Comparative research on international migration has increasingly focused on immigrant integration rather than the process of emigration. By investigating the different streams of Chinese migration to the United States and Europe, as well as the different stages of Chinese migration to the United States, this study examines the way in which both receiving and sending contexts combine to shape the process of emigration. Using data from a 2002–2003 survey of emigration from China's Fujian Province, we demonstrate that under restrictive exit and entry policies and high barriers to migration (i.e., clandestine migration from Fuzhou to the United States), resources such as migrant social capital, political capital (cadre resources), and human capital all play a crucial role in the emigration process. However, the roles of these resources in the migration process are limited when migration barriers are sufficiently low and when local governments adopt proactive policies promoting emigration (i.e., legal migration from Mingxi to Europe). Comparisons over time suggest that the importance of migrant social capital, political capital, and human capital has strongly persisted for Fuzhou-US emigration, as a result of tightening exit and entry policies. Despite these marked differences between Fuzhou and Mingxi emigration, the results also point to two general processes that are highly consistent across settings and over time—the cumulative causation of migration and the advantage conferred by traditional positional power (cadre status).
In nowadays we frequently meet with the question about emigration.The causes of the emigration have been examined and the possible ways of solution these problems.There are a lot of such investigations done. On the ground of them there are created some theories that try to ascertain the essence of the social phenomenon, causes and other aspects. There must be significant reasons for person to leave his country, to break their connections with family, kinsfolk, friends, to lose the social status they have. The social connections play a really important role in the person's life. The purpose of the investigation is to analyse the interpersonal and institutionalised relations of emigrants'. The tasks of the work: 1. To disclose the theoretical assumptions of the migration in modern society; 2. To analyse the emigration in Lithuania and its situation, separating the challenges of emigration to Lithuania; 3. To analyse the theoretical assumptions of the social connections (the social capital). 4. To perform the sociological investigation that would let to examine to social connections of the emigrants' in the interpersonal and institutionalised discourses. The hypotheses of the investigation: 1. The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing). 2. The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back. 3. Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable. Methods of the work: 1. The study of nonfiction. 2. The questionnaire interview: quantitative opinion's investigation (the VPU students') of the persons', living in Lithuania (the VPU students'). 3. An interview with emigrants. Findings of the work: 1. There was done the investigation and it emerged that emigrants are tended to reckon emigration as the natural phenomenon typical to all the countries. The informants of the investigation stated that they have emigrated because of insufficient attention of the government to the job direction, the bad economical situation in the country, seeking after their better material condition. Actually, students that took part in the quantitative investigation evaluate the situation of emigration similarly. So we can state that the first hypothesis - The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing) – was proved. Informants indicate the economical factors as the main cause of their emigration – the possibility to earn in the other country, seeking for the material wellbeing. They had no luck with jobs in Lithuania, so they were compelled to perfect their material life in the overseas. 2. After the statistic data analysis it was emerged that the second hypothesis – The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back – was proved. It is possible to state that on the one part it is important to emigrants to keep terms with family left in the homeland, on the other part in heir recent life exists a very important factor that influences their decision to come or not to come back to Lithuania - It is their economical status, which in often cases is ameliorated in the foreign country. Talking about the interpersonal relations in the foreign country we must say that according to their statement their relationships with local citizenry are usually supported it the context of their work. The closest relations in the foreign country they support with their countrymen. 3. The investigation's data analysis showed that institutionalised relations in emigrants' life don't take the most place. There are only work, trade and academic dealings administered in the foreign institutions. There is no communication with Lithuanian institutions currently. It is possible to state that the third hypothesis - Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable – was proved.
