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1 Origins And Development Of Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 1.1 The Mini-Steelworks—What is it? -- 1.2 Equipment for Mini-Steelworks—An Historical Perspective -- 1.3 Mini-Steelworks in the 1960s and Later -- 1.4 Technological Developments -- 1.5 Future Prospects -- References -- 2 Arc Furnace Feedstock -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Influence of Process Route and Other Factors on Scrap Availability -- 2.3 The Origins of Steel and Cast Iron Scrap -- 2.4 Scrap Preparation Plant and Associated Equipment -- 2.5 Technical Specification for Ferrous Scrap -- 2.6 Influence of Residuals on Steelmaking Practice -- 2.7 Other Sources of Iron -- 2.8 Other Materials -- References -- 3 Electric Arc Furnaces in Mini-Steelplants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Scope -- 3.3 Electrical Requirements -- 3.4 Furnace Design -- 3.5 Water-Cooled Panels -- 3.6 Computer Control of Electric Arc Melting Operations -- 3.7 Oxy-Fuel Burners -- 3.8 Scrap Preheating -- 3.9 Continuous Feeding -- 3.10 Foaming Slag -- 3.11 De-Oxidation Practice -- 3.12 Performance Criteria -- 3.13 Ladle Refining -- 3.14 Steels Produced in the Mini-Plant Arc Furnace -- 3.15 The Future of the Arc Furnace in the Mini-Steelplant -- References -- 4 Casting Methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Choice of Casting Route -- 4.3 The Ladle -- 4.4 Ingot Casting -- 4.5 Continuous Casting -- 4.6 In-Line Rolling -- 4.7 Horizontal Continuous Casting -- References -- 5 Rolling Mills for Mini-Steelplants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Product Classification -- 5.3 The Steel Stock -- 5.4 Heating of the Steel for Rolling -- 5.5 Mill Layouts for Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 5.6 Roller Tables, Cooling Beds and Coilers -- 5.7 Shears and Saws -- 5.8 Mill Rolls -- 5.9 Mill Guides -- 5.10 Pass Design -- 5.11 Mill Drives -- 5.12 High Reduction Mills -- References -- 6 Energy Requirements and Environmental Constraints -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overall Energy Requirements for Steelmaking -- 6.3 Steelmaking and the Environment -- References.

For some decades, small-scale enterprise has been instrumental for economic growth, poverty alleviation and the promotion of more pluralist societies. For the whole economics system, small-scale enterprise may be regarded as 'safety valve' since it guarantees people feeling of having a job and reduces the level of insecurity. The success of small-scale enterprise development depends on the support from the government and other stake holders.

This review summarizes reports on suicide in small-scale societies, especially the Pacific islands and Papua New Guinea, and shows how Durkheim's theory does not fit contemporary data. Suicide existed long before radical acculturation and its relationship to social change is complex. Contagion seems to play a role at the village level. Official statistics are usually not valid when compared to field studies with thorough enquiry into causes of death. Recent reported increases in rates of suicide may be partially due to better data collection. Suicide in small-scale societies is not associated with a process of social alienation as in urbanized societies and the presence of psychiatric illness is less evident. In these settings suicidal behaviour is more often characterized by a process of reparation, and its implicit goal is often to regain personal or family dignity rather than a simple act of revenge.

Interest in the real potential of small-scale enterprise dates from the early 1970s, when it was gradually realised that the industrialisation policies pursed by many developing countries would not be able to create enough employment. It was observed, moreover, that a large part of the active population was engaged in petty trade and crafts, particularly in urban centres. Thus, in addition to the modern, 'formal' type of economic activity, an 'informal' sector was identified with the following distinctive features: (1) The production processes are labour-intensive, based on simple technology. (2) The smallness of the various industries enables their owners to work as managers as well as producers, and to have direct contact with their employees, while some relationships may be based on non-economic considerations. (3) The enterprises often break the law — that is, they seldom adhere to legally fixed minimum wages, they frequently neglect to observe safety and other regulations, and they tend to evade registration and tax obligations.

This is a conference paper. ; Some attempts of small-scale irrigation developments have been made along the shore of Lake Kariba in Zambia. In Chiyabi a 10 ha unit has been constructed by GRZ/FAO where 30 farm families are presently cultivating two crops per year. These farmers eventually have to run the scheme as a cooperative without too much Government involvement. The IRR of 25% is favourable. The scheme layout is replicable in many other areas along Lake Kariba. In the paper development aspects of Chiyabi are discussed and recommendations for a strategy for future developments are given.