Suchergebnisse

The usage of the concept of "Baltic region" and the topic of geographical coverage is still relevant to nowadays people. To know, what it actually means, you need to make a research on this concept and geographical coverage, on the reasons of their existence during the period of different political processes from its beginning till nowadays approach. Czar of Russia Nicolas I was influenced by Germans who lived in the territory of Russian Empire and approved self-government of Estonia and Livonia in German living lands. It was approved in 1845 and was called "Pre- Baltic", from the year 1860 people started calling it by the name of "Baltic". During Ist World War, the same historical and political situation of creating a country appeared in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland. For this reason, politicians of these countries fought in Western Europe for recognition and separation form their countries from Russian Empire. These countries planed to establish The Great Baltic League, which would have been a political and economical unity and would have protected the freedom of Baltic Sea: 1. Scandinavian: Denmark, Norway and Sweden; 2. Estraen Baltic: Finland, Estonia, Latvia; 3. Southern Baltic: Lithuania and Poland. It should by mentioned that such division of counties during this period identifies those days concept of "Baltic" because it was realised as a part of Russian Empire, which reached the Baltic Sea and as a result of Ist World War, freed from its yoke. Because of constant disagreements between Lithuania and Poland (the problem of Vilnius county) and agreement between Sweden and Finland (the problem of the Aland islands). The parliament of Finland ruined plans of Poland of becoming of the one who unites Baltic countries by denying this plan and idea of union.[.].

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

Historically, food safety was a part of national regulation so EU food safety policy is quite phenomenal and associated with the implementation of the principles of the single market .The aim of the thesis is to explore the EU's food safety policy's peculiarities in Lithuania emphasizing the case of african swine fever. In order to achieve this goal the thesis is based on scientific literature analysis , documentation and legislative analysis , qualitative content analysis and semi- structured interviews. The first chapter examines the theoretical access of EU food safety policy. K.Paul's, V.Schmidt's and other author's ideas about the importance of discourse when seeking to explain institutional changes are analysed. The second part examines EU's food safety policy , it's principles, changes and decision- making process. Legal documents which governing EU food safety policy is analysed. The key actors of European level food safety policy are emphasized. The third chapter examines the food safety in Lithuania . Analysis of food safety legislation in Lithuania is made by distinguishing institutions which are involved in food safety policy process. Functions of the State Food and Veterinary service are emphasized. The fourth part of the paper analyzes the problems of african swine fever in Lithuania. A qualitative media content analysis allowed to identify the existing discourses and problems which are emphasized in media. Semi- structured interviews with the responsible authorities , politicians and other stakeholders allowed to achieve a better understanding of the decisions and stakeholder position of african swine fever. Results leaded to the conclusion that Lithuania accepted more drastic decisions than is required by EU legislation which has caused dissatisfaction within environmentalist and losses to pig farmers . However, due to african swine fever infection in Lithuania and Poland pork export is suspended to Russia from EU although the EU itself prohibited export only from the affected areas , which suggests that the EU's food safety system is not always recognized by the third parties.

In this thesis there are analyzed aspects how changes person physical and legal entity status, after judicial conviction is entering into force in respect of the Republic of Lithuania, when person is designated by criminal penalty. Analyzing changes of single person`s legal status there were studied laws and regulations of the Republic of Lithuania that govern the enforcement of penalties. There were analyzed other literature about enforcement of penalties. There were investigated legislation, legal literature of Russia, Germany, Latvia, Sweden, England and international laws. Status of convicted person concludes person`s general legal position, special rights and obligations that are determined by legislation and court conviction. The specific situation of convicted person depends on general and special rights and obligations of the convict. Status of convicted person most depends on the type of criminal punishment. Persons, that are punished for the penalties that are unrelated with imprisonment in many cases provided in laws implement the same rights in the order as the persons who are not been convicted. Penalty of imprisonment has the greatest influence on a person's legal situation. As heavier is criminal punishment for person, the person has more limited individual rights and freedom, and there are emerging more legal duties. Convicted legal person may also use general and specific rights of the convicted person and shall exercise general and specific duties. But has no possibilities to influence their legal status at the penalty time. The convict at the penalty time can affect his legal situation in the cases when well-behaved convict shows initiative, works, learns he may be granted by incentive measures, which may improve the legal position of the convicted, but in cases when the convicted person violates the prohibitions or fails mandatory duties of convict can be imposed by disciplinary sanctions, which worsens the situation of convict person depriving or limiting possibilities to use the specific rights.

