Suchergebnisse

Intro -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TRENDS IN U.S. AND CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- U.S. and Chinese Economies -- Anticorruption Laws for U.S. and Chinese Firms -- U.S. and Chinese Government Agencies Engaged in Sub-Saharan Africa -- U.S. Government Entities -- Chinese Government Entities -- U.S. GOALS HAVE EMPHASIZED DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, WHILE CHINA'S POLICY UNDERSCORES MUTUAL BENEFIT AND NONINTERFERENCE -- U.S. Goals and Programs for Sub-Saharan Africa Include Focus on Development and Emphasis on Democracy and Economic Growth -- China's Stated Policy for Africa Emphasizes Mutual Benefit and Noninterference -- DATA SHOW GROWTH IN U.S. AND CHINESE TRADE WITH SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SINCE 2001, BUT DATA ON CHINA'S GRANTS, LOANS, AND INVESTMENTS ARE LIMITED -- U.S. and Chinese Trade in Goods with Sub-Saharan Africa Increased from 2001 to 2011 -- Crude Oil and Other Natural Resources Have Dominated U.S. and Chinese Imports of Goods from Sub-Saharan Africa -- Chinese Exports of Machinery, Transport Equipment, and Manufactured Goods Exceeded U.S. Exports of Goods to Sub-Saharan Africa -- United States and China Have Several Common Trading Partners in Sub-Saharan Africa, but China's Reach Is Greater -- U.S. Trade in Services with Sub-Saharan Africa Is Estimated to Exceed 11 Billion per Year, but Data on China's Trade in Services with the Region Are Unavailable -- U.S. Government Grants and Loans to Sub-Saharan Africa Have Increased since 2001, but China Does Not Publish Data on Its Financing -- Reported U.S. Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa Exceeded China's Reported Investment for 2007 through 2011

This chapter aims to study the impact of government policies on cross-border cattle marketing in Africa. It analyses the extent to which this type of cross-border trade has been created, diverted or contracted as a result of government policies. The chapter portrays the geographical patterns of cattle trade in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. It examines the main reasons for the increase, decline or diversion of cross-border cattle trade and it specifically pays attention to trade and other policies. The volume of cross-border cattle trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is often long distance trade, became significant when the colonial economy developed. Population growth, export production and increased incomes triggered demand for meat in newly emerging consumption areas. Whereas colonial trade policies contributed little to this expansion in West Africa, government interventions in East and Southern Africa had more impact. However, despite the stronger grip of the state on cattle marketing in East and Southern Africa, much of the cross-border cattle trade in these regions was in the hands of private traders like in West Africa. In the post-colonial era, government interventions increased through the creation of cattle and meat marketing boards. However, in West Africa many of these boards never functioned properly. In East and Southern Africa their impact was substantial, still most of them were dismantled under structural adjustment programs. The chapter concludes that mainly changes in supply caused by (civil) wars and droughts, and changes in demand caused by rising and falling economic prosperity have had significant impact on cross-border cattle trade, which was accordingly created, diverted or contracted. Notwithstanding differences between West Africa on the one hand and East and Southern Africa on the other, government policies aiming at intervention in cattle marketing only temporarily and to a smaller extent affected cross-border trade. Slightly more important are general economic policies resulting for example in currency fluctuations. Private cattle traders are acknowledged for their remarkable responsiveness to both short and long term opportunities cross-border cattle trade, legal or illicit, offer to them.

The chapter summarizes developments in military operations from 2009 to early 2010 in the African region. It provides a detailed summary of the ongoing civil war in Sudan, including the Darfur genocide. The chapter summarizes terrorist activity in the region, including al-Qaeda's penetration of Somalia. It treats the European Union and NATO's recent efforts (through Operations Atlanta and Ocean Shield, respectively) to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia. The US considers counter-terrorism and energy security to be its two major strategic interests in Africa. The US Africa Command (AFRICOM), inaugurated in October 2008, is the new combatant command responsible for overseeing these objectives. Since its establishment, the command's primary function has been diplomatic. The chapter notes the world economic crisis's negative impact on defense spending throughout the continent. However, South Africa has been increasing its headline defense budget. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the current budget for the South African National Defense Force (SANDF). Kenny Cargill

The conflict in Western Sahara has been simmering since 1975 and has been on the UN Security Council agenda for over twenty years. Autonomy as a solution to the Western Saharan conflict has been floating around for decades and in 2007, Morocco officially offered the territory autonomy within the borders of the Moroccan state. This proposal is supported by key international players, including France and the US, which have long-standing ties with Morocco and perceive an independent Western Sahara as a potentially weak state. Even western states sensitive to the Western Saharan cause such as Spain have shown enthusiasm for the autonomy idea which is also in line with conflict resolution practices since the end of the cold war. The idea is staunchly opposed by Polisario, (the Western Saharan independence movement), and by its allies among African states (primarily Algeria) and within Western civil society. This opposition to autonomy is founded on the principle of the right to self-determination for the Western Saharan population. ; peer-reviewed