Suchergebnisse

En este trabajo se pretende realizar una aportación a la Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, mediante el diseño, implementación y evaluación de una propuesta de enseñanza que ayude al alumnado de secundaria obligatoria a asimilar los conceptos básicos volumen, masa y densidad tratados en esta etapa. Con este objetivo, la investigación se estructura en tres estudios relativos a la enseñanza fundamentada de dichos conceptos: análisis de las concepciones alternativas, análisis de los libros de texto; y elaboración, aplicación y evaluación de una propuesta de enseñanza. Los instrumentos de análisis, para cada estudio, se indican en las líneas siguientes: Para el análisis de las concepciones alternativas de alumnos en el primer estudio (Muestra 1): cuestionarios de respuestas abiertas. Para el análisis de los libros de texto: protocolos/plantilla de presencia- ausencia. Para la investigación de la propuesta de enseñanza implementada (Muestra 2): cuestionarios inicial y final de respuestas abiertas (prestest y postest) estructurado en cinco aspectos fundamentales, relacionados con el volumen, la masa y la densidad; hojas de resultados con la respuesta de los estudiantes a las actividades de la unidad; y, diario e informe final del profesor. Los resultados sobre concepciones alternativas, indican que el alumnado que finaliza tercero de ESO, presenta dificultades en la explicación de los fenómenos planteados. Entre estas dificultades: la asociación de cambios de forma con cambios de volumen, la influencia del peso o la profundidad de inmersión en el volumen desalojado de líquido cuando se sumerge totalmente un sólido en él, la ausencia de masa en gases o la confusión entre densidad y viscosidad; destacan por ser las más arraigadas. Además, es de señalar que, la mayoría de los estudiantes de la muestra estudiada, no son capaces de estimar valores aproximados de masa o volumen de objetos frecuentes en su vida diaria. Tampoco consideran la densidad como una propiedad que sirva para diferenciar unas sustancias de otras, y solo unos pocos consideran que la densidad no depende de la cantidad de sustancia. Utilizan mejor la interpretación adecuada de la flotación cuando se trata comparar lo ocurrido con un mismo sólido en diferentes líquidos, que cuando la situación contempla varios sólidos en un mismo líquido. Estas circunstancias revelan las carencias en la estrategia de enseñanza utilizada para el tratamiento de estos contenidos. En el análisis de los textos de ESO se buscó la presencia o ausencia de elementos que pudieran tener relación con las concepciones alternativas mencionadas, llevando a cabo una comparativa entre los publicados según la ley anterior (LOE) y los que se rigen por la legislación actual (LOMCE). En general, los libros introducen la densidad como una fórmula matemática sin una presentación cualitativa previa de su significado. Aunque aparecen ejemplos de valores de densidades de sustancias (habiendo pocos casos de gases), no incluyen ejemplos de materiales de posible interés como el grafeno. De forma gráfica, solo una minoría de los libros analizados resalta el contraste entre los valores de densidades de sustancias sólidas, mejorando este tratamiento los libros de la nueva ley. No se abordan las concepciones alternativas relativas a que el agua desalojada por un sólido en completa inmersión no depende del peso del sólido ni de la profundidad a la que se sumerja. Pero suelen reproducir el mismo ejemplo de la "medida del volumen de una piedra inmersa en agua", bajo la falsa premisa de que los alumnos carecen de ideas previas inadecuadas al respecto. En la separación de sustancias por decantación, aparece sistemáticamente el caso del agua y aceite. Pero no se aprovecha para mostrar otros ejemplos, como la decantación en la depuración del agua o en la fabricación de aceites esenciales. La propuesta de ejemplos de flotación sólidos en líquidos ha mejorado en algunas editoriales al pasar de una ley a la siguiente. Pero aspectos como la flotabilidad variable de un objeto en un mismo líquido, no se discute en ninguno de los libros analizados. Por último, la propuesta de enseñanza está fundamentada en la metodología por investigación dirigida y aplicada a alumnado de tercer curso de ESO. Consiste en un programa de actividades (23, de tipo experimental, en siete sesiones) que sigue una secuencia construida con el objetivo de ir paliando las dificultades que se han anticipado en los estudios anteriores. La metodología, de forma general, consiste en comenzar con una situación problemática de interés a partir de la cual los estudiantes emiten hipótesis de partida. A continuación deben pensar en algún método que les lleve a la comprobación de estas hipótesis, obteniendo datos y emitiendo conclusiones. La función del profesor es servir de guía en el proceso de aprendizaje. Los participantes fueron los alumnos (de dos grupos homogéneos) del autor de la investigación. Tras el desarrollo y análisis de la propuesta, los resultados revelan, en primer lugar, una mejora significativa entre las respuestas del pretest y las del postest. Entre ellas, la asimilación de que el volumen de líquido que desaloja un sólido al sumergirse totalmente en él depende del volumen de este, la utilización de la densidad para la identificación de sustancias, la diferenciación entre densidad y viscosidad o la asimilación de que el estado gaseoso presenta las mismas propiedades que los otros estados. Del mismo modo, observamos una adaptación progresiva a la metodología de enseñanza propuesta y una mayor autonomía en el desarrollo del trabajo experimental. Esta evolución se da, sobre todo, en aquellos procedimientos relacionados con la identificación del problema propuesto, la formulación de predicciones e hipótesis y el establecimiento de conclusiones. Si bien, detectamos cierta intermitencia en la medición de magnitudes, recogida de datos y utilización de las técnicas básicas de laboratorio, según las sesiones y actividades, aspectos que consideramos necesario seguir trabajando. Por último, advertimos también una mejora en la actitud de aprendizaje ante las