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The author studied the huge work done by researchers on archival materials and sources related to the history of the economic and political life of Russia in the late XIX-early XX centuries, its institutions and representatives. At the same time, the study sometimes goes beyond the accumulated experience and views of Russian scientists (M. Delyagin, V. Katasonov, M. Khazin, A. Rode and others). The relevant opinions of historians are also presented on the subject indicated in the title of the article (N. Danilevsky, Yu. Zhukov, A. Pyzhikov, etc.). One of the results of the study is a brief analysis of the work on establishing large humanitarian-production complexes. The aim of the study was to systematize theoretical approaches to control for their further application in practice. The reasons for the existence of various conceptual approaches in Russia are the uncritical study and application of controlling by experts from different fields of knowledge and the insufficient, if not competent, filling of both curricula and practices. In addition, for a long time, the specific popular perception of private property and its derivative processes in society was not appreciated. In carrying out this study, the author used the methods of structural and functional analysis, historical-comparative and problem-chronological, as well as the epistemological method. The paper systematizes the existing approaches to the classification of controlling and proposes a format that takes into account the features of the model of the controlling system. It is recommended to use the results of theoretical and methodological studies for training specialists in the field of economics and management, as well as in the real practice of large industrial enterprises.

In the modern world the reputation of the company is more and more influenced by its social position.As a result of a longstanding and sustained process of western government capitalist development, a complicated and balanced system of regulating mutual relations between private enterprise, au­thority, society in the sphere of socioeconomic development of countries and separate territories was formed.Nowadays in different countries business participation in solving social problems is either regu­lated hard by the commercial, taxation, labour, environmental legislation or independently under the influence of determined motivations and benefits. In Russia this process is under way in the conditions of dominating governmental positions, weak civil society institutions and oligarchic business development.Social changes in the society are successful only when most important powers are involved. The cooperation of political, social and economic subjects, based on the principles of social partnership, contributes to the steady development of the country. The increasing significance of non-financial development factors (social stability, environmental safety) actualize practical and theoretical aspects of social responsibility. ; In the modern world the reputation of the company is more and more influenced by its social position. As a result of a longstanding and sustained process of western government capitalist development, a complicated and balanced system of regulating mutual relations between private enterprise, au­thority, society in the sphere of socioeconomic development of countries and separate territories was formed.Nowadays in different countries business participation in solving social problems is either regu­lated hard by the commercial, taxation, labour, environmental legislation or independently under the influence of determined motivations and benefits. In Russia this process is under way in the conditions of dominating governmental positions, weak civil society institutions and oligarchic business development.Social changes in the society are successful only when most important powers are involved. The cooperation of political, social and economic subjects, based on the principles of social partnership, contributes to the steady development of the country. The increasing significance of non-financial development factors (social stability, environmental safety) actualize practical and theoretical aspects of social responsibility. ; Dans le monde moderne la réputation de l'entreprise est de plus en plus sous l'inflluencia de sa position sociale. Comme conséquence d'un processus de beaucoup d'années et soutenu d'un dévelo­ppement occidental capitaliste de gouvernement, un système compliqué et équilibré, de régler des relations mutuelles entre l'entreprise privée, l'autorité, la société dans la sphère de développement socio-économique de pays et de territoires séparés a été formée.De nos jours dans la participation de différente affaire de pays dans la solution de problèmes sociaux il est ou réglé tout près le commercial, des impôts, la législation de travail, environnemen­tale ou par séparé sous l'influence de motivations décidées et d'avantages. En Russie ce processus est dans une marche dans les conditions de dominer des positions gouvernementales, de faibles institutions civiles de société et le développement commercial oligarchique.Des changements sociaux de la société sont seulement atteints quand les pouvoirs les plus impor­tants sont impliqués. La coopération des hommes politiques, sociale et économique il fixe, basé sur les principes de société sociale, contribue au développement stable du pays. L'importance croissante de facteurs non financiers de développement (la stabilité sociale, la sécurité environnementale) actualise les aspects pratiques et théoriques de responsabilité sociale.

Corporate social responsibility is focused on finding ways to harmonize the relationship between business, government and society. Russian companies are unique because they are between the Soviet past and the present Market. According to the Russian government, social responsibility is a kind of "payoff" for privatization, in which the state property was given to new owners. While capitalization is one of the most important criteria in international practice, in Russia it is the creation of political conditions favorable for running and developing businesses.

