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A discussion of the state of the social sciences in Ireland, focusing on the disciplines of economics, sociology, & political science. It is noted that many of the associations related to the development of these disciplines span the whole of Ireland, although since 1922, partition has located the two parts of the country in different national identities. The situation of peripherality in relation to European developments is also noted. A brief account is given of the history of these disciplines in Ireland, their relation to society, the development of formal education, & the establishment of major institutes & other bodies to encourage research. A final comment deals with the emergence of professional associations within this small but active social science community. The lack of any state-supported body to support research in the social sciences is stressed. 1 Figure, 2 Appendixes, 14 References. Modified AA

Social science was slow to diffuse into Pakistan, but by the 1970s a critique of Western positivist social science had developed. Without alternative epistemological foundations & theoretical frameworks, however, Pakistani social science is still limited to speculative analysis & fact-gathering & lacks creativity. Its objectivity suffers from the opposing tendencies to xenophilia & ethnocentrism. The locations of social science departments & statistics on social scientists in Pakistan are described, along with a continued reliance on imported social science knowledge, which has limited influences for local application & development. The absence of a cultural ethos & the conflict between religion & science impede the development of social science in Pakistan; other impediments noted are the overintegration of the Western tradition, restrictions on freedom, the low status accorded social scientists (except economists), & the lack of cohesion among the social-scientific body. 43 References. M. Pflum

Argues that the pattern of growth in the social sciences has been considerably affected by over-exposure and integration into Anglo-Saxon social scientific tradition. This intellectual dependence provided intellectual sterility. The promotion of research has been encouraged more under military-bureaucratic regimes than under civilian administrations. (AFH)

In terms of the numbers of professional social scientists & social science publications, the social sciences are thriving in Japan because of the expansion of higher education & the high literacy rate of the Japanese public. Problems still exist; before these can be discussed, it is necessary to present a brief historical background of the social sciences in Japan from the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) to the post-war period. The present institutional framework of social science education & research (mainly in the U's) is described. Some of the current issues with regard to the development of the social sciences in Japan are: (1) insufficiency of research funding, (2) excessive reliance on government sources (as opposed to nongovernmental foundations) for funding, (3) rigidity of the faculty system which prevents the establishment of some of the newer disciplines such as cultural anthropology & international relations, & (4) lack of knowledge outside Japan of the work of Japanese social scientists since their works are not published in English. Perspectives for the future are discussed. J. N. Mayer.