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Fræðamörk: Um markalínur milli heimspeki og grannvísinda hennar í rannsóknum á hruninu
In: Íslenskar kvikmyndir; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 275-327
ISSN: 2298-8513
The astonishing range of writings about the social causes and consequences of the Icelandic 2008 financial crisis proffers a unique opportunity to analyse comparative-ly how scholars from different disciplines in the humanities and social sciences deal with one and the same subject. How does the scholarly approach differ regarding the employment of theories, hypotheses, empirical data and concepts? Is the methodology of the humanities noticeably different from that of the social sciences? Did the boundaries of philosophy and related sciences change in times of crisis, momentarily or permanently?
Sýn Íslendinga á utanríkis- og öryggismál ; Icelanders' perspectives on security and foreign affair
Afstaða Íslendinga til öryggismála hefur lítið verið rannsökuð frá því í lok kalda stríðsins. Í þessari grein eru kynntar niðurstöður könnunar um afstöðu til og hugmyndir um utanríkis- og öryggismál, en Félagsvísindastofnun HÍ vann könnunina í nóvember og desember 2016. Niðurstöður könnunarinnar eru settar í samhengi við þróun í öryggisfræðum, þá sérstaklega öryggisgeira (e. security sectors) verufræðilegt öryggi (e. ontological security) og öryggisvæðingu (e. securitization). Helstu niðurstöður eru að almenningur á Íslandi telur öryggi sínu helst stafa ógn af efnahagslegum og fjárhagslegum óstöðugleika og náttúruhamförum, en telur litlar líkur á því að hernaðarátök eða hryðjuverkaárásir snerti landið beint. Þessar niðurstöður eru í takmörkuðu samræmi við helstu áherslur stjórnvalda í öryggismálum og því mikilvægt að stjórnvöld átti sig á því hvernig hægt er að tryggja það að almenningur sé meðvitaður um þær forsendur sem áhættumat og öryggisstefna grundvallast á. ; Icelanders' views on security and foreign affairs since the end of the Cold War are an understudied issue. This article presents the findings of a large scale survey on the position and ideas about foreign affairs and security. The survey was conducted by the Social Science Research Institute of the University of Iceland in November and December 2016. The results of the survey are placed in the context of developments in security studies, with an emphasis on security sectors, ontological security, and securitization. The main findings are that the Icelandic public believes that its security is most threatened by economic and financial instability, as well as natural hazards, but thinks there is a very limited chance of military conflict or terrorist attacks directly affecting the country. These findings are incongruent with the main emphases of Icelandic authorities, as they appear in security policy and political discourse. It is therefore important that the authorities understand how to engage with the public about the criteria upon which risk assessments and security policies are based. ; Peer Reviewed
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Samlíðan og sérfræðingar: Eigindlegar rannsóknir á viðbrögðum fólks við brotum úr sögum Vigdísar Grímsdóttur
In: Lög og bókmenntir; Ritið, Band 18, Heft 1, S. 199-226
ISSN: 2298-8513
This article presents findings from two qualitative research studies on readers' emotional reactions and empathy towards literary texts. Participants were presented with two fragments from novels by Vigdís Grímsdóttir and then asked about their reactions. In the first study, 20 participants were asked to read a fragment from the novel Þögnin(2000) and half of the participants had some kind of a musical education and the other half with no background in music. Interestingly, having a musical background impacted reactions differently than what was expected. As a result, a second study was carried out where the reactions of visual artists (10) were compared to non-artists (10) to a fragment from the novel Þegar stjarna hrapar (2003). Both novels contain information specific to music (Þögnin) or visual arts (Þegar stjarna hrapar). Cognitive science methods, such as the schema theory, will be used to explain how readers of diverse backgrounds react differently to the same text. This approach also illustrates how useful qualitative methods can be in studying topics beyond only the content of the text.
