Suchergebnisse

Résumé Dans le sillage des autorités administratives indépendantes les sanctions administratives ont, dans les trente dernières années, connu un développement sans précédent en France comme à l'étranger. À l'invite de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, le droit français a fini par accorder aux cibles de la répression administrative les garanties qu'imposait le caractère pénal de ces procédures. Le cumul des sanctions pénales et administratives, création de la pratique plus que de la pensée juridique, demeure néanmoins problématique. La loi de dépénalisation va proposer de nouvelles articulations des deux répressions, dont le parachèvement passe par un développement de la « négociation répressive » dans notre législation.

THE REPRESENTATION ACT, 1985 AMMENDED BOTH THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867 AND THE ELECTORAL BOUNDARIES READJUSTMENT ACT. THIS ARTICLE SHOWS THAT IN EACH CASE THE AMENDMENTS ERODE THE PRINCIPLE OF REPRESENTATION BY POPULATION BY INCREASING THE LIKELIHOOD THAT FEDERAL ELECTORAL DISTRICTS ACROSS THE COUNTRY WILL HAVE WIDELY VARYING POPULATIONS. THE FIRST SECTION EXAMINES THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE REPRESENTATION ACT, 1985 AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN 1986 AND 1987. THE SECOND ANALYZES THE UNSUCCESSFUL LEGAL CHALLENGE BROUGHT AGAINST IT BY THE CITY OF VANCOUVER IN CAMPBELL AT AL V. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA. THE THIRD ADDRESSES MORE EXPLICITY JOINT COURTNEY'S MAIN CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE REDISTRIBUTION PROCESS IN CANADA AS HE EXPRESSED THEM IN HIS 1988 CPSA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

The move towards sanctions against South Africa may be glacially slow, but there clearly is now movement. Joseph Hanlon suggests that it is time to look more closely at the goals of sanctions, as well as at the key role to be played by TNCS.

Powerful countries like the United States regularly employ economic sanctions as a tool for promoting their foreign policy interests. Yet this foreign policy tool has an uninspiring track record of success, with economic sanctions achieving their goals less than a third of the time they are imposed. The costs of these failed sanctions policies can be significant for the states that impose them, their targets, and the other countries they affect. Explaining economic sanctions' high failure rate therefore constitutes a vital endeavor for academics and policy-makers alike. Busted Sanctions seeks to provide this explanation, and reveals that the primary cause of this failure is third-party spoilers, or sanctions busters, who undercut sanctioning efforts by providing their targets with extensive foreign aid or sanctions-busting trade. In quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing over 60 years of U.S. economic sanctions, Bryan Early reveals that both types of third-party sanctions busters have played a major role in undermining U.S. economic sanctions. Surprisingly, his analysis also reveals that the United States' closest allies are often its sanctions' worst enemies. The book offers the first comprehensive explanation for why different types of sanctions busting occur and reveals the devastating effects it has on economic sanctions' chances of success.

Beiträge zu einer Vielzahl von Aspekten, die mit einer Sanktionspolitik gegenüber der RSA verbunden sind. U.a.: Bewertung der möglichen wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen bis 2000; Rolle in der innenpolitischen Kräftebalance; Auswirkungen des Rückzugs von Auslandskapital; Übersicht zu Geschichte und Fehlschlägen von Sanktionen in diesem Jahrhundert; Beurteilung der Entwicklung der Politik in USA und BRD gegenüber der RSA; Vereinbarungen zwischen BRD-Unternehmen und schwarzen Gewerkschaften. Dazu Interviews und persönliche Erfahrungen. (DÜI-Wsl)