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The article concentrates on the most essential elements of a social science as research, whereby research is strictly interpreted as the verification of a theory in a particular field but neither as "theorie sans terrain" nor "terrain sans theorie". Yet even if this particular employment in the field of social science is explicitly conceived of as privileging the logic of discovery and the strictures of proof in opposite to all preconstructed themes, theories and traditions of different disciplines, it cannot simply be reduced to the standpoint of pure logic. Engagement for social science as reflexive research means to further its practical, political acceptance by using the results obtained from research, means fighting for her autonomisation in terms of contributing to the creation of appropriate forms of sociability for its activities and reception (such as the formation of a reading public, discussion forums, effective tools with which to combat social barriers to the attainment of knowledge, etc.). ; The article concentrates on the most essential elements of a social science as research, whereby research is strictly interpreted as the verification of a theory in a particular field but neither as "theorie sans terrain" nor "terrain sans theorie". Yet even if this particular employment in the field of social science is explicitly conceived of as privileging the logic of discovery and the strictures of proof in opposite to all preconstructed themes, theories and traditions of different disciplines, it cannot simply be reduced to the standpoint of pure logic. Engagement for social science as reflexive research means to further its practical, political acceptance by using the results obtained from research, means fighting for her autonomisation in terms of contributing to the creation of appropriate forms of sociability for its activities and reception (such as the formation of a reading public, discussion forums, effective tools with which to combat social barriers to the attainment of knowledge, etc.).

Ce texte présente des entretiens réalisés avec deux figures emblématiques des liens entre recherche en sciences sociales et politiques culturelles : Augustin Girard, directeur du Service de la recherche du ministère de la culture, et Joffre Dumazedier, sociologue du développement culturel. Tous deux reviennent sur leur vision de la recherche et de la culture, sur l'histoire dont ils ont été à la fois acteurs et témoins, sur l'importance de la place des sciences sociales dans l'orientation des politiques culturelles. Ces entretiens éclairent ainsi à la fois tout un pan de l'histoire des politiques culturelles en France et constituent plus généralement des témoignages utiles pour l'analyse des rapports entre sciences sociales et action publique. (avec D. Georgakakis)

International audience ; Ce texte reprend les communications et les débats de la journéeconsacrée à l'Inde dans les sciences sociales qui a eu lieule vendredi 12 juin 1987 à l'ORSTOM, 30 rue de Charonne, 75011Paris.

International audience ; Ce texte reprend les communications et les débats de la journéeconsacrée à l'Inde dans les sciences sociales qui a eu lieule vendredi 12 juin 1987 à l'ORSTOM, 30 rue de Charonne, 75011Paris.

International audience ; Ce texte reprend les communications et les débats de la journéeconsacrée à l'Inde dans les sciences sociales qui a eu lieule vendredi 12 juin 1987 à l'ORSTOM, 30 rue de Charonne, 75011Paris.

In this paper the results are given of an investigation into concepts from Economics, Organization Theory, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology. The goal of this investigation was to find out whether there is a set of concepts that may be considered to be basic to all these five social sciences. The set of concepts found will be modeled in terms of automata, thus providing a way of unifying the five fields in a general mathematical setting.

In this paper an extension is given of the set of concepts considered to be basic to the fields of Economics, Organization Theory, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology. The modeling is in terms of automata and automata networks. In the first paper on basic concepts the simplest unit, the social atom, stood central. In this second paper social structures and processes are focused upon.

In this paper the set of concepts considered to be basic to the fields of Economics, Organization Theory, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology is completed. The set of 55 basic concepts in the first two papers on basic concepts was mainly determined by considering concepts in relation to social atoms. The concepts that play a role in n-networks form the majority of the concepts added in this paper.

Law is offered as an undergraduate social science discipline at Carleton University. Students may take programmes leading to both Major and Honours B.A. degrees in law or may also undertake the study of law in a combined Major or Honours programme in conjunction with another discipline. Successful completion of any programme does not qualify the graduate for admission to any bar admission programme nor is any credit given towards a law degree for courses taken at Carleton.' The purpose of the programme is to promote an awareness of the place of rules respecting human conduct in political, social and economic environment and to provide insights of other disciplines relevant to particular legal problems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss certain aspects of Carleton's law programme. These include the impact of being part of the Faculty of Social Sciences, the development of the programme, and the format of a recent survey of the Department's graduates.