Conférences d'Alexis Karacostas sur l'Institut National des Jeunes Sourds-Muets à l'époque de la révolution française
Vidéo captée au moment de la commémoration du Bicentenaire de la mort de l'Abé de l'Epée, à Paris, conférences d'Alexix Karacostas portant sur l'Institut des jeunes Sourds-Muets à l'époque de la révolution française. Rushs de deux conférences avec pour l'une des questions de la salle. Enregistrements suivi d'un rush de Philippe Séro-Guillaume montrant des différences entre Lsf et français signé. ; 00:00:00 - 00:00:40 Conférence d'Alexis Karacostas prise en cours : Sollicitation des sourds-muets auprès de l'assemblée nationale en 1789 (interprète Pascale Beaujard) 00:00:50 - 00:01:10 Logement de sourds-muets aux Célestins 00:01:10 - 00:02:00 Evocation de la géopolitique autour de 1789 00:02:00 - 00:02:32 Présentation d'un projet de décret déposé par un député le 22 juillet 1789 00:02:32 - 00:04:30 L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Sourds-Muets est créée par l'Etat qui en prend le contrôle 00:04:30 - 00:06:35 L'institution doirt réunir des élèves dans un espace unique, différencié, et autonome 00:06:35 - 00:08:00 Indépendance et autonomie du lieu répondent à l'idéal révolutionnaire 00:08:00 - 00:09:39 Perception de la complémentarité des sourds et des aveugles dans l'institution 00:09:39 - 00:11:06 Cohabitation entre Sourds et Aveugles dans l'institution pendant 4 ans 00:11:06 - 00:12:38 Emprisonnement de Sicard en 1792 00:12:38 - 00:12:43 Question de la salle 00:12:43 - 00:14:20 Texte de Jean Massieu pour faire libérer l'abbé Sicard en 1792 00:14:20 - 00:15:44 Sicard raconte cet épisode, 4 ans plus tard dans une revue royaliste 00:15:44 - 00:17:03 Sicard méprise les Sourds, si différents de lui et présentés commme des animaux 00:17:03 - 00:17:55 Attitude de sourds pendant la révolution : l'autonomie des sourds est déjà présente 00:17:55 - 00:18:59 Sourds et Aveugles : séparation des deux institutions en mars 1794 00:18:59 - 00:20:36 Installation de l'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Sourds-Muets au monastère St-Magloire, rue St-Jacques 00:20:36 - 00:22:10 Aperçu du circuit suivi par des jeunes sourds pendant leur passage à l'Institution 00:22:10 - 00:22:47 Coupure de l'enregistrement 00:22:47 - 00:26:50 Difficultés d'admission dans l'Institut : le voyage, le trousseau,. 00:26:50 - 00:29:22 Après l'institution 00:29:30 - 00:29:31 Le débat commence (changement d'interprète : Cécile Guyomarc'h) 00:29:39 - 00:30:27 Plan de caméra sur la salle 00:30:27 - 00:33:00 Locuteur 1 pose une question (voix de Pascale Beaujard), réponse d'Alexis Karacostas (Cécile Guoymarc'h) 00:33:00 - 00:33:47 Questions du locuteur 1 (voix de P. Beaujard), réponses d' Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:33:47 - 00:35:38 Question de Marie-Pierre Denoncourt (voix P.Beaujard), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:35:38 - 00:38:20 Questions de Marie-Pierre Denoncourt (voix P.Beaujard), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:38:20 - 00:45:17 Question de Guy Bouchauveau (voix de C. Guyomarc'h), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:45:17 - 00:45:43 Coupure 00:45:43 - 00:47:06 Extrait d'une autre conférence sur le même théme. Séances publiques de représentations théâtrales où la surdité est moquée entre 1780 et 1800 (interprète, Cécile Guyomarc'h) 00:47:06 - 00:48:01 Anecdotes sur Beaumarchais 00:48:01 - 00:49:20 Coupure 00:49:20 - 00:51:16 Papiers que les enfants doivent fournir pour rentrer dans l'institution puis coupure
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"yfrin tól / fútúr gól". Nokkur orð um Tourette og ljóðlist
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 289-306
ISSN: 2298-8513
Should the progress in the biological sciences during the last decades give rise to a re-evaluation of literary analysis? The paper opens with a discussion of this question with reference to a fragment of Dagur Sigurðarson's poem "Takk takk Tobbi", pub-lished in Rógmálmur og grásilfur (1971). The question is answered partly affirmative-ly, mostly on the grounds that embodied cognition has to be taken into account when analysing literature. It is pointed out that among the factors that have contributed to a better understanding of the complex relation between the body and language is recent research on Tourette syndrome. The relationship between this neurological disorder and poetry is the main subject of the paper and it is discussed with refer-ence to a scaldic strophe from The Saga of Gisli Sursson. First, Tourette-syndrome is discussed briefly, including the medical profession's stance toward it during the 19thand 20th century and scholarly work on the common traits that the disorder shares with poetry. Subsequently it is considered how these writings can benefit literary scholarship, Gisli Sursson's strophe is analysed and it is proposed that this analysis can't rely on metrical rules alone. Then the aforementioned poem by Dagur Sig-urðarson is reconsidered, and finally a few points are recapitulated.
