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International audience The problem addressed in this article is the bias to income and expenditure elasticities estimated on pseudo-panel data caused by measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity. We gauge empirically these biases by comparing cross-sectional, pseudo-panel and true panel data from both Polish and American expenditure surveys. Our results suggest that unobserved heterogeneity imparts a downward bias to cross-section estimates of income elasticities of at-home food expenditures and an upward bias to estimates of income elasticities of away-from-home food expenditures. "Within" and first-difference estimators suffer less bias, but only if the effects of measurement error are accounted for with instrumental variables. ; 12 p.

Die Verfasser stellen Fragen und Ergebnisse zur Einkommensmessung in zwei internationalen Umfrageprojekten vor, dem European Community Household Panel und dem European Social Survey. Vorgelegt werden Ergebnisse für Deutschland, Großbritannien, Italien und Luxemburg. Die Verfasser diskutieren fünf Merkmale, die einen Einfluss auf die Qualität der Antworten haben können: Haushaltsgröße, Stellung des Antwortenden in der Familie, Haupteinkommensquelle, Zusammensetzung des Einkommens, kognitive Fähigkeit des Befragten, sich an das Einkommen zu erinnern. Abschließend wird nach der optimalen Bestimmung der Einkommensklassen für Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Ländern gefragt. (ICE)

It is hard these days to open a newspaper or watch television without coming across a debate about capitalism. "Globalization," "imperialism," and "neoliberalism" have become household words. Experts preach the gospel of productivity, while anti-globalization protestors blame the IMF and transnational companies for much of our social ills. Some view economic growth as a magic bullet, for others it spells ecological disaster. Many interpret the new wars of the twenty first century as serving "economic" interests and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a backlash against western "liberalism." For some capitalism means the "end of history," for others a source of conflict and an engine of change. No aspect of capitalism seems to escape controversy. In this context, it is surprising to find little or no debate on the concept which matters the most: capital itself. Capital is the central institution of capitalism and yet we do not have a satisfactory theory to explain it. As it turns out, we do not know precisely what capital is. This omission is crucial. Without a clear definition of capital we cannot fully understand how it works and why. Until we understand capital we are destined to misunderstand our society, misjudge its alternatives and fail to imagine a better future. In order to debate capitalism we first need to debate capital. This book offers a new way to do so. The secret to understanding capital, we argue, lies not in the narrow confines of production but in the broader processes and institutions of power. Capital, we claim, is neither a material object, nor a social relationship embedded in material entities, but rather a symbolic representation of power.

Between 1992-1996 I was in charge of a research project in Germany and Israel sponsored by the German Research Association. My colleagues and I examined three generations of Jewish and non-Jewish German and Israeli families. The specific focus of our study lay in comparing different family constellations based on whether the first generation could be categorized as victims, perpetrators, or Nazifollowers during the Nazi period. Primarily from a sociological perspective we examined how family histories that differ biographically after 1945 – in Israel, in
West Germany and in former East Germany – affect the process of transmitting the family past from one generation to the next.We looked at the process of how family history is passed down through the generations in three generations of Jewish and non-Jewish German and Israeli families. The general empirical question was: How do three generations of families live today with the family and the collective past during the Nazi period? What influences does this past of the first generation, and their own ways of dealing with it, have upon the lives of their offspring?

In this paper we (Laura Giordano, Nicola Olivetti and myself) propose a conditional logic to represent iterated belief revision systems. We propose a set of postulates for belief revision which are a small variant of Darwiche and Pearl's ones.The resulting conditional logic has a standard semantics in terms of selection function models, and provides a natural representation of epistemic states. A Representation Theorem establishes a correspondence between iterated belief revision systems and conditional models. Our Representation Theorem does not entail Gärdenfors' Triviality Result.