In this thesis there are analyzed aspects how changes person physical and legal entity status, after judicial conviction is entering into force in respect of the Republic of Lithuania, when person is designated by criminal penalty. Analyzing changes of single person`s legal status there were studied laws and regulations of the Republic of Lithuania that govern the enforcement of penalties. There were analyzed other literature about enforcement of penalties. There were investigated legislation, legal literature of Russia, Germany, Latvia, Sweden, England and international laws. Status of convicted person concludes person`s general legal position, special rights and obligations that are determined by legislation and court conviction. The specific situation of convicted person depends on general and special rights and obligations of the convict. Status of convicted person most depends on the type of criminal punishment. Persons, that are punished for the penalties that are unrelated with imprisonment in many cases provided in laws implement the same rights in the order as the persons who are not been convicted. Penalty of imprisonment has the greatest influence on a person's legal situation. As heavier is criminal punishment for person, the person has more limited individual rights and freedom, and there are emerging more legal duties. Convicted legal person may also use general and specific rights of the convicted person and shall exercise general and specific duties. But has no possibilities to influence their legal status at the penalty time. The convict at the penalty time can affect his legal situation in the cases when well-behaved convict shows initiative, works, learns he may be granted by incentive measures, which may improve the legal position of the convicted, but in cases when the convicted person violates the prohibitions or fails mandatory duties of convict can be imposed by disciplinary sanctions, which worsens the situation of convict person depriving or limiting possibilities to use the specific rights.

The Paper aims to provide an analysis of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in the Civil process. The main idea of the principle is, that when a decision by the lower court is appealed, the court of a higher jurisdiction considering the case is not entitled to take a decision, that would be worse than the previous one to the appealing party, when the decision of the court of a lower jurisdiction is appealed by one party. Therefore, "Non reformationis in peius" principle represents an additional method of control of validity of a court's decision. The Paper consists of two parts. The first part gives an analysis of essence of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle and its meaning in the Civil process. It also reveals origins of the principle, i.e. conditions under which the principle emerged in Civil process and its development in history. Closer attention is paid to development of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in Lithuanian Civil process law in the 20th century. At the end of the first part of the Paper is given a short comparative analysis of implementation of the principle in the neighbouring countries such as Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Russia. Such analysis helps to disclose a different approach towards implementation of the principle even in the neighbour states. The second part contains analysis of relation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle with the other principles of Civil process, and its implementation separately in the process of appeal, cassation and the process renewal cases. More attention is paid to cases, when the "Non reformationis in peius" principle shall not be applied, i.e. when a court is not restrained by requirements of the principle. When separate stages of Civil process are considered, attention is paid to the essence of those stages and possibilities of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle at such stages, since, as it was mentioned the principle shall not be applied in all cases.

The Paper aims to provide an analysis of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in the Civil process. The main idea of the principle is, that when a decision by the lower court is appealed, the court of a higher jurisdiction considering the case is not entitled to take a decision, that would be worse than the previous one to the appealing party, when the decision of the court of a lower jurisdiction is appealed by one party. Therefore, "Non reformationis in peius" principle represents an additional method of control of validity of a court's decision. The Paper consists of two parts. The first part gives an analysis of essence of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle and its meaning in the Civil process. It also reveals origins of the principle, i.e. conditions under which the principle emerged in Civil process and its development in history. Closer attention is paid to development of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in Lithuanian Civil process law in the 20th century. At the end of the first part of the Paper is given a short comparative analysis of implementation of the principle in the neighbouring countries such as Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Russia. Such analysis helps to disclose a different approach towards implementation of the principle even in the neighbour states. The second part contains analysis of relation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle with the other principles of Civil process, and its implementation separately in the process of appeal, cassation and the process renewal cases. More attention is paid to cases, when the "Non reformationis in peius" principle shall not be applied, i.e. when a court is not restrained by requirements of the principle. When separate stages of Civil process are considered, attention is paid to the essence of those stages and possibilities of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle at such stages, since, as it was mentioned the principle shall not be applied in all cases.