ciencias. No obstante, se ha detectado la necesidad de ampliar el número de ejemplos donde aplicar los conocimientos, para garantizar la superación de algunas concepciones alternativas más arraigadas y que esto se haga extensivo a una mayoría de alumnos. ; This research expects to contribute to Science Education by designing, implementing and assessing a teaching proposal that will help the ESO (compulsory secondary education) students to assimilate the basic concepts of volume, mass and density, addressed at this stage. With this aim, the research is structured in three studies related to the teaching of such concepts: analysis of alternative conceptions, analysis of textbooks; and production, implementation and evaluation of a teaching proposal. The instruments of analysis used for each study, are indicated in the following lines: Open-answer questionnaires, for the first study (Sample 1). Presence-absence protocols/template, for the analysis of textbooks: Initial and final open-answer questionnaires, structured in five fundamental aspects, related to volume, mass and density; result sheets with the students' answers to the activities from the unit; and, diary and final report of the teacher, for the investigation of the implemented teaching proposal (Sample 2). The results about alternative conceptions indicate that students who finish the third year of ESO, present difficulties in explaining the suggested phenomena. Some of these difficulties are: the association between shape changes and volume changes, the influence of weight or immersion depth on the volume of displaced liquid when a solid is totally immersed in it, the absence of mass in gases or the confusion between density and viscosity; they stand out for being the most unshakable. In addition, it is noteworthy that most of the students in the sample studied are not able to estimate approximate values of mass or volume of common objects in their daily life. Nor do they consider density as a property that serves to differentiate substances from others, and only a few consider that density does not depend on the amount of substance. They use the proper interpretation of flotation better when comparing what happened with the same solid in different liquids, than when the situation contemplates several solids in the same liquid. These circumstances reveal the shortcomings in the teaching strategy used for the treatment of these contents In the analysis of the texts from ESO, we searched for the presence or absence of elements that could be related to the mentioned alternative conceptions, comparing those published according to the previous law (LOE) and those that are governed by the current legislation (LOMCE). In general, books introduce density as a mathematical formula without a prior qualitative introduction to its meaning. Although there are some examples of values of substance densities (with few cases of gases), they do not include examples of materials of possible interest such as graphene. Graphically, only a minority of the analyzed books highlight the contrast between the values of densities of solid substances. The books for the new law are better in this aspect. They do not tackle alternative conceptions related to the fact that the water displaced by a solid in complete immersion does not depend on the weight of the solid or the depth to which it is immersed. But they often reproduce the same example, the "measure of the volume of a stone immersed in water", under the false premise that the students lack previous inadequate ideas about it. In the separation of substances by decantation, the example of water and oil appears systematically. But it is not used to show other examples as the decanting in the purification of the water or the manufacturing of essential oils. The proposal for examples of buoyancy of solids in liquids has improved in some books by certain publishers when moving from one law to the next one. But aspects such as the variable buoyancy of an object in the same liquid are not discussed in any of the books analyzed. Finally, the teaching proposal is based on the directed research methodology and applied to students from the third year of ESO. It consists of a program of activities (23, of experimental type, in seven sessions), that follows a sequence based on the idea of palliating the difficulties that have been anticipated in previous studies. The methodology, in general, consists in starting with a problematic situation of interest from which the students give initial hypotheses. Then, they must think of some method that leads them to check these hypotheses, obtaining data and conclusions. The role of the teacher is to guide the learning process. The participants were the students (of two homogeneous groups) of the researcher. After the development and the analysis of the proposal, the results reveal, first, a significant improvement between pre-test and pos-test responses. This includes the assimilation that the volume of liquid displaced by a solid completely submerged in it depends on its volume, the use of density for the identification of substances, the differentiation between density and viscosity or the assimilation that the gaseous state has the same properties as the other states. Likewise, we observe a progressive adaptation to the proposed teaching methodology and a greater autonomy in the development of experimental work. This development occurs mainly in those procedures related to the identification of the proposed problem, the formulation of predictions and hypotheses and the establishment of conclusions. However, we detect some intermittence in the measurement of magnitudes, collection of data and use of basic laboratory techniques, according to the sessions and activities, aspects in which we consider necessary to continue working. Finally, we also notice an improvement in the attitude towards the learning of science. However, there has been a need to expand the number of examples in which to apply knowledge, to ensure that some of the more deeply rooted alternative conceptions are overcome and that this is extended to a majority of students.