In nowadays we frequently meet with the question about emigration.The causes of the emigration have been examined and the possible ways of solution these problems.There are a lot of such investigations done. On the ground of them there are created some theories that try to ascertain the essence of the social phenomenon, causes and other aspects. There must be significant reasons for person to leave his country, to break their connections with family, kinsfolk, friends, to lose the social status they have. The social connections play a really important role in the person's life. The purpose of the investigation is to analyse the interpersonal and institutionalised relations of emigrants'. The tasks of the work: 1. To disclose the theoretical assumptions of the migration in modern society; 2. To analyse the emigration in Lithuania and its situation, separating the challenges of emigration to Lithuania; 3. To analyse the theoretical assumptions of the social connections (the social capital). 4. To perform the sociological investigation that would let to examine to social connections of the emigrants' in the interpersonal and institutionalised discourses. The hypotheses of the investigation: 1. The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing). 2. The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back. 3. Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable. Methods of the work: 1. The study of nonfiction. 2. The questionnaire interview: quantitative opinion's investigation (the VPU students') of the persons', living in Lithuania (the VPU students'). 3. An interview with emigrants. Findings of the work: 1. There was done the investigation and it emerged that emigrants are tended to reckon emigration as the natural phenomenon typical to all the countries. The informants of the investigation stated that they have emigrated because of insufficient attention of the government to the job direction, the bad economical situation in the country, seeking after their better material condition. Actually, students that took part in the quantitative investigation evaluate the situation of emigration similarly. So we can state that the first hypothesis - The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing) – was proved. Informants indicate the economical factors as the main cause of their emigration – the possibility to earn in the other country, seeking for the material wellbeing. They had no luck with jobs in Lithuania, so they were compelled to perfect their material life in the overseas. 2. After the statistic data analysis it was emerged that the second hypothesis – The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back – was proved. It is possible to state that on the one part it is important to emigrants to keep terms with family left in the homeland, on the other part in heir recent life exists a very important factor that influences their decision to come or not to come back to Lithuania - It is their economical status, which in often cases is ameliorated in the foreign country. Talking about the interpersonal relations in the foreign country we must say that according to their statement their relationships with local citizenry are usually supported it the context of their work. The closest relations in the foreign country they support with their countrymen. 3. The investigation's data analysis showed that institutionalised relations in emigrants' life don't take the most place. There are only work, trade and academic dealings administered in the foreign institutions. There is no communication with Lithuanian institutions currently. It is possible to state that the third hypothesis - Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable – was proved.
El propósito de este artículo es presentar una reflexión sobre las aportaciones teóricas del feminismo a las ciencias sociales a partir de la revisión de algunos de los conceptos claves que han acompañado al pensamiento feminista, incluyendo algunos de los elementos centrales del debate contemporáneo. Como parte de esta reflexión se enfatizará en las implicaciones y los alcances ideológico-políticos de dichas aportaciones. Finalmente, se propone reflexionar sobre éstas y sus desafíos feministas en el contexto latinoamericano. ; The purpose of this article is to present a reflection on the theoretical contributions made by feminism to Social Sciences. By implementing some of the principal feminist concepts and contemporary main debate elements, this article will emphasize the ideological and political implications of said contributions. Finally, the text intends to think about them and their feminist challenges in the Latin American context.
This paper analyses emigration from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to main European and North American destinations since the 1960s. It explores the role of states, post-colonial ties and migration policies in emigration dynamics. By adopting a historical-comparative approach and an origin country perspective, this paper shows that Maghreb emigration was continuously shaped not only by government strategies in Europe but also by those of Maghreb states. Drawing on new bilateral migration flow data compiled in the DEMIG C2C database, the paper reveals three distinct phases in which Maghreb emigration patterns converge and diverge: the post-independence period in which Maghreb emigration boomed; the period from the mid-1970s until the early 1990s when Algerian emigration levelled off while emigration from neighbouring countries' remained high; and the period from the early 1990s when Moroccan emigration increased exponentially while Tunisian and Algerian only grew moderately. Similarities in Maghreb emigration patterns can be explained by the countries' comparable geopolitical and socio-economic features and that European states apply the same immigration policies to all Maghreb countries. To understand the divergences however, a closer look at origin country factors is required. The paper finds that Algeria's departure from regional emigration patterns in the 1970s can be traced back to the emigration stop implemented by the Algerian government in 1973. Conversely, the active promotion of emigration by the Moroccan state facilitated emigration by making access to passport easier and fostering a culture of emigration that together with high unemployment partly explains Morocco's emigration boom after the 1990s. Finally, recent diversification of Maghreb emigration to divergent South European countries, can be attributed to specific historical linkages, with Moroccans and Algerians mainly migrating to Spain and Tunisians to Italy.