The Paper aims to provide an analysis of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in the Civil process. The main idea of the principle is, that when a decision by the lower court is appealed, the court of a higher jurisdiction considering the case is not entitled to take a decision, that would be worse than the previous one to the appealing party, when the decision of the court of a lower jurisdiction is appealed by one party. Therefore, "Non reformationis in peius" principle represents an additional method of control of validity of a court's decision. The Paper consists of two parts. The first part gives an analysis of essence of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle and its meaning in the Civil process. It also reveals origins of the principle, i.e. conditions under which the principle emerged in Civil process and its development in history. Closer attention is paid to development of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle in Lithuanian Civil process law in the 20th century. At the end of the first part of the Paper is given a short comparative analysis of implementation of the principle in the neighbouring countries such as Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Russia. Such analysis helps to disclose a different approach towards implementation of the principle even in the neighbour states. The second part contains analysis of relation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle with the other principles of Civil process, and its implementation separately in the process of appeal, cassation and the process renewal cases. More attention is paid to cases, when the "Non reformationis in peius" principle shall not be applied, i.e. when a court is not restrained by requirements of the principle. When separate stages of Civil process are considered, attention is paid to the essence of those stages and possibilities of implementation of the "Non reformationis in peius" principle at such stages, since, as it was mentioned the principle shall not be applied in all cases.

From the point of view of the starting positions the most radical change is taking place in the historiography of Lithuania because, unlike the historiography of Russia, Poland and even that of Belarus, whose national narrative formed on the basis of historical methodology, the "Baltophilic" paradigm, that is, the pre-scientific paradigm of pragmatism, remains the essential component in this narrative in Lithuania. The situation of the historiography of Belarus is the most complicated one from the point of view of the possibility for change. On the one hand, it is only now that the process is going through the "national" paradigm formation stage, and on the other hand, it still features a strong prevalence of the Moscow-centric paradigm of communist origin. This can account for the radicalism of the national Belarusian narrative, which brought to life the "Litva / Letuva" distinction. However, it is impossible to explain the "Litva / Letuva" distinction by means of nationalism alone. It is necessary to further elucidate the links of this distinction with the political events of 1990-1991, which are related to the territorial claims (for Vilnius and Klaipeda) lodged by the USSR to Lithuania which was seeking independence and eventually declared independence. Also, it is necessary to see this distinction within the context of the geopolitical and strategic goals and tactics of Lithuania's neighbour to the east, which is known from the realities of 1920-1926. On the other hand, it is necessary to elucidate the links with the political conflict between Poland and Lithuania over Vilnius in 1920-1922, and on the whole, with the conflicts between the modem nations that appeared in the GDL region, as well as the links with Russia's de-polonisation and administrative policy of the 19th century.

In these Master theses are analyzed the characteristics of fixed-term employment contracts in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia. To prevent abuse arising from fixed-term employment contracts the countries define imperative requirements in their labour laws. The object of these theses is to compare the provisions of labour laws, related to the regulation of the fixed-term employments contracts, to present the generalization thereof, to discuss the problems of provisions' realization in practice and to make suggestions to the legislator. In the first part of the theses the importance of employment contract's institute is pointed, the countries' main labour laws are reviewed and the conception of employment contract and its types are discussed. The second part is about the conclusion of fixed-term employment contracts: the content of fixed-term employment contracts (obligatory and additional conditions) is discussed, the general rules of term determination are defined, the preconditions and restrictions of fixed-term employment contracts are analyzed. In the third part of theses the rules of law, related to the implementation and amendment of fixed-term employment contracts, are analyzed – it is pointed that the amendments are made according to the reason and duration of amendment and the type of employment conditions to be amended. The principles of non-discrimination of fixed-term workers and information about vacancies are also discussed. The last, fourth, part is about the termination of fixed-term employment contracts. The following grounds for termination are analyzed: upon expiry of the term, due to agreement between the parties, on initiative of employee and employer. After analysis of labour laws, examples of the court practice and other sources related to the fixed-term employment contracts, the conclusions of the Master theses are made in which suggestions to the legislator are also presented.

From the point of view of the starting positions the most radical change is taking place in the historiography of Lithuania because, unlike the historiography of Russia, Poland and even that of Belarus, whose national narrative formed on the basis of historical methodology, the "Baltophilic" paradigm, that is, the pre-scientific paradigm of pragmatism, remains the essential component in this narrative in Lithuania. The situation of the historiography of Belarus is the most complicated one from the point of view of the possibility for change. On the one hand, it is only now that the process is going through the "national" paradigm formation stage, and on the other hand, it still features a strong prevalence of the Moscow-centric paradigm of communist origin. This can account for the radicalism of the national Belarusian narrative, which brought to life the "Litva / Letuva" distinction. However, it is impossible to explain the "Litva / Letuva" distinction by means of nationalism alone. It is necessary to further elucidate the links of this distinction with the political events of 1990-1991, which are related to the territorial claims (for Vilnius and Klaipeda) lodged by the USSR to Lithuania which was seeking independence and eventually declared independence. Also, it is necessary to see this distinction within the context of the geopolitical and strategic goals and tactics of Lithuania's neighbour to the east, which is known from the realities of 1920-1926. On the other hand, it is necessary to elucidate the links with the political conflict between Poland and Lithuania over Vilnius in 1920-1922, and on the whole, with the conflicts between the modem nations that appeared in the GDL region, as well as the links with Russia's de-polonisation and administrative policy of the 19th century.

