An important role in the formation of modern Lithuanian society was played by pharmacists who at the beginning of the 20th century were one of the most numerous parts of Lithuanian intelligentsia. They chose a job in a pharmacy not as a mission of life but due to political, social, and economic reasons. The majority of pharmacists were children of peasants who had refused to obey their parents and study in the seminary of priests. Those people who had been ousted from gymnasiums because of an anticzarist activity or those who had not finished school due to the lack of money also became pharmacists. Young men who had chosen a way of self-support left to the biggest cities of Russia and started the practice of an apprentice in a pharmacy. Later, they took examinations to become an assistant of a pharmacist, and after two years of studies at university, they took examinations of a pharmacist at last. Having got a diploma, they usually did not return to their motherland because there was a large network of pharmacies; thus, business conditions were harder, of course. They established pharmacies in various provinces of Russia most often, and it is supposed that only 10% of Lithuanian pharmacists worked in their native country. Living and working in a Russian environment, however, they enshrined national patriotic ideas, were active participants in social activities, published a Lithuanian professional newspaper "Farmaceutų reikalai" (translation, "Matters of pharmacists"), and attempted to unite all Lithuanians living in czarist Russia to struggle against denationalization, to encourage people to return to their motherland, and to work for its good. This article deals with the path for a career of Lithuanian pharmacists in czarist Russia and their national patriotic activity.
The formation of national units in the Russian army began in 1914 during the First World War. They allowedfor the creation of national formations of Poles, Czechs, Armenians, Georgians and Latvians. Afterthe February revolution of 1917, at a similar time to the Estonians and Ukrainians, Lithuanian soldiers whoserved in the Russian army also started to create units. Formed in different places, the Lithuanian unitsdid not reach the homeland in an organised manner. However, there were repeated attempts to presentthis Lithuanian military organisation in Russia after the war as the origins of the national army. Theseattempts intensified when veterans of national units started to come together in Lithuania, and in 1937they established a separate organisation, the Kariuomenės pirmūnų sąjunga [Association of Army Predecessors].It highlighted the contribution of Lithuanians to the Great War, but there was not enough timebefore 1940 to develop its activities as planned. The article reveals the reasons for and the circumstancesof the creation of Lithuanian national units, and examines how and why former soldiers from these units,who lived in Lithuania during the interwar period, joined the organisation.
The formation of national units in the Russian army began in 1914 during the First World War. They allowedfor the creation of national formations of Poles, Czechs, Armenians, Georgians and Latvians. Afterthe February revolution of 1917, at a similar time to the Estonians and Ukrainians, Lithuanian soldiers whoserved in the Russian army also started to create units. Formed in different places, the Lithuanian unitsdid not reach the homeland in an organised manner. However, there were repeated attempts to presentthis Lithuanian military organisation in Russia after the war as the origins of the national army. Theseattempts intensified when veterans of national units started to come together in Lithuania, and in 1937they established a separate organisation, the Kariuomenės pirmūnų sąjunga [Association of Army Predecessors].It highlighted the contribution of Lithuanians to the Great War, but there was not enough timebefore 1940 to develop its activities as planned. The article reveals the reasons for and the circumstancesof the creation of Lithuanian national units, and examines how and why former soldiers from these units,who lived in Lithuania during the interwar period, joined the organisation.
The formation of national units in the Russian army began in 1914 during the First World War. They allowedfor the creation of national formations of Poles, Czechs, Armenians, Georgians and Latvians. Afterthe February revolution of 1917, at a similar time to the Estonians and Ukrainians, Lithuanian soldiers whoserved in the Russian army also started to create units. Formed in different places, the Lithuanian unitsdid not reach the homeland in an organised manner. However, there were repeated attempts to presentthis Lithuanian military organisation in Russia after the war as the origins of the national army. Theseattempts intensified when veterans of national units started to come together in Lithuania, and in 1937they established a separate organisation, the Kariuomenės pirmūnų sąjunga [Association of Army Predecessors].It highlighted the contribution of Lithuanians to the Great War, but there was not enough timebefore 1940 to develop its activities as planned. The article reveals the reasons for and the circumstancesof the creation of Lithuanian national units, and examines how and why former soldiers from these units,who lived in Lithuania during the interwar period, joined the organisation.