Introducción. La Eugenesia es un acontecimiento histórico que logró mover, una vez más, los fundamentos éticos tradicionales de la humanidad, cuestionando nuestra concepción de lo humano, haciendo de la diferencia, la debilidad o la enfermad una amenaza tangible urgente de normalizar o exterminar. Objetivo. Estudiar la forma como se desarrolló el movimiento eugenésico en Latinoamérica, en países como Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Cuba, Chile, México y Perú. Materiales y métodos. Artículo de revisión de corte histórico; se seleccionó bibliografía que permitiera 1) brindar acercamiento al origen y principios de la Eugenesia; 2) investigaciones y artículos publicados en los países en mención que dan cuenta del desarrollo del movimiento eugenésico y de las políticas e instituciones con ocasión del mismo; 3) documentos históricos de intelectuales, políticos y educadores colombianos de la primera mitad del siglo XX para evaluar su adhesión al darwinismo social y al paradigma degeneracionista; 4) revisión de la legislación de la primera mitad del siglo XX en Colombia para analizar la materialización de principios eugenésicos y finalmente 5) se abordaron documentos que permiten consolidar una reflexión en torno a los graves problemas éticos y sociales que implicó la Eugenesia como un paradigma determinista biológica y socialmente. Resultados y discusión. Se evidencia que el movimiento eugenésico permeó el contexto latinoamericano definiendo, en la primera mitad del siglo XX, la política pública de los diferentes estados en materia educativa, médica, económica y migratoria, entre otras; generando graves problemas de estigmatización racial y moral. ; Background. Eugenics was a historical event that increasingly changed the mankind's traditional ethical insights by means of inquiring our human nature visioning way, thus conceiving the difference, the weakness or the disease as a tangible threat that urgently needs to be normalized or abolished. Objective. Studying the way how the eugenic movement was developed in Latin-America, particularly in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Peru. Material and methods. Revision and historical-like article; literature was selected in order to provide clear understanding about the origins and principles of Eugenics. Research papers published in the aforesaid countries were undertaken to show evidence of the movement, its trends and claimant institutions. Historical documents from Colombian scholars, politicians and teachers from the second half of the twentieth century were also chosen to assess their adhesion to the social Darwinism and the degeneration paradigm as well. A careful revision of the ruling legislation of the first half of the twentieth century was carried out in order to peruse the traces of the eugenic approach. Finally, a deep pondering was done allowing the identification of the serious social and ethical problems arising from Eugenics as a determining paradigm biologically and socially speaking. Results and conclusions. The outcomes clearly show that the eugenic movement highly affected the Latin-American context by defining the first half of the XX century, particularly the public policy of different states (zones) in different issues such education, medicine, economics, migration among others, leading to serious problems such as racial and moral stigmatization.