Since international tests compare the performance of students in different subjects, the issue of literacy in the social science subject is becoming more pressing. The successes and failures in international tests influence the national education policies considerably. First, the inclusion of subjects in international comparisons has consequences for their importance. Second, the race in the Olympics of education leads to an increasing focus on the output of educational processes, also measured in the central exams. Social Sciences can refuse to take part in the national comparison studies with the price of losing much more importance; they can participate with the danger of undermining their goals. This raises a lot of questions: What competences students need in this social world to reason about it und to act responsibly? What is the foundation of concepts from social science students need for guidance and understanding their place and role as an individual in society? The social science disciplines, as sociology, political science and economics in a narrow sense, history, law and geography in a broader sense, supported by philosophy, pedagogy and psychology are able to select them for educational purposes or determine such educational aims. This Journal wants to resume und discuss competences and core con¬cepts for political and economic teaching and learning as Social Science Literacy". Contributions in this issue do not only discuss and recommend competences and core concepts from a domain specific political or economic point of view, but also from an interdisciplinary or psychological point of view. They analyse preconditions and interdependencies as well as obstacles und problems of development and diagnosis core concepts and competences of Social Science Literacy.
International audience ; Les soulèvements aussi inattendus que spectaculaires qui se sont produits à partir de la fin de l'année 2010 au sud et à l'est de la Méditerranée ont bouleversé des sociétés entières, bien au-delà du champ politique. Leurs prolongements tout aussi divers, imprévisibles et parfois dramatiques continuent d'affecter l'ensemble de la région, au-delà même des pays directement concernés.Face à l'accélération de l'histoire, la demande sociale s'intensifie pour mieux comprendre. Dans le concert d'expertise mobilisée, l'ensemble des sciences sociales et humaines est mis à contribution. Ce dossier propose d'examiner à partir d'expériences concrètes et comparées comment les chercheurs de diverses disciplines (histoire, science politique, sociologie, anthropologie, linguistique…) ont pu répondre à l'épreuve de cette interpellation.D'un point de vue théorique, les textes rassemblés dans ce volume s'interrogent sur l'évolution des grilles de lecture, l'émergence d'objets originaux ou de pistes de recherche inédites, l'activation de nouveaux débats à l'intérieur des disciplines ou entre elles. Mais leurs auteurs se penchent aussi sur les conditions pratiques de la recherche à un moment où autant de terrains d'enquêtes se ferment qu'il ne s'en ouvre de nouveaux, où l'apparition de sources, l'ouverture d'archives ne peut faire oublier que des pans entiers de sociétés sont menacés de destruction.Investissement professionnel et personnel à la fois, la recherche en sciences sociales ne peut faire l'économie d'une réflexion sur les conditions de production du savoir, sur la façon d'écrire et de décrire une histoire dans laquelle les observateurs sont eux-mêmes engagés. Les révolutions arabes invitent à une démarche réflexive qui interroge la position du chercheur, la spécificité de son métier et sa capacité à rendre intelligibles les événements majeurs de l'histoire récente.
International audience ; Les soulèvements aussi inattendus que spectaculaires qui se sont produits à partir de la fin de l'année 2010 au sud et à l'est de la Méditerranée ont bouleversé des sociétés entières, bien au-delà du champ politique. Leurs prolongements tout aussi divers, imprévisibles et parfois dramatiques continuent d'affecter l'ensemble de la région, au-delà même des pays directement concernés.Face à l'accélération de l'histoire, la demande sociale s'intensifie pour mieux comprendre. Dans le concert d'expertise mobilisée, l'ensemble des sciences sociales et humaines est mis à contribution. Ce dossier propose d'examiner à partir d'expériences concrètes et comparées comment les chercheurs de diverses disciplines (histoire, science politique, sociologie, anthropologie, linguistique…) ont pu répondre à l'épreuve de cette interpellation.D'un point de vue théorique, les textes rassemblés dans ce volume s'interrogent sur l'évolution des grilles de lecture, l'émergence d'objets originaux ou de pistes de recherche inédites, l'activation de nouveaux débats à l'intérieur des disciplines ou entre elles. Mais leurs auteurs se penchent aussi sur les conditions pratiques de la recherche à un moment où autant de terrains d'enquêtes se ferment qu'il ne s'en ouvre de nouveaux, où l'apparition de sources, l'ouverture d'archives ne peut faire oublier que des pans entiers de sociétés sont menacés de destruction.Investissement professionnel et personnel à la fois, la recherche en sciences sociales ne peut faire l'économie d'une réflexion sur les conditions de production du savoir, sur la façon d'écrire et de décrire une histoire dans laquelle les observateurs sont eux-mêmes engagés. Les révolutions arabes invitent à une démarche réflexive qui interroge la position du chercheur, la spécificité de son métier et sa capacité à rendre intelligibles les événements majeurs de l'histoire récente.