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt, wie Fokusgruppen zur Entwicklung von Auswahlexperimenten in urbanen Umgebungen eingesetzt werden können. Durch Fokusgruppen werden Forschende in die Lage versetzt, Veränderungen in der urbanen Umgebung, die in der Öffentlichkeit (un)erwünscht sind, zu identifizieren: Dies betrifft erstens der Re-Definition des Nutzung einer Wohnumgebung und zweitens mögliche entwicklungs-/veränderungsrelevante Attribute. Im Rahmen unserer Studie wurden vier Fokusgruppen durchgeführt. In dem Beitrag diskutieren wir, welche Themen in den Gruppen relevant wurden und wie diese sich auf die zukünftige Arbeit in dem Forschungsprojekt beziehen lassen.

International audience French hardware manufacturers were by and large incapable not only of translating technological advances into industrial products but even of understanding the new opportunities these advances offered. While true up to a point, this approach, focused on the failure of the so-called ''national champion'' policy, is incapable of explaining why French providers of IT services have had considerable success both in their own domestic market and in the wider European market. The argument advanced is that a very active higher education policy and national research strategy has produced a supply of particularly valuable competences which feed the IT sectors. In addition, the previous mission-oriented policies encouraged the development of effective technological districts which now nurture a plethora of small, innovative IT firms. ; Les fabricants de matériels informatiques français ont été incapables non seulement de traduire les avancées technologiques en produits industriels, mais aussi de comprendre les nouvelles possibilités offertes par ces avancées. Cette histoire de l'échec est sans doute vraie jusqu'à un certain point ; cette approche, axée sur la soi-disant politique de « champion national », est incapable d'expliquer pourquoi les fournisseurs français de logiciels et de services informatiques ont eu un succès considérable aussi bien sur le marché intérieur que sur les marchés européens plus larges. Notre propre argument est que la politique très active de l'enseignement supérieur et la stratégie nationale de recherche ont produit ensemble une offre de compétences particulièrement précieuses qui alimentent les secteurs des technologies de l'information. En outre, les politiques orientées vers la mission précise ont encouragé le développement des districts technologiques efficaces qui nourrissent désormais une pléthore de petites entreprises innovantes.

This article addresses the issue of organisational learning. The starting point for the analysis is the definition of organisational learning proposed by Levitt and March (1988) in terms of the transformation of an organisation's routines. This definition lead to a focus on the "organisational link" or the way in which individual routines and various learning processes are coordinated, thus assuring a degree of organisational coherence. In comparing the different organisational theories of Simon (1947), March and Simon (1958), Cyert and March (1963) and Nelson and Winter (1982), it is demonstrated that those authors that place primary emphasis on the organisation as an processor of information tend to downplay the importance of the social, relational and political dimensions of organisation behaviour. Recognition of the dual nature of the organisational link and of the importance of political determinants leads to the conclusion that individual processes of learning and inference should to be analytically distinguished from "learning" in the sense of a transformation in the organisation's routines.

The paper focuses on indirectly infected persons (persons infected by a person, infected by a person, etc., itself infected by a public organism, for AIDS, hepatitis C, etc.). It is assumed that fairness implies the national community to indemnify them. Graph theory is used to explain what is indirect infection. The concept of chains of infection, and their length is central. Re-infections are considered also because even individuals that are initially infected by another cause could become later indirectly infected by the public agent. The number of persons to be indemnified is larger than for direct infection, so the cost of compensation is higher, unless if compensation per capita is lower. The required quantity of information is so large that this is unrealistic and not democratic. The precision of the determination of infecting causes, as well as the responsibility, decreases rapidly when the length of chains increases. With re-infection, potentially all infected persons could become relevant of a compensation. Compensation of indirectly infected persons is unrealistic, what is unfair when the directly infected persons are compensated

International audience The debate over the costs of GHG emission reduction has become more com-plex recently as disagreements over the existence of economic and environ-mental double dividents have been added to discussions over the existence of a negative cost potential. We argue that basic assumptions about economic effi-ciency, the (sub-)optimality of the baseline and the rate of technical change are more important than model structure, and we underline the importance of the timing of decisions for determining the costs. Moreover the use of a single baseline 'no policy' scenario and several policy intervention scenarios may be fundamentally misleading in the longer term simply because the very idea of a business as usual scenario is deeply problematic. Ultimately the debate turns on political judgments about the desirability of alternative development paths. Copright© 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

