Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag argumentiert für eine Beendigung methodologischen Lagerdenkens und für eine Integration qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden in der Sozialforschung. Zu diesem Zweck wird zuerst kurz der Diskussionsstand über Methodenintegration referiert, wobei besonderes Gewicht auf den Begriff der "Triangulation" gelegt wird, welcher oft als eine grundlegende Kategorie für Strategien der Methodenkombination dient. Es zeigt sich, dass dieser Begriff zumindest dann, wenn er auf den Bereich der Integration qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden bezogen wird, kein einzelnes methodologisches Konzept, sondern eher eine Metapher mit einem breiten Bedeutungsfeld repräsentiert. Es werden drei verschiedene Bedeutungen dieser Metapher diskutiert: Triangulation als gegenseitige Validierung von Forschungsergebnissen, Triangulation als die Integration von verschiedenen Perspektiven auf denselben Untersuchungsgegenstand und Triangulation in seiner ursprünglichen trigonometrischen Bedeutung. Diese verschiedenen Verwendungsweisen des Triangulationsbegriffs werden mit empirischen Forschungsergebnissen kontrastiert, die aus Projekten der empirischen Lebenslaufforschung stammen, in denen qualitative und quantitative Paneluntersuchungen integriert wurden. Diese Beispiele machen deutlich, dass jede der drei Verwendungsweisen des Triangulationsbegriffs zwar einen beschränkten Wert zur Darstellung und Beschreibung von Kombinationsmöglichkeiten für qualitative und quantitative Forschungsmethoden besitzt, dass aber keines der verschiedenen Triangulationskonzepte als ein allgemeines methodologisches Modell für die Integration qualitativer und quantitativer Verfahren brauchbar ist. Im Schlusskapitel des Beitrags wird die These vorgestellt und begründet, dass das grundlegende Problem bisheriger methodologischer Diskussionen über die Integration qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden darin besteht, dass hier epistemologische und methodologische Konzepte nicht genügend verknüpft werden mit theoretischen Überlegungen über die Natur der untersuchten sozialen Strukturen und sozialen Prozesse. Abschließend werden einige Möglichkeiten skizziert, um sowohl die dargestellten Beispiele aus der soziologischen und sozialpsychologischen Lebenslaufforschung als auch die referierten Diskussionsbeiträge über Triangulation in einen allgemeineren theoretischen Rahmen zu integrieren. Hierzu wird einerseits die Unterscheidung zwischen Mikro- und Makroebene soziologischer Beschreibung herangezogen und andererseits aktuelle Diskussionen über Individualisierungsprozesse in sich modernisierenden Gesellschaften. Es lässt sich zeigen, dass der Triangulationsbegriff in seiner ursprünglichen trigonometrischen Bedeutung zwar nicht als alleinige Grundlage für ein allgemeines Modell der Methodenintegration dienen kann, wohl aber sehr hilfreich sein mag, um eine vertiefte Einsicht in das Verhältnis von Fragen der Methodenintegration zu theoretischen Grundlagenproblemen der Sozial

Neun ländliche Gemeinden Nordostdeutschlands, in denen ein Investor die Errichtung einer großen Schweineproduktionsanlage angeboten hatte, wurden mit dem Ziel analysiert, Faktoren zu determinieren, die die Akzeptanz der Individuen und die Entscheidung des entsprechenden Gemeinderates beeinflussen. Dabei wurden quantitative und qualitative Methoden unabhängig voneinander eingesetzt. Durch eine Vollbefragung der Einwohner mit anschließender Regressions- und Clusteranalyse wurde ermittelt, dass positive Argumente (Arbeitsplätze, Wertschöpfung) die Einstellung mehr als Gegenargumente (Umwelt, Geruch) beeinflussen, und dass 50 Prozent der Bevölkerung gegen die Investition waren, 30 Prozent indifferent und 20 Prozent dafür. Die Akzeptanz durch die Gemeinde war mit dem Informationsstand der Bevölkerung negativ korreliert. Tiefeninterviews mit den beteiligten Bürgermeistern deckten weitere kritische Punkte für die Akzeptanz auf: Bekanntheit des Investors und der beteiligten Personen aus der Verwaltung, Erfahrung mit der Tierproduktion aus DDR-Zeiten und die Größe der geplanten Investition. Als Schlussfolgerung wird vorgeschlagen, dass quantitative Forschung geeigneter ist, um den Beteiligten selbst nicht bewusste Faktoren im Entscheidungsprozess zu erfassen, während man durch qualitative Forschung stärker zu denjenigen Faktoren gelangt, die die Menschen bewusst bewegen.

