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THIS ESSAY ARGUES THAT THE WORLD IS ENTERING A NEW STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: "TRANSPERIALISM." THIS NEW STAGE IS CHARACTERIZED BY TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS AND ASSEMBLY THAT ALLOW TRANSNATIONAL FIRMS TO BREAK THE BONDS OF DEPENDENCE ON PARTICULAR NATION-STATES. AMIDST THIS TIME OF TRANSITION, FOUR MAJOR MODES OF POLITICAL ANALYSIS HAVE REMAINED AND/OR EMERGED: VALIDATION OF NEOLIBERALISM, POSTMODERNISM; SOCIAL "SCIENCE"; AND, A REVITALIZING PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT. THIS ESSAY CONSIDERS EACH OF THESE MODES IN TURN AND ASSESSES THEIR USEFULNESS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.

THE POLES OF CHRISTIAN BAY'S THOUGHT WERE A CONCERN TO ILLUMINATE PHILOSOPHICALLY THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL, AND ALSO, A NEED TO EXPOSE THE ILLUSIONS AND SHAMS OF THE SO-CALLED DEMOCRACY AMERICANS EXPERIENCE IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES. THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON ONE ASPECT OF THE GENERAL DEBATE ABOUT DEMOCRATIC IDEALS AND ASKS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: IS IT POSSIBLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THEM TO BE A CITIZEN SCHOLAR? IS THERE A SPECIAL PLACE IN THE DEMOCRATIC VISION FOR THE INTENSELY COMMITTED SCHOLARLY CITIZEN? CHRISTIAN BAY ANSWERED THESE QUESTIONS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE AND THIS PAPER CONCURS WITH HIS ANSWERS, BUT ON ITS OWN TERMS AND WITH ITS OWN EMPHASES.

MARX'S RELATION TO ANTI-DUHRING HAS BECOME AN ISSUE, BECAUSE ENGELS BROUGHT IT UP AFTER MARX'S DEATH IN 1883. HE DID SO TO PERSUADE US THAT WHAT HE HAD WRITTEN WAS, IN PART, AN ACCURATE REPRODUCTION OF MARX'S VIEWS, AND, FOR THE REST, A BODY OF THOUGHT COMPATIBLE WITH MARX'S WORK. ENGELS CLAIMED IN 1885 THAT HE HAD READ HIS WORK TO MARX AND THAT IT WAS ISSUED WITH HIS 'KNOWLEDGE'. MOREOVER HE IMPLIED THAT HE WAS FULFILLING HIS PART IN AN AGREED DIVISION OF LABOUR IN PRODUCING TEXTS THAT WERE INTERCHANGEABLE WITH MARX'S ON SOME SUBJECTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY TO HIS WORK ON OTHERS, THE ISSUE OF ENGELS'S VERACITY AND INTELLECTUAL HONESTY ARISES WHEN COMMENTATORS, SUCH AS GORDON WELTY, ATTEMPT TO PERSUADE US THAT MARX'S WORK IS, IN PART, COINCIDENT WITH ENGELS'S DIALECTICAL LAWS OF NATURE, HISTORY AND 'THOUGHT', AND, FOR THE REST, COMPATIBLE WITH THIS 'WORLD OUTLOOK'. ENGELS'S CLAIMS ABOUT MARX'S 'KNOWLEDGE' OF ANTI-DUHRING AND ABOUT A DIVISION OF LABOUR RE-EMERGE IN WELTY'S ARTICLE.

Der Verfasser legt einen kritische Reflexion zu Bedeutung und Gegenstand der Sowjetforschung vor, die vor allem dem Ursprung und der Verwendung des Begriffs "Sovietology" in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur nachgeht. Hier arbeitet der Verfasser zwei unterschiedliche Bedeutungsstränge heraus. So wird "Sovietology" zum einen zur Beschreibung einer Forschungsrichtung verwendet, die sich als Teilgebiet der Politikwissenschaft mit der Politik der Sowjetunion beschäftigt. Zum anderen wird "Sovietology" in dem breiteren Sinne von "Soviet Studies" verwendet, wenn es um sozial- oder geisteswissenschaftliche Arbeiten zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Sowjetgesellschaft geht. Der Verfasser sieht eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen diesen beiden Forschungsrichtungen als wichtiges Element im Prozeß der Herausbildung einer disziplinären Identität der "Sovietology" in einer historischen Situation, in der dem Fach sein Gegenstand abhandengekommen zu sein scheint. (BIOst-Wpt)

