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DOES FREEDOM COME AFTER SAFETY DURING AN EPIDEMIC, OR IS IT SO INTIMATELY WOVEN INTO THE RHETORIC OF A SOCIALIST IDEAL THAT THE THOUGHT OF PRESERVING IT INDIVIDUALLY, RATHER THAN COLLECTIVELY, SEEMS UNCONSCIONABLE? BEFORE THE AUTHOR DID RESEARCH IN CUBA, SHE THOUGHT THAT CUBAN PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES SOUNDED DRACONIAN AND UNPALATABLE. WHEN SHE SAW THE CONTINUITY OF CARE BEING PROVIDED, AND HOW CUBA HAS BEEN PROVIDING MORE SUPPORT AND RESOURCES--EVEN DURING THE STRINGENT EMBARGO--FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH AIDS THAN MANY OTHER FIRST WORLD NATIONS, SHE DECIDED THAT IT WAS DIFFICULT TO ANSWER THE QUESTION.

TOBIN REVIEWS THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S SELF-REGULATING PROGRAM INCLUDING RECALL OF VEHICLES, THE EVERCHANGING DEFINITION OF DEFECTS, FREQUENCY OF DEFECT REPORTS, AND THE NOTIFICATION OF VEHICLE OWNERS. HE CONCLUDES THAT SELF-REGULATION-WHILE MINIMIZING GOVERNMENT'S COST AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE PRIVATE SECTORHAS SERIOUS DEFECTS OF ITS OWN.

THIS PAPER PUTS ASIDE CURRENT POLITICAL ASPECTS OF REGULATION AND SAFETY ISSUES AND ATTEMPTS (1) TO REEXAMINE THE BASIC "FREE-MARKET" SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF PRODUCT RISK, AND (2) TO OUTLINE POTENTIAL MARKET FAILURES THT PROVIDE THE RATIONALE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION. THE ROLES OF INSURANCE AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR DETERMINATION OF LIABILITY FOR ACCIDENTRELATED COSTS ARE DISCUSSED. THE PAPER BRIEFLY ADDRESS WHETHER OR NOT REGULATORY MANDATES ARE CONSISTENT WITH CONSUMERS' PREFERENCES.

TRADITIONALLY, POLICIES DEVELOPED FOR PUBLIC/PRIVATE RELATIONS BETWEEN CITIZENS AND SERVICE BUREAUCRACIES HAVE EMPHASIZED THE CONSUMER DIMENSION OF CITIZENSHIP. THIS IS AT LEAST A PARTIAL RESULT OF THE WAYS IN WHICH PARTICIPATION AND CITIZENSHIP ARE DIFINED. THE DATA HERE SUGGEST THERE IS AN ACTIVE PRODUCTION COMPONENT TO CITIZENS' PARTICIPATION IN THE PROVISION OF PERSONAL SAFETY. CITIZENS DO RELY ON THE POLICE FOR THIS SERVICE, BUT MANY ARE ALSO ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PERSONAL SAFETY. GIVEN THIS RATHER HIGH LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION-AT LEAST 60% -AND THE FEELINGS OF SAFETY GENERATED BY THESE ACTIONS, THE QUESTION FOR ANALYSTS AND ADMINSTRATORS IS HOW COPRODUCTION CAN BE FIT INTO POLICIES THAT REGULATE PUBLIC /PRIVATE RELATIONS. SEVERAL STEPS SEEM NECESSARY TO ASSIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE POLICIES. FIRST, A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THESE ACTIONS INFLUENCE POLICE POLICIES AND BEHAVIOR IS NEEDED. FOR EXAMPLE, HIGHER INCOME AREAS ARE LIKELY TO COPRODUCE MORE THAN LOWER INCOME COMMUNITIES. SHOULD THESE AREAS RECEIVE THE SAME LEVEL OF PUBLIC RESOURCES AS LOWER INCOME AREA? SUCH AN ACTION WOULD GIVE THESE AREAS MORE PERSONAL SAFETY. IT WOULD ALSO BE HELPED TO LEARN WHAT FORMS OF COPRODUCTION COMPLEMENT AND CONFLICT WITH ACTIVITES PERFORMED BY THE POLICE. IF CITIZENS BUY WEAPONS OR ALARM, ARE THE IMPLICATIONS THE SAME FOR POLICE OFFICERS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLICE RESOURCES? IF NOT, POLICIES ARE NOT NEED TO INSURE THAT COPRODUCTION DOES NOT LEAD TO CONFLPY: 1983

THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES ENFORCEMENT COSTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY REGULATION, AND SUGGESTS THAT SUCH COSTS ARE TOO OFTEN OVERLOOKED IN THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS. METHODOLOGICAL AIDS FOR DECISIONS INVOLVING ENFORCEMENT ISSUES ARE EXAMINED, INCLUDING ECONOMETRIC EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING REGULATIONS THAT ALLOW FOR ENFORCEMENT.

EVIDENCE ON THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION AND THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION IS USED TO DEMONSTRATE HOW POLICY HAS BEEN FORMULATED AND IMPLEMENTED IN THE REGULATION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY. THE ANALYSIS FOCUSES ON THOSE FACTORS THAT EITHER PROMOTE OR IMPEDE REGULATORY ACTIVISM.

Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die Auswirkungen, die der Reaktiorunfall von Tschernobyl auf das Sicherheitsbewußtsein in bezug auf die friedliche Nutzung von Kernenergie in der Sowjetunion hatte. Der Verfasser gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Kernenergienutzung in der UdSSR und die gemeldeten Unfälle in sowjetischen Kernreaktoren in den Jahren 1966 bis 1985. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach technischen und organisatorischen Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung des Sicherheitsstandards von sowjetischen Kernreaktoren gefragt. Der Verfasser zeigt, daß weder Herstellung, Konstruktion und Management noch das Sicherheitsbewußtsein der Kernkraftwerksangestellten sich nach Tschernobyl grundlegend geändert hat. Gleichwohl kann von einem insgesamt gestiegenen Problembewßtsein ausgegangen werden. (BIOst-Wpt)