Zur Handlungsforschung sind sehr unterschiedliche persönliche und kulturelle Zugänge möglich. Doch trotz dieser Unterschiedlichkeit gibt es ein gemeinsames Weltverständnis, das wir als Praktiker(innen) teilen, unabhängig von unserer Disziplin- oder Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Kennzeichen dieses Verständnisses scheinen unser Widerstand gegen Unterdrückung ebenso wie unsere Bemühung um nicht-repressive Arbeitsweisen zu sein. Und wir sind ausgesprochen kritisch gegen die Definition von Gültigkeit(en). Gleichwohl stellt sich die Frage, wie wir in unserer Praxis ein Vorgehen entwickeln können, das uns selbst und andere – glaubwürdig – darüber informiert, dass unsere Position und unser Vorgehen tatsächlich partizipatorisches Lernen und Forschen erlaubt. Im folgenden werden einige Wege vorgeschlagen, die – angeleitet durch Erfahrungen von Versöhnung zwischen Menschen unterschiedlicher Rassen – eine solche Unterscheidung/Definition ermöglichen helfen sollen. Dabei greife ich auf eigene Erfahrungen zurück, die zeigen, wie ich als "Facilitator" im Rahmen partizipativer Handlungsforschung Prozesse zu erkennen und zu fördern versuche, und es wird auch deutlich werden, wie Prozesse, die Beispiele guter Praxis zu sein schienen, plötzlich zu Beispielen schlechter Praxis wurden. Oder um es genauer zu sagen: wie mitunter eine repressive Praxis entstehen kann trotz meines expliziten Widerstandes gegen Unterdrückung. Ich beschäftige mich hierbei insbesondere damit, wie Zweck/Ziele und Status den Aushandlungsprozess zwischen den verschiedenen Teilnehmer(inne)n eines Handlungsfeldes strukturieren:

Jews in Africa have a long history. Africans have encountered Jewish myths and traditions in different forms and situations, leading to the development of a new Jewish identity linked to that of the Diaspora. Different groups of black Jews from western, central, eastern and southern Africa used and imagined their oral traditions and traditional practices to construct a distinct Jewish identity. In the early 20th century, two separate diasporas merged into an entirely new arena. Africans and African Americans adopted Judaism as a form of personal emancipation from colonial oppression and the effects of neo-colonialism. The adoption of Judaism by black Africans was a form of liberation from Anglo-Christian authority. Blacks and Jews are the two marginalised and stigmatised minorities in Western culture. Since ancient times they have maintained a complex relationship of identification, cooperation and rivalry. The Igbo of Nigeria, for example, were at the forefront of a normative Jewish movement that included several other ethnic groups. The rhetoric of the Holocaust, Zionism and the external features of Judaism were exploited by the Biafran neo-secessionists for their own ends. Furthermore, from the first mention of Africans in the Hebrew Bible to the contemporary demands of the Black Lives Matter movement, there has been support for the 'Palestinian resistance' but almost nothing that could have provoked a confrontation between blacks and Jews. The majority of African Jews live in South Africa. However, most of them are white. The South African Jewish community numbered more than 120,000 in the mid-1970s. After several large waves of emigration at the end of the apartheid regime, the number fell to just over 50,000. However, the Jewish claim to South African citizenship is controversial. The South African host society distinguishes between the Jewish diaspora and South African citizenship. Since the early 1990s, the second-largest Jewish community in sub-Saharan Africa has developed in Nigeria, which previously did not appear on any map of the Jewish world. Nine out of ten Nigerian Jews are Igbo. Estimates range from 3,000 to 30,000 Jews. Israel, however, refuses to recognise them as a Jewish population. In the DR Congo, a small Jewish community has held a special position since colonial times. Many Jews were among Leopold II's close advisers and agents in his Congo Free State (1885-1908). Jews also played an important role in Katanga Province in the 20th century, when the first mines were opened there and a railway line to South Africa was built. However, Mobutu's Zairisation (1973) and the looting of 1991 forced most Jewish entrepreneurs to leave the country. Ethiopia could be considered the cradle of Judaism, including the ancient kingdom of Sheba, mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Koran, and Beta Israel. Today, however, the harsh reality faced by Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel reveals the racism that is deeply rooted in Israeli society.