The formation of national units in the Russian army began in 1914 during the First World War. They allowedfor the creation of national formations of Poles, Czechs, Armenians, Georgians and Latvians. Afterthe February revolution of 1917, at a similar time to the Estonians and Ukrainians, Lithuanian soldiers whoserved in the Russian army also started to create units. Formed in different places, the Lithuanian unitsdid not reach the homeland in an organised manner. However, there were repeated attempts to presentthis Lithuanian military organisation in Russia after the war as the origins of the national army. Theseattempts intensified when veterans of national units started to come together in Lithuania, and in 1937they established a separate organisation, the Kariuomenės pirmūnų sąjunga [Association of Army Predecessors].It highlighted the contribution of Lithuanians to the Great War, but there was not enough timebefore 1940 to develop its activities as planned. The article reveals the reasons for and the circumstancesof the creation of Lithuanian national units, and examines how and why former soldiers from these units,who lived in Lithuania during the interwar period, joined the organisation.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, is there a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea? This study is specifically concerned with Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea under requirements of the international law. The main aim of this thesis is that the Russian Federation had annexed Crimea, a part of Ukraine. After annexation the parliament of Russia adopted the constitutional act. According to this constitutional act, citizens of Ukraine residing in Crimea are recognized as citizens of Russia. Under the Constitution of Ukraine there is no recognition of multiple citizenship; so voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship is one of the grounds for initiating a procedure of terminating Ukrainian citizenship. However, Ukrainian officials stated that Ukraine will continue considering Crimean residents, including those who will apply and will be issued Russian passports, as citizens of Ukraine and will guarantee them political and economic rights. Migration Service of Ukraine stated that Ukrainian citizenship can be terminated only after a person who permanently lives abroad; acquires another citizenship and then applies to have his Ukrainian citizenship terminated. Citizenship termination comes into effect after the President of Ukraine signs a decree on this matter. It means that no act of the Russian Federation can terminate the citizenship of Ukrainian citizens. The thesis has three major purposes: 1) to analyze granting and recognition of citizenship under requirements of the international law; 2) to analyze, if Federal law on the Russian Federation citizenship meets requirements of the international law; 3) to analyze, is there a duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis researched in this thesis is that there is no duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Main methods were employed in this study: research of international law documents establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; analysis of documents of international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; comparative method to find out if Russia's law on citizenship met rules under international law; analysis of other international documents to find out, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. The thesis is composed of three chapters. First chapter identifies and analyzes documents of the international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law. Analysis covers acquisition of nationality, loss of nationality, requirements to persons who want to acquire nationality, dual citizenship and diplomatic protection in foreign state. Second chapter identifies Russian federation law of citizenship; and analyzes if this law meet rules under international law of citizenship. Third chapter analyzes, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. It was found that each state under its own law; determines who are its nationals, and under what requirements. The other states have to recognize that law if it meets international treaties and principles of international law. One conclusion was that even if the law of the Russian Federation meets all requirements for nationality of the European convention on Nationality; this law cannot be applicable to the citizens of annexed Crimea. Most members of the General Assembly of the United Nations had voted and affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that there is no duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea on these grounds: 1) Most members of General Assembly affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders; It is possible to have multinational citizenship in some states, meanwhile, it is impossible to have it in the others. 2) The Government of Ukraine stated that all citizens of annexed Crimea are citizens of Ukraine, because acquisition of citizenship of Russia's federation was not voluntarily. 3) Annexed territory of Crimea is de jure territory of Ukraine; it means that under international law, law of the Russia's federation cannot be applicable in the territory of the annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis has been proved.