National audience The article discusses the etio-pathogeny of the conversion process. He returned to the traditional interpretation which made the conversion symptoms a symbolic representative of a rejected conflict, a conflict relating, therefore, to a choice of object whose pushed representation returned to the body. It proposes a different hypothesis, which, moreover, does not necessarily exclude the previous situation: the conversion corresponds to a form of mimetism between the subject and the object of his desire, the symptoms then not being the symbolic representative of an objective-type relationship, but the trace in the body of an identificatory relationship. ; National audience L'article discute l'étio-pathogénie du processus de conversion. Il revient sur l'interprétation traditionnelle qui fait du symptôme de conversion un représentant symbolique d'un conflit refoulé, conflit relatif, par conséquent, à un choix d'objet dont la représentation refoulée fait retour dans le corps. Il propose une hypothèse différente, qui n'exclut d'ailleurs par nécessairement l'hypothèse précédente : la conversion correspondrait à une forme de mimétisme entre le sujet et l'objet de son désir, le symptôme n'étant pas alors primitivement le représentant symbolique d'une relation de type objectal, mais la trace dans le corps d'une relation de type identificatoire.

This paper sheds light on the fiscal trajectories of 18 former French colonies in Africa from colonial times to the present. Building upon own previous work about colonial public finance (Cogneau et al., 2021), we compile a novel dataset by combining previously available data with recently digitized data from historical archives, to produce continuous and comparable public revenue data series from 1900 to 2018. This allows us to study the evolution of the level and composition of fiscal revenues in the post-colonial decades, with a special focus on the critical juncture of independence. We find that very few countries achieved significant progress in fiscal capacity between the end of the colonial period and today, if we set aside income drawn from mineral resources. This is not explained by a lasting collapse of fiscal capacity at the time of independence. From 1960 to today, the reliance on mineral resource revenues increased on average and dependence on international commodity prices persisted, with few exceptions. The relative contribution of trade taxes declined after the structural adjustments, and lost trade revenues were not compensated by a sufficient increase in domestic taxes. However, for the most recent period, we do note an improvement in the capacity to collect taxes on the domestic economy.