Reviews the Western literature on terrorism since the 1970s. Western scholarship on terrorism has historically focused on acts of revolutionaries, particularly those committed by official enemies of the established order. Since the 1970s, conservative scholars & journalists writing about terrorism have focused largely on quantitative methods & policy alternatives. Among liberals, the debate has centered on basic research design questions, especially questions of definition. Among radical critics, the debate has concentrated on the political motivations at the heart of all mainstream terrorism scholarship & on the fact that many of the policies designed to safeguard Western democracy from terrorist threats have actually served to nullify the very democratic guarantees they claim they want to preserve. 20 References. M. Maguire

THE LAST DECADE HAS PRODUCED A TORRENT OF BOOKS ON THE GENERAL TOPIC OF SOCIAL OR DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. WHEN THE PATHBREAKING WORKS BY RAWLS AND NOZICK APPEARED IN THE EARLY 1970'S, IMMEDIATE CRITICAL REACTION TOOK THE FORM OF ARTICLES IN SCHOLARLY JOURNALS, SOON TO BE CONSOLIDATED INTO READERS DEDICATED TO THE WORK OF THESE PIONEERS. IN THE 1980'S, THESE GAVE WAY TO MORE SYSTEMATIC TREATMENTS IN WHICH RIVAL THEORIES WERE ELABORATED, EITHER AS A DEVELOPMENT OF, OR IN OPPOSITION TO, THIS EARLIER WORK. THUS, THE READER SEARCHING FOR ENLIGHTENMENT ON THE SUBJECT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE NOW CAN CHOOSE FROM A LARGE ARRAY OF THEORIES OF JUSTICE: MONOLITHIC OR PLURALISTIC; RIGHTS-BASED, MERITORIAN, OR EGALITARIAN; ARISTOTELIAN, HEGELIAN, FEMINIST, AND SO ON.

THE QUESTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY HAS BEEN A CENTRAL THEME IN MEXICAN THOUGHT SINCE THE REVOLUTION OFG 1910. THE WRITINGS OF OCTAVIO PAZ, ONE OF MEXICO'S MOST PROMINENT LITERARY FIGURES, ARE AN IMPORTANT AND PROVOCATIVE LOCUS FOR THIS QUESTION. HE CARRIES ON THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO MEXICAN CHARACTER PIONEERED BY SAMUEL RAMOS, DEVELOPING A CLOSER RELATION TO HISTORY, ECONOMIC-POLITICAL PROBLEMS.

IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAS BEEN A RENEWAL OF INTEREST IN THE LIBERAL TRADITION IN INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION BEING PAID TO LIBERAL CONCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. THIS ESSAY DESCRIBES AND CRITICIZES THREE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE REPRESENTED IN THE RECENT LITERATURE: (1) SOCIAL LIBERALISM, (2) LAISSER-FAIRE LIBERALISM, AND (3) COSMOPOLITAN LIBERALISM.

THE MOST NATURAL RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION "WHAT IS NIETZSCHE'S DOCTRINE OF PERSPECTIVISM ABOUT?" IS TO BEING A DISCUSSION OF EPISTEMOLOGY. MOST COMMENTATORS HAVE ASSUMED THAT PERSPECTIVISM IS NIETZSCHE'S ATTEMPT TO GIVE AN ACCOUNT OF HOW KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD IS (OR IS NOT) POSSIBLE. AN ABVIOUS RANGE OF CONCLUSIONS HAS BEEN REACHED: FOR SOME NIETZSCHE IS SUCCESSFUL IN THAT HE ESTABLISHES A CREDIBLE EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITION; FOR OTHERS THE POSITION IS COHERENT BUT INCORRECT; FOR STILL OTHERS HIS IS AN IMPOSSIBLE AND SELF-CONTRADICTORY ENTERPRISE. THERE IS NO DOUBT BUT THAT THIS RESPONSE HAS A CERTAIN PLAUSIBILITY TO IT. NIETZSCHE'S DOCTRINE OF PERSPECTIVISM OFTEN IS TEXTUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIS REMARKS ON THE POSSIBLITY OF TRUTH, WITH HIS CLAIMS AS TO THE STATUS KNOWLEDGE CAN HAVE IN HUMAN AFFAIRS, WITH HIS CRITIQUE OF THE CLEARLY EPISTEMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF OTHER PHILOSOPHERS, AND, MOST NOTABLY, WITH HIS ATTACKS ON KANT'S CONCEPT OF THE THING-INITSELF.