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, is there a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea? This study is specifically concerned with Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea under requirements of the international law. The main aim of this thesis is that the Russian Federation had annexed Crimea, a part of Ukraine. After annexation the parliament of Russia adopted the constitutional act. According to this constitutional act, citizens of Ukraine residing in Crimea are recognized as citizens of Russia. Under the Constitution of Ukraine there is no recognition of multiple citizenship; so voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship is one of the grounds for initiating a procedure of terminating Ukrainian citizenship. However, Ukrainian officials stated that Ukraine will continue considering Crimean residents, including those who will apply and will be issued Russian passports, as citizens of Ukraine and will guarantee them political and economic rights. Migration Service of Ukraine stated that Ukrainian citizenship can be terminated only after a person who permanently lives abroad; acquires another citizenship and then applies to have his Ukrainian citizenship terminated. Citizenship termination comes into effect after the President of Ukraine signs a decree on this matter. It means that no act of the Russian Federation can terminate the citizenship of Ukrainian citizens. The thesis has three major purposes: 1) to analyze granting and recognition of citizenship under requirements of the international law; 2) to analyze, if Federal law on the Russian Federation citizenship meets requirements of the international law; 3) to analyze, is there a duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis researched in this thesis is that there is no duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Main methods were employed in this study: research of international law documents establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; analysis of documents of international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; comparative method to find out if Russia's law on citizenship met rules under international law; analysis of other international documents to find out, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. The thesis is composed of three chapters. First chapter identifies and analyzes documents of the international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law. Analysis covers acquisition of nationality, loss of nationality, requirements to persons who want to acquire nationality, dual citizenship and diplomatic protection in foreign state. Second chapter identifies Russian federation law of citizenship; and analyzes if this law meet rules under international law of citizenship. Third chapter analyzes, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. It was found that each state under its own law; determines who are its nationals, and under what requirements. The other states have to recognize that law if it meets international treaties and principles of international law. One conclusion was that even if the law of the Russian Federation meets all requirements for nationality of the European convention on Nationality; this law cannot be applicable to the citizens of annexed Crimea. Most members of the General Assembly of the United Nations had voted and affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that there is no duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea on these grounds: 1) Most members of General Assembly affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders; It is possible to have multinational citizenship in some states, meanwhile, it is impossible to have it in the others. 2) The Government of Ukraine stated that all citizens of annexed Crimea are citizens of Ukraine, because acquisition of citizenship of Russia's federation was not voluntarily. 3) Annexed territory of Crimea is de jure territory of Ukraine; it means that under international law, law of the Russia's federation cannot be applicable in the territory of the annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis has been proved.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, is there a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea? This study is specifically concerned with Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea under requirements of the international law. The main aim of this thesis is that the Russian Federation had annexed Crimea, a part of Ukraine. After annexation the parliament of Russia adopted the constitutional act. According to this constitutional act, citizens of Ukraine residing in Crimea are recognized as citizens of Russia. Under the Constitution of Ukraine there is no recognition of multiple citizenship; so voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship is one of the grounds for initiating a procedure of terminating Ukrainian citizenship. However, Ukrainian officials stated that Ukraine will continue considering Crimean residents, including those who will apply and will be issued Russian passports, as citizens of Ukraine and will guarantee them political and economic rights. Migration Service of Ukraine stated that Ukrainian citizenship can be terminated only after a person who permanently lives abroad; acquires another citizenship and then applies to have his Ukrainian citizenship terminated. Citizenship termination comes into effect after the President of Ukraine signs a decree on this matter. It means that no act of the Russian Federation can terminate the citizenship of Ukrainian citizens. The thesis has three major purposes: 1) to analyze granting and recognition of citizenship under requirements of the international law; 2) to analyze, if Federal law on the Russian Federation citizenship meets requirements of the international law; 3) to analyze, is there a duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis researched in this thesis is that there is no duty of states, under international law, to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. Main methods were employed in this study: research of international law documents establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; analysis of documents of international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law; comparative method to find out if Russia's law on citizenship met rules under international law; analysis of other international documents to find out, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. The thesis is composed of three chapters. First chapter identifies and analyzes documents of the international law establishing rules of granting and recognizing citizenship under international law. Analysis covers acquisition of nationality, loss of nationality, requirements to persons who want to acquire nationality, dual citizenship and diplomatic protection in foreign state. Second