La obra "Geografías de lo sagrado en la contemporaneidad" se compone de un gran número de trabajos de investigación llevados a cabo por diferentes trabajadores de la agenda científica, sin embargo, sería una equivocación pensarla como una simple sumatoria de autores. El libro es el resultado de años de trabajo continuo articulado por un plantel de científicos de las ciencias sociales, principalmente geógrafos, pero, además, sumando el aporte de sociólogos, historiadores, antropólogos, intentando, de esta manera, transitar por los complejos, pero efectivos, senderos de la interdisciplinaridad.

The literature on the economics of happiness in developed economies finds discrepancies between reported measures of well-being and income measures. One is the so-called Easterlin paradox: that average happiness levels do not increase as countries grow wealthier. This article explores how that paradox and survey research on reported wellbeing in general can provide insights into the gaps between standard measures of economic development and individual assessments of welfare. Analysis of research on reported wellbeing in Latin America and Russia finds notable discrepancies between respondent assessments of their own wellbeing and income or expenditure based measures. Accepting a wide margin for error in both types of measures, the article posits that taking such discrepancies into account may improve the understanding of development outcomes by providing a broader view on wellbeing than do income or expenditure based measures alone. It suggests particular areas where research on reported well-being has the most potential to contribute. Yet the article also notes that some interpretations of happiness research psychologist set point theory, in particular may be quite limited in their application to development questions and cautions against the direct translation of results of happiness surveys into policy recommendations.

"Celebrity, Aspiration and Contemporary Youth uses the lens of celebrity to explore how young people think about their futures under austerity. Based on an interdisciplinary study, the book offers fresh insights into contemporary youth aspirations and inequalities. It helps us to understand young people's transitions into adulthood at a time of socio-economic 'crisis'. Drawing on original data, the authors examine what it means for young people to be forming their aspirations within the context of 'austere meritocracy'. The book addresses three central questions: What kinds of futures do young people desire and imagine for themselves? What is required of young people in the process of achieving these futures? And how are inequalities embedded and reproduced within these? Using young people's 'celebrity talk' to explore their aspirations, the authors challenge stereotypes of young people as a fame-hungry, get-rich-quick generation. Instead, they show how young people engage critically with celebrity and its discourses. Key chapters focus on how young people talk about youth, work, authenticity, success, happiness, money and fame in relation to their own lives and those of celebrities. Each of these chapters contains a case study of an international celebrity, including, Beyoncé, Will Smith, Bill Gates, Prince Harry and Kim Kardashian. The authors conclude with possibilities for social change. They show that celebrity offers an important way of working with young people to critically explore what futures are possible and for whom."--Bloomsbury Publishing

