica iz kalcedona z upodobitvijo otroškega obraza je bila odkrita pri izkopavanju nekropole 4. in 5. st. v Mokinu (Perm, zah. Ural, Rusija). Ploščica je bila odkrita v bojevniškem grobu s sledovi nomadskega (sarmatskega) vpliva. Zdi se, da gre za rimsko vojaško falero, ki je bila uporabljana v obdobju zgodnjega principata. V kontroverzni upodobitvi t. im. "Amorja" avtorji predlagajo identifikacijo s starejšim bratom cesarja Kaligule. V različnih evropskih muzejih se je ohranilo okoli 30 takšnih faler. Pozneje je bila falera uporabljena kot glavič meča ali bodala sarmatskega vojščaka.
The main transformation courses in Serbia and its capital have been portrayed covering the period of the 19th century's last three decades, i.e. the aftermath of the partial national liberation from the centuries lasting Turkish occupation. Political and economic changes in the princedom and later the kingdom of Serbia prompted the capital's swift transformation and the construction of numerous edifices, especially those accommodating government or public institutions. The construction of the Royal Theatre several Ministries, schools, hotels and other public edifices brought to the capital the new building spirit clearly influenced by the European historic style architecture. Through a chronological overview of the major stateowned and public edifices construction and their architectural form analyses, some key characteristics of this period's architecture in Serbia have been elucidated, with reference to some authors` importance and their relationship with the European building art. The emphasis is put on the reflection of certain phases, which the architectural form had undergone at the end of the 19th century. The changes became manifest through the permanent enrichment of the architectural expression and the construction advancement, thereby achieving the European centers standing. The creation of closer links with the adjacent neighborhoods, namely Zemun and Pancevo and subsequently with the broader European surroundings, particularly Budapest and Vienna, where most of the authors came from, introduced the European academic architecture spirit into Serbian architecture. However, in the first period, analysed in part one of this study, by the end of the 60s and during the 70s of the 19th century, because of adverse political and economic times, only a fairly small number of public edifices were built. Distinguished are the Theatre at the Stambol Gate, the new hotel at the Serbian Crown, and the hotel Russia, in whose formal expression the transitional phase characteristics might be discerned. Under the influence of the academic neo-renaissance, this period's essential trait was the interweaving of the new formal elements with the motifs of the previous romantic epoch. ; U radu su prikazani osnovni tokovi preobražaja Srbije i njene prestonice u poslednje tri decenije 19. veka, nakon ostvarivanja delimičnog nacionalnog oslobođenja posle viševekovne turske vlasti. Političke i ekonomske promene u Kneževini, kasnije Kraljevini, Srbiji uticale su na ubrzani urbani preobražaj prestonice i izgradnju velikog broja novih građevina, posebno za smeštaj državnih i društvenih ustanova. Izgradnja Pozorišta, Kraljevog dvora, brojnih ministarstava, škola, hotela i drugih javnih zdanja donela je u srpsku prestonicu novi duh graditeljstva, koji je bio pod neposrednim uticajem evropske arhitekture istorijskih stilova. Kroz hronološki prikaz izgradnje najznačajnijih državnih i društvenih građevina i analizu njihovog arhitektonskog oblikovanja, u radu se izlažu osnovne karakteristike srpske arhitekture posmatranog perioda, značaj pojedinih autora i njihov odnos prema tadašnjem evropskom graditeljstvu. Težnja je bila da se jasnije sagledaju određene faze kroz koje je prošlo arhitektonsko oblikovanje krajem 19. veka. Promene su se manifestovale kroz stalno obogaćivanje arhitektonskog izraza i unapređenje izvođenja, što je rezultiralo dostizanjem nivoa razvijenih evropskih centara. Uspostavljanje neposrednijih veza sa najbližim susedstvom, Zemunom i Pančevom, a zatim i širim evropskim okruženjem, posebno Peštom i Bečom, odakle su dolazili autori ovih zdanja, unosi u srpsku arhitekturu duh evropske akademske arhitekture. Međutim, u prvom periodu, koji se analizira u prvom delu rada, krajem šezdesetih i tokom sedamdesetih godina 19. veka, zbog loših političkih i ekonomskih prilika, izgrađen je mali broj javnih zdanja. Izdvajaju se Pozorište na Stambol kapiji, novi hotel Kod srpske krune i hotel Rusija, u čijem oblikovanju uočavamo karakteristike prelaznog perioda, kod koga se prožimaju novi oblikovni elementi pod uticajem akademske neorenesansne arhitekture s motivima karakterističnim za prethodnu, romantičarsku, epohu.