chapter identifies Russian federation law of citizenship; and analyzes if this law meet rules under international law of citizenship. Third chapter analyzes, if there is a duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea. It was found that each state under its own law; determines who are its nationals, and under what requirements. The other states have to recognize that law if it meets international treaties and principles of international law. One conclusion was that even if the law of the Russian Federation meets all requirements for nationality of the European convention on Nationality; this law cannot be applicable to the citizens of annexed Crimea. Most members of the General Assembly of the United Nations had voted and affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that there is no duty of states to recognize Russia's grant of citizenship to citizens of annexed Crimea on these grounds: 1) Most members of General Assembly affirmed its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders; It is possible to have multinational citizenship in some states, meanwhile, it is impossible to have it in the others. 2) The Government of Ukraine stated that all citizens of annexed Crimea are citizens of Ukraine, because acquisition of citizenship of Russia's federation was not voluntarily. 3) Annexed territory of Crimea is de jure territory of Ukraine; it means that under international law, law of the Russia's federation cannot be applicable in the territory of the annexed Crimea. Initial hypothesis has been proved.
Over the last two years Russian and European Union, as well as Russian and Lithuanian relations became the worst since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia's annexation of Crimea peninsula and aggression in Eastern Ukraine has made a serious impact on relations with Russian and for security of the European Continent. After all, not so long ago EU and Russia was strategic partners, developed common projects and was preparing to renew a Strategic Partnership Agreement. However at this moment EU is imposing economic sanctions on Russia. At that time Moscow even not trying to accomplish Minsk agreement. Lithuania–Russia relations was consistently complicated. In 2004 Lithuania's accession to the EU made a possibility to influence and increase one's role in EU-Russian relations by using Foreign policy instruments - Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). To some purpose Lithuania is the country which criticizing Russia's actions the most in the EU. In this thesis is trying to find out Lithuanian role in forming the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russia during the crisis in Ukraine. The aim of the thesis – by using European integration theories to analyze Lithuanian role of the formation of the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russian Federation in 2014-2015. The first part of the thesis is written about the European integration theories. By using these theories in this thesis is trying to present the main ideas and postulates of the European integration. The second part of the thesis is written about the Common Foreign and Security Policy historical development. Also in this part of the thesis is identifying the national States role in CFSP decision making. It is important to mention that in this part of the thesis is trying to find out why the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy is not that effective and common. The third part of the thesis is written about Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia since 1990 to present day. Also in this part is analyzing the main three phases of the Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia. The last part of the thesis is analyzing Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius official discourse towards Russia in 2014-2015.
Over the last two years Russian and European Union, as well as Russian and Lithuanian relations became the worst since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia's annexation of Crimea peninsula and aggression in Eastern Ukraine has made a serious impact on relations with Russian and for security of the European Continent. After all, not so long ago EU and Russia was strategic partners, developed common projects and was preparing to renew a Strategic Partnership Agreement. However at this moment EU is imposing economic sanctions on Russia. At that time Moscow even not trying to accomplish Minsk agreement. Lithuania–Russia relations was consistently complicated. In 2004 Lithuania's accession to the EU made a possibility to influence and increase one's role in EU-Russian relations by using Foreign policy instruments - Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). To some purpose Lithuania is the country which criticizing Russia's actions the most in the EU. In this thesis is trying to find out Lithuanian role in forming the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russia during the crisis in Ukraine. The aim of the thesis – by using European integration theories to analyze Lithuanian role of the formation of the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russian Federation in 2014-2015. The first part of the thesis is written about the European integration theories. By using these theories in this thesis is trying to present the main ideas and postulates of the European integration. The second part of the thesis is written about the Common Foreign and Security Policy historical development. Also in this part of the thesis is identifying the national States role in CFSP decision making. It is important to mention that in this part of the thesis is trying to find out why the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy is not that effective and common. The third part of the thesis is written about Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia since 1990 to present day. Also in this part is analyzing the main three phases of the Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia. The last part of the thesis is analyzing Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius official discourse towards Russia in 2014-2015.