International audience ; Les soulèvements aussi inattendus que spectaculaires qui se sont produits à partir de la fin de l'année 2010 au sud et à l'est de la Méditerranée ont bouleversé des sociétés entières, bien au-delà du champ politique. Leurs prolongements tout aussi divers, imprévisibles et parfois dramatiques continuent d'affecter l'ensemble de la région, au-delà même des pays directement concernés.Face à l'accélération de l'histoire, la demande sociale s'intensifie pour mieux comprendre. Dans le concert d'expertise mobilisée, l'ensemble des sciences sociales et humaines est mis à contribution. Ce dossier propose d'examiner à partir d'expériences concrètes et comparées comment les chercheurs de diverses disciplines (histoire, science politique, sociologie, anthropologie, linguistique…) ont pu répondre à l'épreuve de cette interpellation.D'un point de vue théorique, les textes rassemblés dans ce volume s'interrogent sur l'évolution des grilles de lecture, l'émergence d'objets originaux ou de pistes de recherche inédites, l'activation de nouveaux débats à l'intérieur des disciplines ou entre elles. Mais leurs auteurs se penchent aussi sur les conditions pratiques de la recherche à un moment où autant de terrains d'enquêtes se ferment qu'il ne s'en ouvre de nouveaux, où l'apparition de sources, l'ouverture d'archives ne peut faire oublier que des pans entiers de sociétés sont menacés de destruction.Investissement professionnel et personnel à la fois, la recherche en sciences sociales ne peut faire l'économie d'une réflexion sur les conditions de production du savoir, sur la façon d'écrire et de décrire une histoire dans laquelle les observateurs sont eux-mêmes engagés. Les révolutions arabes invitent à une démarche réflexive qui interroge la position du chercheur, la spécificité de son métier et sa capacité à rendre intelligibles les événements majeurs de l'histoire récente.
La criminologie a aujourd'hui une actualité traversée par de nombreuses controverses, que ce soit sur son institutionnalisation, son développement dans le cadre d'un marché de la sécurité florissant, ou les emprunts qui y ont été faits lors de lois pénales assez récentes40. La criminologie a été abordée sous une forme picaresque et colorée or, il y a un vrai phénomène criminologie à analyser, tant cette "science sociale" relève des questions qui sont de réels problèmes de société. En s'attachant à la genèse de ce savoir, nous voudrions ici précisément montrer la dimension sociologique de ces écrits, proches de l'anthropologie, portés plutôt par des médecins, quelques juristes intéressés par le social et par l'impact de leurs travaux sur les possibles transformations du monde. Palavras-chave: Ciência – Criminologia – Sociologia - França – Europa Século XIX – Política – Saberes de Governo. ; A criminologia hoje é atravessada por muita controvérsia, seja em razão de sua institucionalização, em razão de seu desenvolvimento como parte de um próspero mercado de segurança ou de empréstimos que foram feitos em leis criminais bastante recentes. A criminologia foi abordada de forma picaresca e colorida ou como forma de abordar um fenômeno criminológico real a ser analisado. De todo modo essa "ciência social" levanta questões que são problemas reais da sociedade. Ao focarmos na gênese desse conhecimento, gostaríamos aqui de mostrar precisamente a dimensão sociológica desses escritos, próximos à antropologia, praticados sobretudo por médicos, alguns juristas interessados no âmbito social e no impacto de seus trabalhos sobre as possíveis transformações do mundo. ; La criminologie a aujourd'hui une actualité traversée par de nombreuses controverses, que ce soit sur son institutionnalisation, son développement dans le cadre d'un marché de la sécurité florissant, ou les emprunts qui y ont été faits lors de lois pénales assez récentes[1]. La criminologie a été abordée sous une forme picaresque et colorée or, il y a un vrai phénomène criminologie à analyser, tant cette "science sociale" relève des questions qui sont de réels problèmes de société. En s'attachant à la genèse de ce savoir, nous voudrions ici précisément montrer la dimension sociologique de ces écrits, proches de l'anthropologie, portés plutôt par des médecins, quelques juristes intéressés par le social et par l'impact de leurs travaux sur les possibles transformations du monde. Mots-Clés: Science – Criminologie – Sociologie - France – Europe XIXème siècle – Politique – Savoirs de Gouvernement. n d'irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental du 25 février 2008 ; Criminology today is riddled with much controversy, either because of its institutionalization, because of its development as part of a thriving security market or as loans that were made in very recent criminal laws. Criminology was approached in a picaresque and colorful way or as a way to address a real criminological phenomenon to be analyzed. In any case, this "social science" raises questions that are real problems for society. In focusing on the genesis of this knowledge, we would like here to show precisely the sociological dimension of these writings, close to anthropology, practiced mainly by doctors, some jurists interested in the social scope and the impact of their work on the possible transformations of the world.