. In 1986, I participated in a review of polar science in Canada that resulted in the publication of Canada and Polar Science (Roots, E.F., et al., 1987, report to the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa K1A 0H4). . This year, I was able to survey polar researchers in Canadian universities to determine whether, from their point of view, the findings described in Canada and Polar Science had become dated. In doing this, I gained the impression that there have been some changes in this matter of "relevant" northern research. These are some of my impressions; the results of my survey appear in Canada and Polar Science Revisited (Adams, W.P., 1992, Canadian Polar Commission, Suite 1710, 360 Albert Street, Ottawa K1R 7X7). First, insofar as it can be used as a measure of "relevant" science, there appears to have been some increase in social science research in the North and some gain in confidence among social researchers working there. . Another interesting development since 1986 has been the way in which the term "global change" has captured the imaginations of a wide cross-section of the public and researchers. . The increased public acceptance of the "relevance" of global change research appears to be particularly marked among northern residents. Ozone depletion, greenhouse warming, atmospheric and ocean pollution, and the focusing of contaminants at key points in the food chain are all examples of environmental degradation that have particularly serious implications for those who live at high latitudes. . Also, since 1986, devolution of power to the territories has put various aspects of the management of research into the control of northerners. . Although less marked than some of the other changes that I have tried to describe, it is my impression that university researchers are now more interested in "aboriginal science." This is a matter of very special cultural significance in terms of the involvement of native northerners in research. It is a matter about which there is a feeling of urgency in the North, as many feel that the generation that has the distinctive aboriginal view of the universe and that has the local ecological knowledge is passing. In my survey, I heard of a number of cooperative social and environmental projects that involve both Western and aboriginal science. .

This anthology examines the role and current conditions of citizenship in the United States' society. The compilation of essays by eminent social scientists and educators explore the concept of citizenship from various disciplinary perspectives: educational (Thomas L. Dynneson and Richard E. Gross); political (Robert B. Woyach); historical (Kerry J. Kennedy); economic (Ronald A. Banaszak); geographical (Nicholas Melburn); cultural (Philip Wexler, Raymond R. Grosshans, Qiao Hong Zhang, and Byoung-Uk Kim); social psychological (Allan Brandhorst); anthropological (John M. Chilcott); philosophical (H. Michael Hartoonian); and international (Andrew F. Smith). (RJC) ; https://falconcommons.utpb.edu/utpb-facbooks/1013/thumbnail.jpg

Sociological work has mainly focused on the public police in uniform. However, the police have many faces and police activities are ensured by a very branched group of agencies that do not necessarily work in partnership. This book describes in all its complexity the implementation of security and the various facets of the police. It reports methodological problems associated with police studies, especially when we consider the notions of force and police coercion that become ambivalent when we consider the activities of other security producers, such as investigators, intelligence officers and the entire private sector. Drawing on his work with various judicial investigative commissions, the author also discusses plainclothes police and, in particular, the intelligence services and the latest changes in private security. This book is a very useful summary of the latest developments on the police.