PART I -Military Psychology: The Roots and the Journey -- Military Psychology in War and Peace: An Appraisal / Swati Mukherjee and Updesh Kumar -- War, Peace and the Military in Biblical and Ancient Greek Societies / Matthew B. Schwartz and Kalman J. Kaplan -- Four Stages in the Evolution of Military Enlisted Testing / Michael G. Rumsey -- Polemology: Orphan of Military Psychology / Jacques J. Gouws -- The Application of Culture and Cognition within a Military Context / Faizan Imtiaz, Mark Khei, and Li-Jun Ji -- Military Psychology and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Implications for the South African National Defence Force's Directorate Psychology / Petrus C. Bester -- War of the Future and Prospective Directions of Military Psychology / Alexander G. Karayani -- Ethical Issues in Military Psychology: Promoting International Ethical Readiness / Thomas E. Myers and Shane S. Bush -- PART II -- Soldiering: Deployment and Beyond -- Shaping Military Leaders: Role of Character Strengths and Virtues / Archana, Samridhi Ahuja and Updesh Kumar -- Posttraumatic Growth in Military Populations: Theory, Research, and Application / K.C. Kalmbach and Bret A. Moore -- Building Resilience and Hardiness in Military Leaders -Robustness Training Programs of the German Army / Oliver Krueckel, Annett Heidler, Nicola von Luedinghausen, Markus Auschekis and Matthias Soest -- Sustainable Team Leadership: Social Identity and Collective Leadership for Military and Society / António P. Rosinha, Hermes Andrade Junior and Marcos Aguiar de Souza -- The Physical Bravery Study: Findings and Implications for Small, Innovative Research Studies with Military/Veteran Populations / Kristen J. Vescera, Jacie Brown, Catherine Hausman, and Bruce Bongar -- Military Recruiting in the United States: Selection, Assessment, Training, Well-being, and Performance Coaching / Steven V. Bowles, Bettina Schmid, Laurel K. Cofell Rashti, Susan J. Scapperotti, Tracy D. Smith, Paul T. Bartone and Peter Mikoski -- Validity Assessment in Military Psychology / Noah K. Kaufman and Shane S. Bush -- Reintegration and Military Family Health: Military Training and its Relationship to Post-Deployment Role Conflict in Intimate Partner Relationships / E. Ann Jeschke, Jessica M. LaCroix, Amber M. Fox, Laura A. Novak, and Marjan Ghahramanlou Holloway -- Lone Wolf Terrorism / Bruce Bongar, Anna Feinman, and Renata Sargon -- Why Do They Leave? A Conceptual Model of Military Turnover / H. Canan Sümer and Ipek Mete -- Transition from Military to Civilian Life / Harprit Kaur and Swati -- PART III -- Making a Choice: Mental Health Issues and Prospects in the Military -- Militaries' Burnout and Work Engagement: A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review / Maria José Chambel, Silvia Lopes, Filipa Castanheira and Carolina Rodrigues-Silveira -- Stress, Burnout and Coping in Military Environment / Yonel Ricardo de Souza and Fabio Biasotto Feitosa -- Stress Experiences and Abilities to Cope: Civil Population versus Military Personnel / Vijay Parkash -- Military Related Mental Health Morbidities: A Neurobiological Approach / Shobit Garg and Jyoti Mishra Pandey -- Clinical Health Psychology Applications in Military Settings / Ryaja Johnson and Larry C. James -- Suicide Prevention Strategies in Military Populations / Marissa N. Eusebio, Abigale Brady, and Bruce Bongar -- Military Sexual Trauma and Suicidal Self-Directed Violence: A Narrative Review and Proposed Agenda for Future Research / Lindsey L. Monteith, Ryan Holliday, Tim Hoyt and Nazanin H. -- Bahraini -- Understanding Suicide among Female Veterans: A Theory-Driven Approach / Lindsey L. Monteith, Ryan Holliday, Diana P. Brostow and Claire A. Hoffmire -- Resilience and Stress in Military Combat Flight Engineers / Reoot Cohen-Koren, Dror Garbi, Shirley Gordon, Nirit Yavnai, Yifat Erlich Shoham and Leah Shelef -- Family Based Psychological Interventions: A Heuristic Approach / Jyoti Mishra Pandey and Shobit Garg -- Chronic Disease Risks and Service-Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans / Jeanne Mager Stellman and Steven D. Stellman -- Neurotransmitter and Neurotrophic Biomarkers in Combat Related PTSD / Gordana Nedic Erjavec, Matea Nikolac Perkovic, Dubravka Svob Strac, Lucija Tudor and Nela Pivac -- Neuroendocrine and Immune Biomarkers of PTSD in Combat Veterans / Nela Pivac, Marcela Konjevod, Marina Sagud, Suzana Uzun, and Oliver Kozumplik -- Moral Injury in Service Members and Veterans / Sheila Frankfurt, Alanna Coady, Breanna Grunthal, Stephanie EllicksonLarew and Bret T. Litz -- Student Service Members/Veterans' Mental Health on Campuses: Risk and Resources / Dan Nyaronga -- Resilience and Clinical Issues in Survival Behaviour under Isolation and Captivity / Vasile Marineanu.