Les Juifs d'Afrique ont une longue histoire. Les Africains ont rencontré les mythes et traditions juives sous différentes formes et situations, conduisant au développement d'une nouvelle identité juive liée à celle de la diaspora. Divers groupes de Juifs noirs d'Afrique occidentale, centrale, orientale et australe ont utilisé et imaginé leurs traditions orales et leurs pratiques traditionnelles pour construire une identité juive distincte. À partir du début du XXe siècle, deux diasporas distinctes ont fusionné dans un espace entièrement nouveau. Les Africains et les Afro-Américains ont adopté le judaïsme comme une forme d'émancipation personnelle face à l'oppression coloniale et aux effets du néocolonialisme. L'adoption du judaïsme par les Africains noirs était une forme de libération de l'autorité anglo-chrétienne. Les Noirs et les Juifs sont les deux minorités marginalisées et stigmatisées de la culture occidentale. Depuis l'Antiquité, ils entretiennent une relation complexe entre identification, coopération et rivalité. Les Igbo du Nigeria, par exemple, étaient à l'avant-garde d'un mouvement juif normatif qui comprenait également plusieurs autres groupes ethniques. La rhétorique de l'Holocauste, le sionisme et les caractéristiques externes du judaïsme ont été exploités par les néo-sécessionnistes du Biafra. De plus, depuis la première mention des Africains dans la Bible hébraïque jusqu'aux revendications contemporaines du mouvement Black Lives Matter, il y a eu un soutien à la "résistance palestinienne", mais presque rien qui aurait pu provoquer une confrontation entre noirs et juifs. La plupart des Juifs africains vivent en Afrique du Sud. Cependant, la plupart d'entre eux sont blancs. La communauté juive sud-africaine comptait plus de 120 000 membres au milieu des années 1970. Après plusieurs grandes vagues d'émigration à la fin du régime de l'apartheid, ce nombre est tombé à un peu plus de 50 000 personnes. Cependant, l'affirmation du peuple juif comme étant sud-africain est controversée. La société d'accueil sud-africaine fait une distinction entre la diaspora juive et l'appartenance sud-africaine. Depuis le début des années 1990, la deuxième plus grande communauté juive d'Afrique subsaharienne s'est développée au Nigeria, qui n'apparaissait auparavant sur aucune carte du monde juif. Neuf Juifs nigérians sur dix sont des Igbo. On estime qu'il y aurait entre 3 000 et 30 000 Juifs. Cependant, Israël refuse de les reconnaître comme population juive. En République démocratique du Congo, une petite communauté juive occupe une position particulière depuis l'époque coloniale. De nombreux Juifs figuraient parmi les proches conseillers et agents de Léopold II de son État indépendant du Congo (1885-1908). Les Juifs ont également joué un rôle important dans la province du Katanga au XXe siècle, puisque les premières mines y ont été ouvertes et qu'une ligne de chemin de fer vers l'Afrique du Sud a été construite. Cependant, la Zaïrisation de Mobutu (1973) et les pillages de 1991 ont contraint la plupart des entrepreneurs juifs à quitter le pays. L'Éthiopie pourrait être considérée comme le berceau du judaïsme, avec notamment l'ancien royaume de Saba, mentionné dans la Bible hébraïque et le Coran, ainsi que Beta Israel. Aujourd'hui, cependant, la dure réalité à laquelle sont confrontés les immigrants juifs éthiopiens en Israël révèle le racisme profondément enraciné dans la société israélienne.

The debate on urban commons yields relevance for shared histories and heritage in divided and post-conflict societies. Albeit memory is always subjective, heritage management tends to engender a linear view of the past that suggests a preconceived future development. Where the past is denigrated to prove the impossibility of ethnoreligious communities' coexistence even though they have lived together peacefully for centuries, it risks corroborating us-them divisions for posterity and undermines reconciliation and peacebuilding. In this historically informed article, we argue that urban change in Lahore since 1947 has gone hand in hand with the purposive destruction of the common heritage shared by India and Pakistan. This interpretation of the past for the future reflects different forms of violence that surface in heritage management. Based on empirical data collected on heritage practices in the Old City of Lahore, Pakistan, we analyse the approach of the Walled City of Lahore Authority towards heritage management. Our focus on ignored dimensions and objects of heritage sheds light on the systematic denial of a shared history with Hindus and Sikhs before and during the 1947 partition of British India. This partial ignorance and the intentional neglect, for instance, of housing premises inhabited once by Hindus and other non-Muslim minorities, prevent any constructive confrontation with the past. By scrutinising the relationship between urban change, nostalgia, memory and heritage, this article points out that heritage management needs to be subjected to a constructive confrontation with the past to pave the ground for future reconciliation.