Conférences d'Alexis Karacostas sur l'Institut National des Jeunes Sourds-Muets à l'époque de la révolution française
Vidéo captée au moment de la commémoration du Bicentenaire de la mort de l'Abé de l'Epée, à Paris, conférences d'Alexix Karacostas portant sur l'Institut des jeunes Sourds-Muets à l'époque de la révolution française. Rushs de deux conférences avec pour l'une des questions de la salle. Enregistrements suivi d'un rush de Philippe Séro-Guillaume montrant des différences entre Lsf et français signé. ; 00:00:00 - 00:00:40 Conférence d'Alexis Karacostas prise en cours : Sollicitation des sourds-muets auprès de l'assemblée nationale en 1789 (interprète Pascale Beaujard) 00:00:50 - 00:01:10 Logement de sourds-muets aux Célestins 00:01:10 - 00:02:00 Evocation de la géopolitique autour de 1789 00:02:00 - 00:02:32 Présentation d'un projet de décret déposé par un député le 22 juillet 1789 00:02:32 - 00:04:30 L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Sourds-Muets est créée par l'Etat qui en prend le contrôle 00:04:30 - 00:06:35 L'institution doirt réunir des élèves dans un espace unique, différencié, et autonome 00:06:35 - 00:08:00 Indépendance et autonomie du lieu répondent à l'idéal révolutionnaire 00:08:00 - 00:09:39 Perception de la complémentarité des sourds et des aveugles dans l'institution 00:09:39 - 00:11:06 Cohabitation entre Sourds et Aveugles dans l'institution pendant 4 ans 00:11:06 - 00:12:38 Emprisonnement de Sicard en 1792 00:12:38 - 00:12:43 Question de la salle 00:12:43 - 00:14:20 Texte de Jean Massieu pour faire libérer l'abbé Sicard en 1792 00:14:20 - 00:15:44 Sicard raconte cet épisode, 4 ans plus tard dans une revue royaliste 00:15:44 - 00:17:03 Sicard méprise les Sourds, si différents de lui et présentés commme des animaux 00:17:03 - 00:17:55 Attitude de sourds pendant la révolution : l'autonomie des sourds est déjà présente 00:17:55 - 00:18:59 Sourds et Aveugles : séparation des deux institutions en mars 1794 00:18:59 - 00:20:36 Installation de l'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Sourds-Muets au monastère St-Magloire, rue St-Jacques 00:20:36 - 00:22:10 Aperçu du circuit suivi par des jeunes sourds pendant leur passage à l'Institution 00:22:10 - 00:22:47 Coupure de l'enregistrement 00:22:47 - 00:26:50 Difficultés d'admission dans l'Institut : le voyage, le trousseau,. 00:26:50 - 00:29:22 Après l'institution 00:29:30 - 00:29:31 Le débat commence (changement d'interprète : Cécile Guyomarc'h) 00:29:39 - 00:30:27 Plan de caméra sur la salle 00:30:27 - 00:33:00 Locuteur 1 pose une question (voix de Pascale Beaujard), réponse d'Alexis Karacostas (Cécile Guoymarc'h) 00:33:00 - 00:33:47 Questions du locuteur 1 (voix de P. Beaujard), réponses d' Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:33:47 - 00:35:38 Question de Marie-Pierre Denoncourt (voix P.Beaujard), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:35:38 - 00:38:20 Questions de Marie-Pierre Denoncourt (voix P.Beaujard), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:38:20 - 00:45:17 Question de Guy Bouchauveau (voix de C. Guyomarc'h), réponses d'Alexis Karacostas (C. Guyomarc'h) 00:45:17 - 00:45:43 Coupure 00:45:43 - 00:47:06 Extrait d'une autre conférence sur le même théme. Séances publiques de représentations théâtrales où la surdité est moquée entre 1780 et 1800 (interprète, Cécile Guyomarc'h) 00:47:06 - 00:48:01 Anecdotes sur Beaumarchais 00:48:01 - 00:49:20 Coupure 00:49:20 - 00:51:16 Papiers que les enfants doivent fournir pour rentrer dans l'institution puis coupure ; Discourse type: dialogue ; Discourse type: narrative
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Stríð gegn konum: Kata og nauðgunarmenning
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 125-149
ISSN: 2298-8513
The article initially addresses the novel Kata by Steinar Bragi in the context of genre and asks to what extent it aligns itself with the crime novel, in particular the more recent brand of the crime novel wherein social issues are placed at the forefront. The point is made that Kata diverges in some important respects from even the most radical of critiques found within the parameters of the crime genre, in that it suspends the very concepts that usually ground such narratives (justice, right, and crime) and comes to the conclusion that the widespread social acceptance of violence against women delegitimizes the entire edifice of Western thinking on social justice. It is here that the article looks towards Louis Althusser's theorization 149of ideological and oppressive state apparatuses, while shifting their object from the class struggle to gender relations. Althusser's concepts are employed to shed light on the ideology that supports and enables violence against women in contemporary societies, and how the reverse of the oppressive function of the state, that is, state leniency and disinterest in prosecuting sex crimes, or creating the environment in which they are unlikely to be reported, are taken up in the novel, thematized, and in turn, fuel the rage of the protagonist. Finally, a question is raised as to the signific-ance of the fact that a novel about female rage and disempowerment is written by a male author.
