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On March 15, 1937, the United States Civil Service Commission, in a forward-looking attempt to keep pace with the increasing demand for trained social scientists in the federal service, announced an examination for "social science analysts"—six grades in all—as follows

This article examines competing strategies for supporting and utilizing applied social science and the policy sciences in public decisions and program operations. It argues that tension and conflict are the normal, expected state of affairs between decision makers and the social science and policy science communities. This is so because of very different strategic perspectives governing the scientific standing, decision utility, and political "morality"of applied social research and policy research. The article suggests conflict can be dampened, but never completely eliminated, by two things: (1) sequential research designs that simultaneously produce both partial scientific truths and information useful to decision makers, and (2) more attention to overall quality control and utilization possibilities. However, such improvements require changes in the incentive and value systems of social scientists, policy scientists, and decision makers. The engineering of change m these three communities is itself a formidable unsolved problem.

Most people engage in crime at some point in their lives, but why does almost everybody stop soon after? And, why do a small number of offenders persist in crime? These two questions constitute the core of the field often known as life-course criminology. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to life-course criminology. It covers the dominant theories and methodologies in the field and equips you with all you need to succeed in your studies on the subject. The book: *Discusses the methodologies of life-course and longitudinal research *Explains and critiques the major theories of life-course criminology *Considers the issues of risk, prediction, onset, persistence and desistance of criminal activity *Draws on research from studies in Europe, the UK, US and Australia, including the Stockholm ...