"This is the first book to examine the cultural phenomenon of the roadhouse in mid 20th-century Britain and its impact on British leisure. The term 'roadhouse' was used in varied ways in the 1930s, from small roadside tearooms to enormous establishments on the outskirts of major cities. These roadhouses were an important component in the transformation of leisure in the 1930s and beyond, reflecting the increased levels of social and physical mobility brought about by new technologies, suburbanisation and the influence of American culture. Roadhouses attracted wealthy Londoners excited by the prospect of a high-speed run into the countryside. During the day, they offered family activities such as tennis, archery, horse riding and swimming. At night, they provided all the fun of the West End with dancing, classy restaurants, cabaret, swimsuit parades and dance demonstrations, subverting the licensing laws to provide all-night drinking. Rumours abounded of prostitution and transgressive behaviour in the car park. Roadhouses formed part of an imaginary America in suburban Britain that was promoted by the popularity of American movies, music and fiction, providing a pastiche of the American country club. While much work has been done on the Soho nightclubs of the 1930s, the roadhouse has been largely ignored. Michael John Law and David Gutzke fill this gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the roadhouse's cultural meaning, demonstrating how Americanisation was interpreted for British consumers. This original and engaging study will be fascinating reading for all scholars of 20th-century British cultural history"--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Tables -- Figures and Maps -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I: Culture, Society and Democracy -- 1. India's Counterfactual Democracy: Institutional Innovation, Political Capital and the Promise of Resilience -- 2. Elections and Voting in India -- 3. Territory and Indian Identity: Postcolonial and Postmodern Perspectives -- 4. The Paradox of Doctrinaire Violence and Non-violence -- 5. Cultural Paradigm Analysis: A Comparison of India and Europe -- Part II: Economy and Development: Domestic and International Dimensions -- 6. The Service Sector in the Indian Economy -- 7. Alter-globalisation in India: Origins, Evolution and Significance -- 8. The Indian Banking System: Reforms and Beyond -- Part III: Foreign and Security Policy -- 9. India's Evolving Foreign Policy in a Regional Perspective -- 10. India-Pakistan Relations and the Role of China -- 11. India-China Encroachment and Positioning in South East Asia -- 12. India's Foreign Policy Following the End of the Cold War -- 13. Indian Approaches to Security and Conflict Resolution -- 14. Environmental Security in India -- 15. An Evolving Partnership between India and the US: Opportunities, Convergences and Challenges -- Part IV: India and the EU: Comparison, Interaction and Exchange -- 16. Perceptions and Visibility of the European Union in India: A Study of the Media, Elites and Public Opinion -- 17. India-EU and the Afghanistan Challenge -- 18 The EU-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations: Economic Dimensions -- 19. The European Union-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations: Political Concerns and Social Reaction -- Bibliography -- About the Editors -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the strategies used by the alcohol industry to influence the reform of the Alcohol Act in Finland during the preparation phase between 2016 and 2017. The study answers the following research question: what strategies were used by the alcohol industry to change the original purpose of the reform on alcohol in Finland?Method:Primary data were collected through 16 expert interviews with experts who had participated in the preparation of the alcohol reform in Finland, while secondary data were collected from prior literature, journal articles and Google databases.Results:The results identified three main political strategies used by the alcohol industry to influence the reform of the law on alcohol in Finland during the preparation phase between 2016 and 2017: ?information?, under which the alcohol industry lobbied politicians in Parliament through Members of Parliament of the National Coalition Party due to the close ties between the two; ?constituency building?, under which the alcohol industry formed alliances with interest groups in the grocery-retail business in Finland, to advocate for liberalisation of the law, as well as the use of social media ? specifically Twitter ? to lobby the public; and lastly, ?policy substitution? to promote self-regulation.Conclusions:The results suggest that the involvement of the alcohol industry in political decision-making following Finland?s EU membership has given the industry legitimacy and new opportunities to influence alcohol policy, while limiting policies to protect the public from alcohol-related harms. The results may be useful to alcohol policy-makers. ; Peer reviewed

Regulatory use of the Precautionary Principle (PP) tends to be broadly characterized either as a responsible approach for safeguarding against health and environmental risks in the face of scientific uncertainties, or as 'state mismanagement' driven by undue political bias and public anxiety. However, the 'anticipatory' basis upon which governments variably draw a political warrant for adopting precautionary measures often remains ambiguous. Particularly, questions arise concerning whether the PP is employed pre-emptively by political elites from the 'top-down', or follows from more conventional democratic pressures exerted by citizens and other stakeholders from the 'bottom-up'. This paper elucidates the role and impact of citizen involvement in the precautionary politics shaping policy discourse surrounding the UK Government's 'precautionary approach' to mobile telecommunications technology and health. A case study is presented that critically re-examines the basis upon which UK Government action has been portrayed as an instance of anticipatory policymaking. Findings demonstrate that the use of the PP should not be interpreted in the preemptive terms communicated by UK Government officials alone, but also in relation to the wider social context of risk amplification and images of public concern formed adaptively in antagonistic precautionary discourse between citizens, politicians, industry, and the media, which surrounded cycles of Government policymaking. The paper discusses the sociocultural conditions and political dynamics underpinning public influence on government anticipation and responsiveness exemplified in this case, and concludes with research and policy implications for how society subsequently comes to terms with the emergence and precautionary governance of new technologies under conflict.