Líkami drengsins sem aldrei var til: Um samband samfélags og líkama í óreiðuástandi spænsku veikinnar í Mánasteini eftir Sjón
In: Ritið; Undur og ógnir borgarsamfélagsins, Band 18, Heft 2, S. 105-126
ISSN: 2298-8513
Moonstone: The Boy Who Never Was (Mánasteinn: Drengurinn sem aldrei var til, 2013) by Sjón tells of three eventful months in the life of Máni Steinn in the fall of 1918. In this short period the volcano Katla erupts, the Spanish flu rages and Iceland regains its sovereignty from Denmark. Building on Judith Butler's, Mary Douglas's and Michel Foucault's theories regarding the body as a cultural construct, this article focuses on body discourse as presented in Moonstone. According to Douglas there is a direct link between boundaries of the body and boundaries of society. Everything that endangers the stability of society's boundaries is considered social pollution. Foucault's theory on panopticism likewise identifies surveillance and discipline of citizens' bodies as means of maintaining society's social structure. Because Máni Steinn is queer, his body is considered abnormal according to the period's definitions on what constitutes a healthy and stable body. Aberrations from the "healthy", heterosexual body creates divergence within society's fabric. To regain the appearance of a "pure" society Máni needs to be hidden or banished from it. Yet the arrival of the Spanish flu to Reykjavík deconstructs conventional definition of the body and unravels the social hierarchy. The distinction between the healthy and the infected is obliterated, as the body becomes a site where irreconcilable opposites merge. During the turmoil of the Spanish flu boundaries of the body become as unstable as society's boundaries become fluent.
Rennur blóð eftir slóð...
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 169-183
ISSN: 2298-8513
This article discusses the phenomenon of self-harming or "non-Suicidal Self-In-jury" (nSSI). The International Society for the Study of Self-Injury defines non-sui cidal self-injury as the deliberate, self-inflicted damage of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially or culturally sanctioned." The article discusses the cultural and social representations of self-injury, what is implied in it, who engages in it, and for what reasons. A lot can be deduced from interviews with self-harmers who use it to gain control over bad feelings and stress, by hurting their body and participating in risky behaviour. This dangerous activity often has more complicated sides with reference to rituals and spiritual associations to bloodletting, cleansing of all evil and healing, absolution and much wanted peace of mind. Finally, the changes in self-harming discourse and channels of communication are discussed. It has opened up during the last two decades with the arrival of social media. The self-harmers have built their own subcultures with special aesthetics and often preferring theatrical staging or performances instead of verbal expres-sion. These channels can have an uncanny power and influence over young and vulnerable people. The conclusion of the article is that all this requires an informed discussion as a special world, a special angst which is expressing itself in ways that might develop into suicidal behaviour if it is not taken seriously.
Á mis við málörvun. "Villimaðurinn frá Aveyron" og fleiri dæmisögur um uppvöxt barna án máls
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 199-222
ISSN: 2298-8513
This article discusses the "Critical period" in language acquisition – based on the theory that children are born with the natural ability to learn language; an ability that gradually fades or disappears. According to this theory, children who are not privy to normal language stimulation during childhood miss their chance to acquire a language "perfectly".Critical periods do not only exist in language, e.g. children and other young animals need to receive visual stimulation for their vision to develop. The beginning of this article considers difference in opportunities for research, and thereby the state of knowledge concerning the critical period in vision, compared to language acquisition. The difference is based mainly on two factors: on the one hand, animals have been studied to elucidate the critical period in vision – an option that linguists do not have – and, on the other, it is quite common for children to lack visual stimulation, i.e. due to cataracts. It is less common for children to grow up without language stimulation, although stories exist of children that, for one reason or another, were deprived of human interaction during childhood. The author uses this opportunity to provide an account of two such stories, in a more detailed fashion than would be necessary to define the critical period in language acquisition. These are also stories of violence and questionable work methods for the sake of science. This is followed by a discussion of deaf children as, in the past – as well as the present day – it was common for them not to receive appropriate language stimulation from the beginning, i.e. via the use of sign language. The examples are so many that late language acquisition by deaf children can shed light on the critical period in language acquisition.Many have discussed the critical period in language acquisition but emphasis is often placed on that which has remained unlearned. This article asks rather what can be learned and whether language structure can be established despite a late start for the language acquisition process.