RESUMEN: El artículo tiene como objetivo revisar algunos aspectos del proceso de institucionalización de las ciencias sociales en Colombia, para ello aborda como en los procesos de maduración de estas se han dado condiciones de interdisciplinariedad, así como la manera en que las políticas públicas de ciencia y tecnología han presionado el acceso a determinas reglas; que si bien han generado procesos de internacionalización, también han puesto en crisis la autonomía respecto a lo que se considera conocimiento científico social. Por ello se termina con una reflexión sobre la necesidad de reflexionar continuar reflexionando sobre lo que se entiende como objetividad de las ciencias sociales frente a tal proceso de institucionalización. ; ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to inspect some aspects about the institucionalization process of the Social Sciences in Colombia, for this it takes the way in how the processes of maduration of those have been given in interdisciplinarity conditions, just like the way how the public politics of science and technology have pushed the access to certain rules that have generated processes of internacionalization and that have placed in crisis the autonomy respect to what its considered social scientis knowledge. Finally, the article ends with a reflection about the need of take in consideration what its known like Social Science objectivity in front to the institucionalization process.
In this paper the results are given of an investigation into concepts from Economics, Organization Theory, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology. The goal of this investigation was to find out whether there is a set of concepts that may be considered to be basic to all these five social sciences. The set of concepts found will be modeled in terms of automata, thus providing a way of unifying the five fields in a general mathematical setting.
In this paper an extension is given of the set of concepts considered to be basic to the fields of Economics, Organization Theory, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology. The modeling is in terms of automata and automata networks. In the first paper on basic concepts the simplest unit, the social atom, stood central. In this second paper social structures and processes are focused upon.
The paper discusses measurement, primarily in economics, from both analytical and historical perspectives. The historical section traces the commitment to ordinalism on the part of economic theorists from the doctrinal disputes between classical economics and marginalism, through the struggle of orthodox economics against socialism down to the cold-war alliance between mathematical social science and anti-communist ideology. In economics the commitment to ordinalism led to the separation of theory from the quantitative measures that are computed in practice: price and quantity indexes, consumer surplus and real national product. The commitment to ordinality entered political science, via Arrow's 'impossibility theorem', effectively merging it with economics, and ensuring its sterility. How can a field that has as its central result the impossibility of democracy contribute to the design of democratic institutions? The analytical part of the paper deals with the quantitative measures mentioned above. I begin with the conceptual clarification that what these measures try to achieve is a restoration of the money metric that is lost when prices are variable. I conclude that there is only one measure that can be embedded in a satisfactory economic theory, free from unreasonable restrictions. It is the Törnqvist index as an approximation to its theoretical counterpart the Divisia index. The statistical agencies have at various times produced different measures for real national product and its components, as well as related concepts. I argue that all of these are flawed and that a single deflator should be used for the aggregate and the components. Ideally this should be a chained Törnqvist price index defined on aggregate consumption. The social sciences are split. The economic approach is abstract, focused on the assumption of rational and informed behavior, and tends to the political right. The sociological approach is empirical, stresses the non-rational aspects of human behavior and tends to the political left. I argue that the split is due to the fact that the empirical and theoretical traditions were never joined in the social sciences as they were in the natural sciences. I also argue that measurement can potentially help in healing this split.