[ES] La lucha dinástica española (1833-1840) tuvo repercusiones en Europa, tanto por el interés de ambos contendientes por lograr apoyos exteriores, como por las consecuencias de la política derivada del Congreso de Viena (1814), en el que se adoptaron medidas para mantener inalterable el mapa político europeo. Si bien las Potencias Moderadas (Austria, Prusia y Rusia) actuaron conjuntamente bajo la dirección del príncipe Metternich, los carlistas tenían cifradas grandes esperanzas en que el impulso ruso hiciese bascular a los demás países en su favor. La lejanía del conflicto, su mayor interés por las cuestiones de Oriente y la escasa confianza en la futura actuación del Pretendiente carlista son algunos de los principales factores que intervinieron en el débil apoyo del Imperio zarista. ; [EN] The Spanish dynastic conflict (1833-1840) had a wide echo in Europe; the contending parts needed foreign help and the war affected the policy designed in the Congress of Vienna (1814), whose main object was to preserve the political map of Europe unaltered. Although Eastern Powers (Austria, Prussia and Russia) followed a single course of action under Metternich, the Carlists hoped that Russian favour would incline them to their side. But the support of the Tsarist Empire was weak and remained always so; the Carlist War was a remote conflict unrelated to its eastern ambitions and Russian authorities did not fully trust the Pretender's future policies. ; Peer reviewed

The paper covers the historical background of entrepreneurship emergence in Russia. The authors assume, that the tendencies contributing to the sole trade creation, had concrete reasons contingent on constant shortage and suppressing of sole trade constituent as well. They were characterized by a certain geographical position along with the people's public life and, what is more, international invasions. Examining some distinctive features of domestic finance formation and market conditions all over the world, Russia was gradually increasing its residents' entrepreneurial agility. However, historically grounded state-bureaucratic structure concerning the masses' interests protection and the businessmen activity regularly sustained that phenomenon. The more the government was striving to regulate and make social development "objective", the more controversial result it was. Instead of taking control over the situation, the public was involved in speculation first and then in egalitarian regression. Independence of entrepreneurial activity may exist if the former management system limits itself. The loss of entrepreneurial base negatively influenced not only the country's financial development, but its financial well-being.

This article is devoted to litigation in the field of intellectual rights on scenario works in Russia, as well as to the legislative basis of intellectual property objects. The most important features of the scenario work as an object of copyright are considered. The concept of the scenario work is defined, examples of judicial practice in Russia related to the protection of scenario works are given. The spectrum of civil-law ways of protecting these rights is analyzed in case of their violation or contestation by third parties. The issue of the presence or absence of discretionary powers of courts in determining the amount of compensation for protecting the violated exclusive right to a scenario work is under consideration.

The article studies aftereffects of restructuring the Russian system of education and personnel training and shows the participation of Russia international academic mobility in the 21st century. It also touches upon the issue of attracting foreign students to overseas universities in conditions of globalization of education service market. The authors analyze the processes taking place in the present and potential 'suppliers' of high school and university students, post-graduate students, trainees and young researchers and study the impact of these processes on the increase in population incomes, demographic situation in the country or region as a whole. The novelty of the research in connected with the education sphere analysis. The authors point out to the important role of students in political life and public movements. Establishing, intensifying and broadening direct partner's links among universities of member-states of EAEU and CIS can foster the development of long-term cooperation in post-soviet space. The article puts forward recommendations for the project aimed at upgrading the training of specialists for foreign countries in Russian universities, mainly for member-states of CIS, post-soviet space and countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