In cross-sectional surveys, as well as in longitudinal panel studies, systematic gender dif­ferences in survey participation are routinely observed. Since there has been little research on this issue, this study seeks to reveal this association for web-based online surveys and computer-assisted telephone interviews in the context of a sequential mixed-mode design with a push-to-web method. Based on diverse versions of benefit-cost theories relating to deliberative and heuristic decision-making, several hypotheses are deduced and then tested by longitudinal data in the context of a multi-wave panel study on the educational and occu­pational trajectories of juveniles. Employing event history data on the survey participation of young panelists living in German-speaking cantons in Switzerland and matching them with geographical data at the macro level and panel characteristics at the meso level, none of the hypotheses is confirmed empirically. It is concluded that indirect measures of an individual's perceptions of a situation, and of the benefits and costs as well as the process and mechanisms of the decision relating to survey participation, are insufficient to explain this gender difference. Direct tests of these theoretical approaches are needed in future.

Studies of antagonistic interactions, specifically in policing, frequently view (de)escalation as a linear process without considering how officers perceive and anticipate interactional processes. We argue however that officers perceive tense encounters with civilians as characterized by a back-and-forth going of various trajectories, goals, and directions. Based on our interactionist and ethnomethodological conceptualization of interactional trajectories, we analyse 25 video interviews and 46 elicitation interviews. Our analysis focuses on officers' interpretations of "turning points," e.g., sudden shifts in their own, their colleagues', or civilians' bodily behaviour that redirect their projected trajectories and which necessitate po- lice action, sometimes violence. This article moves beyond a purely situational understanding of police-civilian encounters by incorporating officers' accounts of their experiences and bodily actions, as elicited by watching video recordings of police-civilian encounters. We argue that our conceptualization of trajectories and turnings points as well as our video-based interview method shed light on the importance of bodily action police-civilian encounters; maintaining public order is to anticipate and redirect perceived turning points that potentially disturb routinized patterns of bodily actions.

This article develops an integrative perspective on the nexus between power and sociological research methods. By reflecting upon two of the most widely used methodological approaches in sociology – standardized survey research and qualitative interview research – we develop a comprehensive heuristic framework for examining the ways in which the use of sociological methods affects and intersects any social scientific practice: (1) the power effects that societies and institutional settings exert on methods and the use of methods, (2) power in the use and implementation of methods, and (3) the power effects that methods and the use of methods exert on societies and institutional settings.

Background: The World Wide Web has become an essential source of health information. Nevertheless, the amount and quality of information provided may lead to information overload. Therefore, people need certain skills to search for, identify, and evaluate information from the internet. In the context of health information, these competencies are summarized as the construct of eHealth literacy. Previous research has highlighted the relevance of eHealth literacy in terms of health-related outcomes. However, the existing instrument assessing eHealth literacy in the German language reveals methodological limitations regarding test development and validation. The development and validation of a revised scale for this important construct is highly relevant. Objective: The objective of this study was the development and validation of a revised German eHealth literacy scale. In particular, this study aimed to focus on high methodological and psychometric standards to provide a valid and reliable instrument for measuring eHealth literacy in the German language. Methods: Two internationally validated instruments were merged to cover a wide scope of the construct of eHealth literacy and create a revised eHealth literacy scale. Translation into the German language followed scientific guidelines and recommendations to ensure content validity. Data from German-speaking people (n=470) were collected in a convenience sample from October to November 2020. Validation was performed by factor analyses. Further, correlations were performed to examine convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Additionally, analyses of measurement invariance of gender, age, and educational level were conducted. Results: Analyses revealed a 2-factorial model of eHealth literacy. By item-reduction, the 2 factors information seeking and information appraisal were measured with 8 items reaching acceptable-to-good model fits (comparative fit index [CFI]: 0.942, Tucker Lewis index [TLI]: 0.915, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]: 0.127, and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]: 0.055). Convergent validity was comprehensively confirmed by significant correlations of information seeking and information appraisal with health literacy, internet confidence, and internet anxiety. Discriminant and criterion validity were examined by correlation analyses with various scales and could partly be confirmed. Scalar level of measurement invariance for gender (CFI: 0.932, TLI: 0.923, RMSEA: 0.122, and SRMR: 0.068) and educational level (CFI: 0.937, TLI: 0.934, RMSEA: 0.112, and SRMR: 0.063) were confirmed. Measurement invariance of age was rejected. Conclusions: Following scientific guidelines for translation and test validation, we developed a revised German eHealth Literacy Scale (GR-eHEALS). Our factor analyses confirmed an acceptable-to-good model fit. Construct validation in terms of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity could mainly be confirmed. Our findings provide evidence for measurement invariance of the instrument regarding gender and educational level. The newly revised GR-eHEALS questionnaire represents a valid instrument to measure the important health-related construct eHealth literacy.