Tal como lo aseguran varios de los análisis aquí recogidos, la actual crisis política en Honduras es continuación y consecuencia del 28 de junio de 2009, día en el que las Fuerzas Armadas depusieron al presidente electo Manuel Zelaya, obligándolo a abandonar el país. Ocho años después, las mismas fuerzas golpistas impidieron fraudulentamente el arribo al Ejecutivo del candidato electo Salvador Nasralla en los comicios presidenciales de noviembre de 2017, perpetrando lo que el sociólogo hondureño Eugenio Sosa denomina un "golpe electoral". Todos estos hechos han puesto a prueba el temple y la valentía del pueblo organizado de Honduras, que ha sabido mantener en alto, pese a la brutal represión, las banderas por el respeto a la voluntad popular expresada en las urnas, el retorno de la democracia, el cese de la corrupción y de la persecución a la oposición, la soberanía del territorio y, en definitiva, nada menos que la refundación de la nación. La contracara del sombrío panorama que hace difícil la vida y el ejercicio de las libertades en la sociedad hondureña es la fuerza de estos movimientos sociales diversos, capaces de llevar su hartazgo más allá del miedo en la lucha por un país que ofrezca dignidad y posibilidades. Como en diferentes lugares de Nuestra América y del mundo, en Argentina permanecemos en alarma y vigilantes ante la grave situación de Honduras. Sea esta contribución editorial un mensaje de solidaridad y esperanza.

Regulatory use of the precautionary principle (PP) tends to be broadly characterized either as a responsible approach for safeguarding against health and environmental risks in the face of scientific uncertainties, or as "state mismanagement" driven by undue political bias and public anxiety. However, the "anticipatory" basis upon which governments variably draw a political warrant for adopting precautionary measures often remains ambiguous. Particularly, questions arise concerning whether the PP is employed preemptively by political elites from the "top down," or follows from more conventional democratic pressures exerted by citizens and other stakeholders from the "bottom up." This article elucidates the role and impact of citizen involvement in the precautionary politics shaping policy discourse surrounding the U.K. government's "precautionary approach" to mobile telecommunications technology and health. A case study is presented that critically reexamines the basis upon which U.K. government action has been portrayed as an instance of anticipatory policy making. Findings demonstrate that the use of the PP should not be interpreted in the preemptive terms communicated by U.K. government officials alone, but also in relation to the wider social context of risk amplification and images of public concern formed adaptively in antagonistic precautionary discourse between citizens, politicians, industry, and the media, which surrounded cycles of government policy making. The article discusses the sociocultural conditions and political dynamics underpinning public influence on government anticipation and responsiveness exemplified in this case, and concludes with research and policy implications for how society subsequently comes to terms with the emergence and precautionary governance of new technologies under conflict.

Este trabajo describe el devenir de un conflicto por relocalizaciones en un barrio popular de La Plata, motivado por el desarrollo de una obra de infraestructura hidráulica. En base a un trabajo de campo etnográfico llevado a cabo entre 2013 y 2016, repone la dinámica que este conflicto fue adoptando, su emergencia, desarrollo y dilución, así como la intervención de los distintos actores involucrados y algunos de los criterios y argumentos puestos en juego en este proceso. A partir de este recorrido, el trabajo se propone dar cuenta de la complejidad de las modalidades de gestión e intervención del Estado en territorio y contribuir a la reflexión sobre política cotidiana y procesos de acción colectiva en barrios populares. ; This paper describes the development of a conflict for relocations in a popular neighborhood in La Plata, motivated by the implementation of a hydraulic infrastructure public work. Based on an ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2013 and 2016, it replenishes the dynamic of this conflict, its emergence, development and dilution, as well as the intervention of the different actors involved and some of the criteria and arguments brought into play in this process. On this basis, the paper aims to show the complexity of the modalities of management and intervention of the State in the territory and contribute to the reflection on daily politics and processes of collective action in popular neighborhoods. ; Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