List of maps and images List of contributors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: An Open-Ended and Contingent History of Human Rights Jean H. Quataert and Lora Wildenthal Part 1. The New Internationalism 2. John Anderson - Slave, Refugee, and Freedom Fighter: A Human Rights Campaign in the Age of Empire Caroline Shaw 3. Investigating and Ameliorating Atrocities in the Nineteenth Century: International Commissions of Inquiry in the Balkans (1876-1880) Benjamin E. Brockman-Hawe 4. Reclaiming Congo Reform for the History of Human Rights Mairi S. MacDonald 5. The Red Cross and the Laws of War, 1863-1949: International Rights Activism before Human Rights Kimberly Lowe Part 2. The Interwar Era: The League of Nations 6. United in their Quest for Peace? Transnational Women Activists between the World Wars Marie Sandell 7. The "Rights of Man" and Sex Equality: International Human Rights Discourses in the 1930s Regula Ludi Part 3. The Formative UN Era A. UN Treaty Making 8. Social and Economic Rights: The Struggle for Equivalent Protection Claire-Michelle Smyth 9. Islam and UN Human Rights Treaty Ratification in the Middle East: The Impact of International Law on Diplomacy Rachel A. George 10. When the War Came: The Child Rights Convention and the Conflation of Human Rights and the Laws of War Linde Lindkvist B. Decolonization 11. "Why Then Call It the Declaration of Human Rights?" The Failures of Universal Human Rights in Colonial Africa's Internationally Supervised Territories Meredith Terretta 12. Decolonization, Development, and Identity: The Evolution of the Anticolonial Human Rights Critique, 1948-1978 Roland Burke 13. "When You are Weak, You Have to Stick to Principles": Botswana and Anti-Colonialism in Human Rights History James Christian Kirby C. Socialist and Capitalist Versions of Human Rights 14. The International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Gender of Economic Rights Eileen Boris and Jill Jensen 15. Human Rights Movements and the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Explaining the Peaceful Revolution of 1989 Ned Richardson-Little 16. Human Rights in China: Resisting Orthodoxy Pitman B. Potter 17. Continuity and Change in U.S. Human Rights Policy Sarah B. Snyder Part 4. After Formal Empire and the Cold War: How Human Rights are Practiced Around the Globe (1980s-2001) 18. The Universality of Human Rights: Early NGO Practices in the Arab World Catherine Baylin Dureya 19. How Women Become Human: Chilean Contributions to Women's Human Rights from Dictatorship to the 21st Century Jadwiga E. Pieper Mooney 20. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo: From Dictatorship to Democracy Jennifer Adair 21. Asma Jahangir: Personifying the Human Rights Debate in Pakistan Afiya Shehrbano Zia Part 5. The Universal Human Rights Pantheon in National Contexts 22. Freedom of Religion and the New Diversity: Case Studies from Canada Lori G. Beaman 23. Indigenous Activism for Human Rights: A Case Study from Australia Rachel Standfield and Lynette Russell 24. The International LGBT Rights Movement: An Introductory History Laura A. Belmonte 25. Rights in Isolation: Lessons on Public Health and Human Rights from Leprosy and HIV in the Pacific Islands Adam R Houston Part 6. New Forms of Accountability in a National Security World (2001 to the Present) 26. Decentralization and Public-Private Diplomacy in the Business and Human Rights Field Steven S. Nam 27. The Selectivity of Universal Jurisdiction: The History of Transnational Human Rights Prosecutions in Latin America and Spain Ulrike Capdepón 28. Militarized Sexual Violence and Campaigns for Redress Vera Mackie 29. Solidarity Rights and the Common Heritage of Humanity Anca Claudia Prodan 30. Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights Steven Wilf 31. Caged at the Border: Immigration Detention and the Denial of Human Rights to Asylum Seekers and Other Migrants Stephanie J. Silverman and Petra Molnar Part 7. The Transformative Impact of Human Rights on Knowledge 32. Archiving Human Rights in Latin America: Transitional Justice and Shifting Visions of Political Change Michelle Carmody 33. Emotion in the History of Human Rights: A Case Study of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Christine Lavrence 34. From the Classroom to the Public: Engaging Students in Human Rights History Jessica M. Frazier A Bibliography on the History of Human Rights Index