Suchergebnisse

Alfred J. Rieber, The rise of engineers in Russia.
The Russian engineering profession owes much of its professional ethos and ideology to the tradition of les grandes écoles as transmitted by French engineers imbued with St. Simonian ideals who staffed the Institute of Transportation Engineers in the early nineteenth century. Until then, Peter I's vision of a technological society had encountered resistance of the nobility to technical education, competing demands of the army for engineers and changing economic policies of the state. By the mid-nineteenth century Russian engineers controlled the Ministry of Transportation and firmly established a statist policy of economic development.

Since the resurgence of Russia under Putin's leadership the recurring contestation of NATO's legitimacy has evolved from the rhetoric level to a greater oppositional capacity. The features of the New Strategic Concept of the Atlantic Alliance, being outlined by a group of experts, & the new Russian doctrines guiding its external actions that have been approved in the last two years, do not indicate political convergences. The forthcoming NATO Lisbon summit of November 2010 will have to manage a balance between its legitimacy issues towards the Kremlin that have crystallized in Europe, & the need to cooperate with the Russian giant in the global strategic environment. Adapted from the source document.

Bossen, G. D.: A Russia apos as eleicoes presidenciais. - S. 9-32. Pomeranz, L.: As transformacoes economicas e a privatizacao na Russia. - S. 33-47. Strepetova, M. P.: Reorganizacoes institucionais dos anos 90 na Russia. - S. 49-59. Kriashkov, W.: A Russia a caminho do Estado de Direito. - S. 61-72. Sergunin, A.: As regioes contra o centro. Sua influencia sobre a politica externa Russa. - S. 73-86

Russia-China relations have been marked by areas of cooperation built on shared approaches in fundamental foreign policy topics, as well as by some elements of continuity in projects of national consolidation. However, this has not been a relationship without constraints, especially regarding incompatible goals. This article analyses the relations between Russia and China in an internationally changed framework, where the Asia-Pacific region has been gaining growing relevance. Political, economic and security relations are object of analysis, with the aim of understanding the main issues in the agenda and the dynamics that these have generated regarding the bilateral relationship, which is increasingly understood as asymmetrical. Adapted from the source document.

I. Volgyes, Les prisonniers de guerre hongrois en Russie, 1916-1919.
Pendant les quatre années de la Première Guerre Mondiale, plus de 600 000 Hongrois furent faits prisonniers en Russie. Près de 100 000 d'entre eux combattirent aux côtés des Bolcheviks et pour le maintien du pouvoir communiste. Ils contribuèrent au succès des Bolcheviks en aidant à réprimer l'insurrection des SR à Moscou, en renforçant les unités communistes à Jaroslavl' et en jouant le rôle de leaders dans les unités internationalistes de l'Armée rouge, pendant la guerre civile.
Plusieurs raisons significatives déterminèrent l'aide hongroise aux Bolcheviks : une discrimination de classe trop rigide introduite dans la vie des camps de prisonniers, aboutissant à une tension particulière entre officiers et soldats ; l'attrait exercé par les promesses communistes d'un monde nouveau, plus juste ; l'habileté des Bolcheviks à utiliser tour à tour propagande et pression. Toutefois, bien que près de 100 000 hommes aient été prêts à se battre pour les Bolcheviks russes, seule une quantité négligeable était acquise à l'idéologie communiste et très peu d'entre eux devinrent membres des divers partis communistes.