From the point of view of the starting positions the most radical change is taking place in the historiography of Lithuania because, unlike the historiography of Russia, Poland and even that of Belarus, whose national narrative formed on the basis of historical methodology, the "Baltophilic" paradigm, that is, the pre-scientific paradigm of pragmatism, remains the essential component in this narrative in Lithuania. The situation of the historiography of Belarus is the most complicated one from the point of view of the possibility for change. On the one hand, it is only now that the process is going through the "national" paradigm formation stage, and on the other hand, it still features a strong prevalence of the Moscow-centric paradigm of communist origin. This can account for the radicalism of the national Belarusian narrative, which brought to life the "Litva / Letuva" distinction. However, it is impossible to explain the "Litva / Letuva" distinction by means of nationalism alone. It is necessary to further elucidate the links of this distinction with the political events of 1990-1991, which are related to the territorial claims (for Vilnius and Klaipeda) lodged by the USSR to Lithuania which was seeking independence and eventually declared independence. Also, it is necessary to see this distinction within the context of the geopolitical and strategic goals and tactics of Lithuania's neighbour to the east, which is known from the realities of 1920-1926. On the other hand, it is necessary to elucidate the links with the political conflict between Poland and Lithuania over Vilnius in 1920-1922, and on the whole, with the conflicts between the modem nations that appeared in the GDL region, as well as the links with Russia's de-polonisation and administrative policy of the 19th century.

From the point of view of the starting positions the most radical change is taking place in the historiography of Lithuania because, unlike the historiography of Russia, Poland and even that of Belarus, whose national narrative formed on the basis of historical methodology, the "Baltophilic" paradigm, that is, the pre-scientific paradigm of pragmatism, remains the essential component in this narrative in Lithuania. The situation of the historiography of Belarus is the most complicated one from the point of view of the possibility for change. On the one hand, it is only now that the process is going through the "national" paradigm formation stage, and on the other hand, it still features a strong prevalence of the Moscow-centric paradigm of communist origin. This can account for the radicalism of the national Belarusian narrative, which brought to life the "Litva / Letuva" distinction. However, it is impossible to explain the "Litva / Letuva" distinction by means of nationalism alone. It is necessary to further elucidate the links of this distinction with the political events of 1990-1991, which are related to the territorial claims (for Vilnius and Klaipeda) lodged by the USSR to Lithuania which was seeking independence and eventually declared independence. Also, it is necessary to see this distinction within the context of the geopolitical and strategic goals and tactics of Lithuania's neighbour to the east, which is known from the realities of 1920-1926. On the other hand, it is necessary to elucidate the links with the political conflict between Poland and Lithuania over Vilnius in 1920-1922, and on the whole, with the conflicts between the modem nations that appeared in the GDL region, as well as the links with Russia's de-polonisation and administrative policy of the 19th century.

In these Master theses are analyzed the characteristics of fixed-term employment contracts in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia. To prevent abuse arising from fixed-term employment contracts the countries define imperative requirements in their labour laws. The object of these theses is to compare the provisions of labour laws, related to the regulation of the fixed-term employments contracts, to present the generalization thereof, to discuss the problems of provisions' realization in practice and to make suggestions to the legislator. In the first part of the theses the importance of employment contract's institute is pointed, the countries' main labour laws are reviewed and the conception of employment contract and its types are discussed. The second part is about the conclusion of fixed-term employment contracts: the content of fixed-term employment contracts (obligatory and additional conditions) is discussed, the general rules of term determination are defined, the preconditions and restrictions of fixed-term employment contracts are analyzed. In the third part of theses the rules of law, related to the implementation and amendment of fixed-term employment contracts, are analyzed – it is pointed that the amendments are made according to the reason and duration of amendment and the type of employment conditions to be amended. The principles of non-discrimination of fixed-term workers and information about vacancies are also discussed. The last, fourth, part is about the termination of fixed-term employment contracts. The following grounds for termination are analyzed: upon expiry of the term, due to agreement between the parties, on initiative of employee and employer. After analysis of labour laws, examples of the court practice and other sources related to the fixed-term employment contracts, the conclusions of the Master theses are made in which suggestions to the legislator are also presented.