Contrary to the presumption common in the social sciences, that culture and rationality are in opposition and mutually exclusive of each other - a presumption shared by such different approaches as game theory, rational choice theory and cultural anthropology - , the author emphazises that cultures always have their own rationalities. Standards of reasonableness cannot be thought of as universal, but inevitably reflect culture. Rationality is conditioned, so the author argues, by political forms, economic circumstances, institutions, laws, and customs. This is also true for cultures of objectivity, which are based on the rejection of what is usually conceived of as subjective, linked to emotions and to the personal. The examples of the historic struggles relating to the profession of accountants and the invention of cost-benefit analysis in the United States enable the author to put forward the argument that the quest for objectivity is in itself the cultural expression of a need emerging within societies where political order is not self- evident. Not only bureaucracies impose general standards of administration to avoid severe political conflicts, but various outsiders in different spheres of a society try and manage to gain credibility by escaping what is tainted by personal interest and subjectivity. From this perspective, the author identifies the insistence on impersonal rules in science as a cultural response to conditions of distrust within the corresponding disciplines and in the larger society, and discusses the uses made of statistics in the social sciences characterised by the reduction of quantification to impersonal, unitary, almost mechanical, strategies of analysis. ; Contrary to the presumption common in the social sciences, that culture and rationality are in opposition and mutually exclusive of each other - a presumption shared by such different approaches as game theory, rational choice theory and cultural anthropology - , the author emphazises that cultures always have their own rationalities. Standards of reasonableness cannot be thought of as universal, but inevitably reflect culture. Rationality is conditioned, so the author argues, by political forms, economic circumstances, institutions, laws, and customs. This is also true for cultures of objectivity, which are based on the rejection of what is usually conceived of as subjective, linked to emotions and to the personal. The examples of the historic struggles relating to the profession of accountants and the invention of cost-benefit analysis in the United States enable the author to put forward the argument that the quest for objectivity is in itself the cultural expression of a need emerging within societies where political order is not self- evident. Not only bureaucracies impose general standards of administration to avoid severe political conflicts, but various outsiders in different spheres of a society try and manage to gain credibility by escaping what is tainted by personal interest and subjectivity. From this perspective, the author identifies the insistence on impersonal rules in science as a cultural response to conditions of distrust within the corresponding disciplines and in the larger society, and discusses the uses made of statistics in the social sciences characterised by the reduction of quantification to impersonal, unitary, almost mechanical, strategies of analysis.

National audience ; In order to question the inevitability of "science finalization" in the case of social sciences, we propose to study the history of marketing as a discipline. The history of this management science shows that 1) working for non-profit organizations rather than for business does not make a different science; 2) paradoxically, the more applied the science is, the more independent the research becomes; 3) since sciences cannot escape being applied, it is of crucial importance to examine the relation between science and its audience: this examination could reveal the existence of an alternative policy of " supply side science " far beyond the classical " social demands " addressed to scientists. ; Nous examinons ici l'éventuelle fatalité de l'application des sciences, et plus particulièrement le cas du marketing. L'histoire de cette science montre 1) qu'agir pour le public plutôt que pour le privé ne fait pas une science différente ; 2) qu'un certain paradoxe veut que l'on soit d'autant plus libre que l'on agit dans une science appliquée ; 3) que puisque que les sciences n'échappent pas à leur " performation ", il est crucial de s'interroger sur le sens de la relation entre la science et son public : on aurait ainsi une chance de percevoir, derrière la " demande sociale ", la possibilité alternative d'une politique d' " offre scientifique ", l'éventualité d'un passage de la " science appliquée " à la " science applicable ".

National audience ; In order to question the inevitability of "science finalization" in the case of social sciences, we propose to study the history of marketing as a discipline. The history of this management science shows that 1) working for non-profit organizations rather than for business does not make a different science; 2) paradoxically, the more applied the science is, the more independent the research becomes; 3) since sciences cannot escape being applied, it is of crucial importance to examine the relation between science and its audience: this examination could reveal the existence of an alternative policy of " supply side science " far beyond the classical " social demands " addressed to scientists. ; Nous examinons ici l'éventuelle fatalité de l'application des sciences, et plus particulièrement le cas du marketing. L'histoire de cette science montre 1) qu'agir pour le public plutôt que pour le privé ne fait pas une science différente ; 2) qu'un certain paradoxe veut que l'on soit d'autant plus libre que l'on agit dans une science appliquée ; 3) que puisque que les sciences n'échappent pas à leur " performation ", il est crucial de s'interroger sur le sens de la relation entre la science et son public : on aurait ainsi une chance de percevoir, derrière la " demande sociale ", la possibilité alternative d'une politique d' " offre scientifique ", l'éventualité d'un passage de la " science appliquée " à la " science applicable ".