Over the last two years Russian and European Union, as well as Russian and Lithuanian relations became the worst since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia's annexation of Crimea peninsula and aggression in Eastern Ukraine has made a serious impact on relations with Russian and for security of the European Continent. After all, not so long ago EU and Russia was strategic partners, developed common projects and was preparing to renew a Strategic Partnership Agreement. However at this moment EU is imposing economic sanctions on Russia. At that time Moscow even not trying to accomplish Minsk agreement. Lithuania–Russia relations was consistently complicated. In 2004 Lithuania's accession to the EU made a possibility to influence and increase one's role in EU-Russian relations by using Foreign policy instruments - Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). To some purpose Lithuania is the country which criticizing Russia's actions the most in the EU. In this thesis is trying to find out Lithuanian role in forming the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russia during the crisis in Ukraine. The aim of the thesis – by using European integration theories to analyze Lithuanian role of the formation of the EU common Foreign and Security policy against Russian Federation in 2014-2015. The first part of the thesis is written about the European integration theories. By using these theories in this thesis is trying to present the main ideas and postulates of the European integration. The second part of the thesis is written about the Common Foreign and Security Policy historical development. Also in this part of the thesis is identifying the national States role in CFSP decision making. It is important to mention that in this part of the thesis is trying to find out why the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy is not that effective and common. The third part of the thesis is written about Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia since 1990 to present day. Also in this part is analyzing the main three phases of the Lithuanian foreign policy towards Russia. The last part of the thesis is analyzing Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius official discourse towards Russia in 2014-2015.
The object of the master thesis is the Russian political regime under the conditions of the US sanctions. The goal of the thesis is to identify the effects of the rally around the flag phenomenon in the authoritarian regime and answer the question of why it is supported by voters despite the context of introduction of the US sanctions and consequential deterioration of economic conditions. Main tasks of the thesis: analysis of the existing approaches in political theory to study the rally around the flag phenomenon, analysis of the political and economic sanctions as an instrument of international law and international politics; examination of the process of introduction of the Western sanctions after the annexation of the Crimea in March, 2014; identification of the relations between the dependant variables (approval of the Russian president and government) and independent macro economic variables. Methodologically, the study is a time series analysis of the OLS regression. In the analysis, it was concluded that the rally around the flag is a substantial phenomenon in the Russian politics, as well as general trends and features of its functioning were identified.
The object of the master thesis is the Russian political regime under the conditions of the US sanctions. The goal of the thesis is to identify the effects of the rally around the flag phenomenon in the authoritarian regime and answer the question of why it is supported by voters despite the context of introduction of the US sanctions and consequential deterioration of economic conditions. Main tasks of the thesis: analysis of the existing approaches in political theory to study the rally around the flag phenomenon, analysis of the political and economic sanctions as an instrument of international law and international politics; examination of the process of introduction of the Western sanctions after the annexation of the Crimea in March, 2014; identification of the relations between the dependant variables (approval of the Russian president and government) and independent macro economic variables. Methodologically, the study is a time series analysis of the OLS regression. In the analysis, it was concluded that the rally around the flag is a substantial phenomenon in the Russian politics, as well as general trends and features of its functioning were identified.
Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.
Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.