En este artículo se hace un repaso por lo que ha sido la historia del turismo en Rusia. Nos remontamos a una etapa inicial en la que turismo está protagonizado, al igual que sucedía en la Europa occidental por viajeros en busca de formación, conocimientos científicos y geográficos, así como por motivos de salud y de peregrinajes religiosos. Posteriormente, estudiamos cómo fue el turismo en la Unión Soviética; se abrieron oficinas turísticas en fábricas, clubes y en los cuarteles del ejército rojo; son tiempos en los que los bolcheviques politizan el turismo y lo utilizan como herramienta ideológica para sus intereses. Se concluye en el periodo actual en el que se ha cambiado el escenario turístico en Rusia, con un desarrollo muy significativo, cobrando mayor peso específico en el turismo internacional y con una gran valoración por su capacidad de gasto. ; This article is a revision of history of tourism in Russia. We go back to initial time when people traveled with purpose of search of scientific and geographical information, as it was happed in the Western Europe, as well as health travels and religious pilgrimage. Then we analyze how was the tourism in the Soviet Union; tourist offices were opened in factories, clubs and in the red army. It was a time when the Bolsheviks politicize the tourism and use it as an ideological tool for their interests. Finally we describe the current period when the tourism in Russia has been changed with a significant development, and now the Russian tourism has the important role in the international tourism and good evaluation for its expense capacity.

El autor nos señala como la devaluación del rublo, la suspensión de pagos de las deudas privadas externas, y el reescalonamiento de las obligaciones del Estado decretadas por el gobierno de Serguei Kirienko el pasado 17 de agosto, sumen a la Federación de Rusia en su más grave crisis tanto en lo económico financiero como en lo político-institucional, desde el desmembramiento de la Unión Soviética en diciembre de 1991. La importancia de un país sucesor de dos imperios (ruso y soviético) que pese a sus problemas sigue siendo un actor relevante en la comunidad internacional. ; The author analyses how the devaluation of the ruble, the interruption of payment of private external debts and the renegotiation of State duties resolved by Serguei Kirienko s government last 17 August have plunged the Russian Federation into the hardest crisis ever lived since the USSR dissolution in December 1991. The importance of a country which becomes the successor of two empires (the Russian and the Soviet empires) continues to be of relevance to the international community, in spite of this country s internal problems. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

At the beginning of the XXI century the ties between Russia and Spain were tightened after overcoming the Russian economic crisis of the 1990s: trade and the flow of Russian tourists to the Iberian country increased. The Russians began to actively invest in the Spanish real estate market. In the field of international politics, States agreed on the fight against international terrorism and the critique of separatism. However, they had serious discrepancies. The Russian authorities were against the active participation of Spain in the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Nevertheless, the most difficult stage in relations began after the Ukrainian crisis of 2014, when Western countries, including Spain, imposed sanctions on Russia. However, despite the tensions between Russia and the European Union, Madrid maintains a special relationship with Moscow. The Spanish government hosted Russian submarines in Ceuta. ; A principios del siglo XXI después de superar la crisis económica rusa de los 90 se estrecharon los lazos entre Rusia y España: aumentó el volumen de negocios y el flujo de turistas rusos al país ibérico. Los rusos empezaron a invertir activamente en el mercado inmobiliario español. En el ámbito de la política internacional, los Estados coincidían en la lucha contra el terrorismo internacional y la crítica del separatismo. Sin embargo, tenían serias discrepancias. Las autoridades rusas se mostraron en contra de la participación activa de España en la invasión estadounidense de Irak en 2003. Pero la etapa más difícil en las relaciones empezó después de la crisis ucraniana de 2014, cuando los países occidentales, incluida España, impusieron sanciones a Rusia. Sin embargo, a pesar de las tensiones entre Rusia y la Unión Europea, Madrid mantiene una relación especial con Moscú. El Gobierno español acogió submarinos rusos en Ceuta.

In the article they studied the specifics of Russia agro-industrial sector development in connection with the current political and economic instability, they revealed positive and negative aspects for the agriculture sector in conditions of sanctions and counter-sanctions. Besides, they analyzed the indicators characterizing the volumes of domestic product export and import, the losses of individual countries due to sanctions and counter-sanctions. In order to preserve positive shifts and increase the import substitution of agricultural products, they determined problems and possible solutions, offered the trends for the development of Russian agro-industrial sector and the strengthening of food security.

A pesar de la diferencia en los enfoques para comprender la legislación, ésta es entendida como la actividad de los organismos autorizados para el desarrollo, procesamiento y publicación de determinados actos reglamentarios. La elaboración de leyes es la dirección principal de la actividad jurídico-social, creando las condiciones para la existencia y reproducción de la sociedad misma. La legislación implementa formas legales que aseguren un estado más equilibrado de la sociedad. ; Despite the difference in approaches to understanding the legislation, it is understood as the activity of the bodies authorized for the development, processing and publication of certain regulatory acts. The elaboration of laws is the main direction of the legal-social activity, creating the conditions for the existence and reproduction of society itself. The legislation implements legal forms that ensure a more balanced state of society.

