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Research on the employment interview frequently involves various studies containing disparate methodological factors that mitigate definitive conclusions regarding interview effectiveness. Two characteristics frequently cited as pertinent to the employment interview are the applicant's gender and race. From that position, the purpose of this research was to review the empirical literature identifying those methodological factors relevant to gender/race effects in the interview. It is hoped that this summary will represent a meaningful compilation of the methodological considerations that often confuse interpretation concerning the effects of applicant gender and race on interview judgments.

Journalistic judgment is both a central and fraught function of journalism. The privileging of objectivity norms and the externalization of newsworthiness in discourses about journalism leave little room for the legitimation of journalists' subjective judgment. This tension has become more apparent in the digital news era due to the growing use of algorithms in automated news distribution and production. This article argues that algorithmic judgment should be considered distinct from journalists' professional judgment. Algorithmic judgment presents a fundamental challenge to news judgment based on the twin beliefs that human subjectivity is inherently suspect and in need of replacement, while algorithms are inherently objective and in need of implementation. The supplanting of human judgment with algorithmic judgment has significant consequences for both the shape of news and its legitimating discourses.

Following formulation of a subjective value model and laboratory validation of some of its key assumptions, the model was applied to the airborne antisubmarine warfare situation by pooling judgments of experienced personnel selected from operational airborne-antisubmarine-warfare squadrons. When scaled, these judgments permitted structuring of three sets of airborne-antisubmarine-warfare problems which varied in terms of the perceived value of information provided to crews. The dependent variable was adequacy of performance on realistic exercises in a training simulator. Personnel who made the original subjective judgments and others as well were employed. The proportion of search area remaining per unit time decreased as a linear function of perceived information value as predicted. The subjective model accounted for approximately 90% of the observed between-group variance, thereby demonstrating its efficacy in a limited real-world situation.

Die Studie setzt sich theoretisch mit dem Problem der subjektiven Beurteilung von Lebenszufriedenheit auseinander. Zwei Erklärungsmodelle werden gegenübergestellt. Die 'subjektiven sozialen Indikatoren', die im Rahmen von Befragungen in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung als Maßstäbe für subjektive Lebensqualität gewonnen werden, werden in der Wohlfahrtsforschung zur Bestimmung von Kriterien für objektiven Lebensstandard benutzt. Diesem Modell liegt die Annahme zugrunde, daß die zahlreichen Lebenserfahrungen einer Person in ein globales Gefühl der Lebenszufriedenheit (oder Unzufriedenheit) münden. Demgegenüber behaupten die Autoren der vorliegenden Studie, daß soziale Urteile häufig erst zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung konstruiert werden. Mit Hilfe eines sozialkognitiven Ansatzes wird hier versucht, den Mechanismus der Informationsverarbeitung zu erforschen, d. h. das Problem, wie eine Person zum Zeitpunkt der Fragestellung zu dem Urteil 'glücklich oder nicht' gelangt. Die in diesem Rahmen durchgeführten Experimente sollten die kognitionstheoretische Aussage bestätigen, nach der das Urteil einer Person in der Regel die am meisten zugängliche Information widerspiegelt. (ML)

AbstractTwentieth century philosophers introduced the distinction between "objective rightness" and "subjective rightness" to achieve two primary goals. The first goal is to reduce the paradoxical tension between our judgments of (i) what is best for an agent to do in light of the actual circumstances in which she acts and (ii) what is wisest for her to do in light of her mistaken or uncertain beliefs about her circumstances. The second goal is to provide moral guidance to an agent who may be uncertain about the circumstances in which she acts, and hence is unable to use her standard moral principle directly in deciding what to do. This paper distinguishes two important senses of "moral guidance"; proposes criteria of adequacy for accounts of subjective rightness; canvasses existing definitions for "subjective rightness"; finds them all deficient; and proposes a new and more successful account. It argues that each comprehensive moral theory must include multiple principles of subjective rightness to address the epistemic situations of the full range of moral decision-makers, and shows that accounts of subjective rightness formulated in terms of what it would reasonable for the agent to believe cannot provide that guidance.

"Subjective indicators have been proven to possess predictive power for a large array of social and economic outcomes. However, most of these measures face serious psychometric shortcomings, namely that the items used are not psychometrically investigated. Further, for the assessment of one and the same construct various different item phrasing and response formats are used in different surveys. In the present paper several recommendations are made to increase the quality and by that also the acceptance and usage of subjective indicators. These include to develop more ultra-short but multi-item measures for subjective indicators. Further, surveys should try to use the same form of measurement, i.e. the same item phrasings and the same response scales. In terms of psychometric properties it is recommended to investigate reliability and validity of the indicators in as much depth as possible. In addition suggestions are made how to investigate the respondent's judgmental process for the subjective indicators' measures which allows to obtain a clearer picture of how the item is understood by the respondent and on which cues he bases his judgment." [author's abstract]