Al-Mawardi was known as the first Moslem thinker of political theory in 11th century AD, five centuries before westerc scholars found their polical concept. Al-Mawardi's concept of nation put religion in the centre of legitimacy source for political reality. He tried to compromise the political reality with the ideal of politics based on the law of religion and to make the religion as a justification way for political appropriateness. He said that leadership of nation would be an instrument to transmit prophetic mission in order to maintain the religion and to control the world. Meanwhile, al-Mawardi preferred institutional approach to manage a nation. He intensified the institutional function maximally and stabilized nation's structure. His idea is surely interesting which is used by modern society today. They call it by social contract theory which means to make relationship between Ahl al-Ikhtiyâr dan Ahl al-Imâmah, that led rights and obligation to each others. If the khalîfah or the imâm wants to be obeyed by his people and asking their loyalty, he has to fulfil his duties such as protecting them and managing their concerns with full responsibility. Therefore, al-Mawardi is one of Moslem thinker of Islamic politics in the medieval who considers that the head of nation could be or changed if he does not have capability anymore to fulfil his duty. Then, the author of this article conclude that al-Mawardi's theory could be an antithesis of the failed democracy theory.

This study aims to identify a relationship between the personal factor of coping; the interpersonal factors of familial, friend, and societal support and the inclination to relapse. This study involves the participation of 169 former addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period, by utilising four instruments: the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, (IDTS) by Annis and Martin (1985); Coping Strategy Inventory (COPE) by Carver and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) by Russell and Cutrona (1984). The findings shows the inclination to relapse among former addicts are at a high level for the eight dimensions of the inclination to relapse. This means the participants of this study are at a high risk of relapsing into drug use. The descriptive analytical results towards the problem-focused coping, the emotional coping and evasive coping variables show it at a low level. This also applies to the analysis for the family, friend, and societal support variables. In addition, the correlation analysis for the variables of problem-focused, emotional, and evasive coping, selfefficacy, and family, friend, and societal support, shows a negative significant relationship with the inclination to relapse, with the relationship strength between r=-.60 and r=-.80. Therefore this study shows the importance of the personal and interpersonal factors in reducing the problem of inclination to relapse among former addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period. In conclusion, results show the importance of the personal and interpersonal factor in the problem of inclination to relapse.

W celu wsparcia odbudowy poparcia i zaufania społecznego do Unii Europejskiej, instytucje UE powinny dokonać zasadniczej modyfikacji strategii komunikacji. Niedawne wydarzenia polityczne, w tym zwłaszcza przeprowadzone w 2016 r. w Wielkiej Brytanii referendum na temat członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej, pokazały, że dotychczasowe sposoby nawiązania kontaktu z obywatelami nie dają już oczekiwanych rezultatów. Na podstawie dostępnych danych i ewaluacji ext-post kampanii promocyjnych, niniejszy artykuł rozważa możliwe sposoby ulepszenia sposobów, w jakie Unia Europejska kontaktuje się ze swoimi obywatelami. Autor konkluduje, że nacisk powinien zostać przeniesiony z komunikacji zapośredniczonej (przez tzw. tradycyjne media – prasę, radio, TV) na komunikację bezpośrednią, naśladującą korporacyjne kampanie reklamowe i wykorzystującą rosnące na znaczeniu platformy mediów społecznościowych. Własne doświadczenia instytucji Unii Europejskiej potwierdzają, że kampanie promocyjne wzorowane na korporacyjnych są skuteczne. ; In order to help rebuilding popular support and trust towards the European Union, EU's institutions need to substantially change their communication strategy. Recent political developments, especially 2016 Britain's referendum on the EU Membership, have shown that the old model of reaching to citizens no longer meets expectations. Drawing on available data and ex-post evaluations of promotional campaigns, this article examines possible ways of enhancing the way EU connects to citizens. The paper concludes that the focus should be shifted from mediated communication to a more direct one, including massive use of online social platforms and corporate-style promotional campaigns. The EU's own experiences confirm the efficiency of the latter.