This article aims to analyse migration from the post-Soviet space to the north-eastern periphery of the EU (Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and examines the hypothesis about these states, once countries of origin, turning into destinations for migrants. A change in the socio-economic paradigm and accession to the EU sped up economic development in the Baltics and Poland. Despite growing welfare and income levels and a decline in the unemployment rate, further economic growth was hampered by the outflow of skilled workforce and resulting labour shortages. In response, the governments of the Baltics and Poland drew up programmes to attract international labour. Soon these countries transformed from exporters of labour into importers. Unlike Western European countries, Poland and, to a lesser extent, the Baltic States are trying to attract migrants from neighbouring nations with similar cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In the long run, this strategy will facilitate migrant integration into the recipient society. The Polish and Lithuanian governments are devising measures to encourage ethnic Poles and Lithuanians to repatriate from post-Soviet republics. To achieve the aim of the study, we investigate the features of migration flows, trends in migration, migration policies of recipient countries, and the evolution of diaspora policies.

At the beginning of 2020, the world faced a new and unexpected challenge. Such a harmful situation has a potential to increase tensions in societies and create citizens' distrust in their own governments and the European Union. In relation to these observations, the main hypothesis assumes that citizens' trust in the Union decreased during the pandemic, compared to previous periods. Thus, the aim of the study is to identify the dynamics of trust in the EU in the member states. The research's object is the citizens of the EU member states and the focus on dynamics in the levels of trust in 2016–2020, measured based on selected indicators. The data for analysis comes from the Eurobarometer. Statistical methods (frequencies and cross tables) and comparative approach are used for the analysis. On the macrolevel, it seemed that European leaders could do better, especially in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the results of the Eurobarometer survey performed in the summer of 2020 show that average trust in the Union did not decreased. Тhe data shows that there is a variety across the countries, which was not presented in the current study. Thus, a further examination focused on the context in each of the countries is required, namely policies and measures stringency.

Sustained shared thinking (SST) is considered an important element of high-quality teacher child interaction (SIRAJ-BLATCHFORD, SYLVA, MUTTOCK, GILDEN & BELL, 2002). However, SST rarely occurs in early childhood institutions, and when it is studied, it is mainly observed in dyadic interactions. Since communication in kindergarten also takes place in group settings, polyadic SST-dialogues were explored in this study using videography, information about children's family language (monolingual/multilingual) and tests for children on emergent literacy from the international research project "SpriKiDS" (VOGT et al., 2019). Micro-processes were analysed by means of linguistic conversation analysis (BRINKER & SAGER, 2010) and grounded theory method (STRAUSS & CORBIN, 1996 [1990]) to identify strategies that promote SST in groups of children. Within the analysis process, visualisations were developed to discover elements of polyadic SST-interactions and to present findings. In this article, possibilities and limitations of visualisations for analysis and presentation purposes are described by means of two play sequences in different group sizes. The use of visualisations seems to support the exploration of teachers' interaction strategies and helps to discover patterns by putting an analytical lens on micro-processes around children's SST-contributions. An added value is seen in the graphic display of complex relationships, which can contribute to the understanding in presentations.

This paper investigates four fortified borders: those between Hungary and Serbia, the USA and Mexico, Algeria and Morocco, and Pakistan and India. Starting from current border research, it asks how fortified borders control mobility, who is affected by fortifications, and how. Based on qualitative interviews, the paper finds that although all four borders are similarly fortified, they control mobility in different ways; while the Hungarian and the US border fences filter mobility, the two other borders instead block all forms of circulation. The paper conceptualizes these different types as filter borders and deadlock borders. It then examines their effects and analyzes not only how they are related to inequalities and power relations, but also how they can be used as resources. The filter borders reinforce the global gap in mobility rights by blocking migrants, whereas the deadlock borders also lead to increasing inequality within a country - between the capital and the border population - by cutting economic, social, and familial ties across the borderline. The two border types also indicate different relations between neighboring states; filter borders are related to a clear gap in wealth and power, with one state exploiting the fortification to its advantage. By contrast, at the deadlock borders, the power balance is more ambiguous and contested.

The estimation of impact functions - that is the time-varying causal effect of a dichotomous treatment (e.g., marriage, divorce, parenthood) on outcomes (e.g., earnings, well-being, health) - has become a standard procedure in demographic applications. The basic methodology of estimating impact functions with panel data and fixed-effects regressions is now widely known. However, many researchers may not be fully aware of the methodological subtleties of the approach, which may lead to biased estimates of the impact function. In this paper, we highlight potential pitfalls and provide guidance on how to avoid these in practice. We demonstrate these issues with exemplary analyses, using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) study and estimating the effect of motherhood on life satisfaction.