The paper presents the current state of innovative entrepreneurship in Russia and foreign countries, which occupies a significant share in the creation of GDP in the economies of developed countries, and also attracts researchers from different countries due to the lack of a unified theory of technological entrepreneurship. One of the reasons which prevent raising the level of innovation in the Russian economy is a low level of activity of technological entrepreneurship entities. Features of technological entrepreneurship predetermine the need to develop measures of regulation, financing, etc. adapted to its specifics. The influence of macroeconomic dynamics on the development of innovative entrepreneurship in Russia is shown, and a comparative analysis of innovative entrepreneurship in Russia and the European Union as an example of developed economies is conducted. The presence of cultural and behavioral barriers to the further development of technological entrepreneurship in Russia is revealed, a conclusion is made about the decisive influence of macroeconomic dynamics and the steady development of the institutional environment for the implementation of technological innovation by small businesses.

The Russian Federation became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. This step determined the development of Russia's judicial system for the coming several decades and made it possible for Russia's national system of law to integrate into judicial landscape of Europe, thereby enabling Russia to uphold democratic values. The emergence of new legislation affected all branches of Russia's system of law. But the experience of the two decades has demonstrated that such modernization can be effective only by way of dialogue rather than by simple copying and implementing international rules. An important role in this process was played by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (RF) that was founded in 1991. The paper reviews the role it played in the 1993 Constitutional crisis, examines the Court's structure and powers, and also analyzes the juridical nature of its decisions. The Author analyzes the collisions between decisions handed down by the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitution of Russia from the point of view of the stand taken by the Constitutional Court of the RF. In the¿ end, the Author arrives at the conclusion that there is a need for a dialogue among European and national systems of justice with the help of filtration mechanisms and multilevel constitutionalism ; The Russian Federation became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. This step determined the development of Russia's judicial system for the coming several decades and made it possible for Russia's national system of law to integrate into judicial landscape of Europe, thereby enabling Russia to uphold democratic values. The emergence of new legislation affected all branches of Russia's system of law. But the experience of the two decades has demonstrated that such modernization can be effective only by way of dialogue rather than by simple copying and implementing international rules. An important role in this process was played by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (RF) that was founded in 1991. The paper reviews the role it played in the 1993 Constitutional crisis, examines the Court's structure and powers, and also analyzes the juridical nature of its decisions. The Author analyzes the collisions between decisions handed down by the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitution of Russia from the point of view of the stand taken by the Constitutional Court of the RF. In the¿ end, the Author arrives at the conclusion that there is a need for a dialogue among European and national systems of justice with the help of filtration mechanisms and multilevel constitutionalism.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 has been considered the essential cause of the awakening of the artistic avant-garde of that country for a long time. One hundred years after the revolutionary events on the political and social scenes, we examined the development of the Russian artistic avant-garde prior to 1917, during the events of the October Revolution of that year and thereafter until 1932. Avant-garde ideas were already present and active in Tsarist Russia and that the Revolution of 1917 would only provide a more glaring framework for the proposals of avant-garde artists. In the same way, it will be demonstrated how the new Soviet status quo ended up drowning the vanguard vortex and establishing a methodology of action and production in art that would be far from the originality of the avant-garde works prior to 1917. ; La Revolución Rusa de 1917 ha sido considerada la causa esencial del despertar de la vanguardia artística de ese país por mucho tiempo. A cien años de los eventos revolucionarios en la escena política y social, se examina el desarrollo de la vanguardia artística rusa previa a 1917, durante los eventos de la Revolución de Octubre de ese año y con posterioridad a ellos hasta 1932. Se demuestra cómo las ideas de vanguardia ya estaban presentes y activas en la Rusia zarista y que la Revolución de 1917 tan sólo otorgaría un marco más reluciente para las propuestas de los artistas de vanguardia. De la misma manera, se demostrará cómo el nuevo status quo soviético terminó ahogando el torbellino vanguardista y estableciendo una metodología de acción y producción en el arte que distaría mucho de la originalidad de la vanguardia anterior a 1917.