"Hann er bara á vondum stað". Reimleikahús í Rökkri eftir Erling Óttar Thoroddsen
In: Kynbundið ofbeldi II; Ritið, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 101-136
ISSN: 2298-8513
A haunted house can either be a monster or the habitat of monsters, or even both. These houses have a unique attraction and a variety of methods to catch their prey. The scariest haunted house in the film Rökkur by Erlingur Óttar Thoroddsen (2017) does not provide shelter from wind and weather as it is not made of wood, concrete or stone. The ghosts in Rökkur are lurking online instead. By using the premises of the horror genre, Erlingur focuses specifically on the dangers that young homosexual men can be facing today. Chat rooms and social media are like hunting grounds for the monsters stalking the main characters. The film also focuses on the staggering silence of survivors of sexual violence, as studies have indicated that male victims are less likely to report the crimes they have suffered.
"Þú veist þú vilt það": Skýringar á kynferðisofbeldi á samfélagsmiðlum
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 151-171
ISSN: 2298-8513
Explanations of sexual violence are an important topic because they reveal the societal context of violence. Perpetrators of violence commonly reject blame, explaining their actions with survivor behavior or the situation. In this study, 397 Icelandic social media posts from Facebook and Twitter were analyzed for explanations of violence. Societal explanations included general negative attitudes towards women, biological essentialism (that men cannot control their sex drive), the entitlement of men to sex and objectification. Survivor explanations included that the survivor had been drinking alcohol at the time of the violence, and that the survivor was expected to fight back to justify the event being classified as violence. The monster stereotype of perpetrators was salient in the accounts, either as fact, or to specifically challenge that idea. The results reveal powerful societal stereotypes when it comes to sexual violence, which need to be counteracted in the future.
Hamfarir samfélagssjónleiksins: Um stórslysabókmenntir annars áratugar 21. aldar
In: Ritið, Band 22, Heft 1
ISSN: 2298-8513
Greinin reynir að svara spurningunni hvers vegna svo margar íslenskar skáldsögur áratugarins 2010–2019 hafi fjallað um náttúruhamfarir og í flestum tilvikum eldgos. Í innganginum er bent á hliðstæðar greiningar á sögulegu samhengi bandarískra stórslysakvikmynda. Sú skýringartilgáta er lögð fram að há tíðni náttúruhamfara í skáldskap áratugarins tengist menningarlegu uppgjöri við Hrunið og tengda atburði. Því er haldið fram að tengsl skáldsagnanna við þessar sögulegu aðstæður skýrist séu þær lesnar sem hluti af því sem skoski mannfræðingurinn Victor Turner kallaði samfélagssjónleiki (e. social drama). Næstu kaflar greinarinnar innihalda rökstuðning fyrir kenningunni um tengsl Hrunsins og náttúruhamfara í skáldskap. Helstu rökin eru fengin með nákvæmum lestri tíu skáldsagna sem eru mátaðar við kenningu Turners um þróun samfélagssjónleikja. Í ljós kemur að þær passa vel inn í þetta greiningarmódel að því er virðist með þeirri niðurstöðu að samfélagssjónleikurinn hafi leitt til klofnings í ýmsum skilningi. Í lokaorðunum er þeirri hugmynd varpað fram að á þriðja áratugnum muni skáldskapur sem tengist úrvinnslu kórónuveirufaraldursins velta eldgosum úr sessi sem algengustu náttúruhamfarirnar í íslenskum skáldsögum.
Jakobínuvegir: Tími, þjóð og dvalarstaðir í verkum Jakobínu Sigurðardóttur
In: Ritið; Kynbundið ofbeldi, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 217-236
ISSN: 2298-8513
This article surveys the ouevre of the Icelandic writer Jakobína Sigurðardóttir (1918-1994) on the occasion of her centenary. Various aspects of her novels, short stories, poetry and memoirs are examined, including the ways in which she presents time in her texts – time as it pertains to individual life spans and the interaction of different generations, as well as time in the life of a nation which could be said to have switched abodes in the course of the 20th Century, moving from rural to urban settings, and during this time the island nation attained sovereignty and independence. narrative is a key element in treating time and historical shifts, and attention is paid to the ways in which Sigurðardóttir both renews realist traditions and resorts to more radical narrative forms, pulling the reader into an active dialogue on gender and generational issues, on social justice and equality, as well on the routes and conditions which connect and mould places of dwelling – individual houses as well as the abode of the nation.