"In the current geopolitical context, the Black Sea region has become the scene of the conflict in which a wide range of weapons and ammunition are used. It is their directing/guiding by using signals transmitted by satellite navigation networks – GNSS that categorically makes the difference. Their contribution can be instantly noticed, even though it is not a novelty. The weapons that benefited from the augmentation of the satellite signal proved the accuracy of their shots. This is the reason why the actions of jamming or falsification of the satellite signal appeared in the battlefield and even threats of GNSS attack were launched. In the present article, I intend a disambiguation of the subject, in an attempt to delimit military declarations from political ones, in the space environment, which has become essential in the conduct of modern military actions."
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are the cornerstone of several modern systems: from smartphones to military applications. Therefore, their security is of utmost importance. This Master Thesis performs a security assessment on Septentrio's AsteRx-m3 receiver on two planes: a penetration testing engagement with the receiver's interfaces, and a GPS L1 C/A signal spoofing project. The assessment is satisfactory and distinct vulnerabilities are found on the web interface of the receiver, raging from low to high severity. On the GPS signal side, the Software Defined Radio used to carry out the spoofing is the HackRF One and the false GPS L1 C/A signal is generated using the software GPS-SDR-SIM. At first, the receiver detects the HackRF One signal Code-Carrier Divergence and repudiates the signal. After identifying and describing the problem, a fix is correctly implemented and, finally, the AsteRx-m3 receiver is successfully spoofed.
The building up of the European satellite navigation system Galileo with its new services, the guaranteed reliability and continuity as well as the interoperable and complementary relation to GPS is expected to open new markets for satellite navigation applications all over the world. Many sectors will benefit from Galileo as the range of application is varied and an exponential grow is being expected for fields related to the development of satellite navigation. During the last years several examinations dealing with satellite navigation sector in Bavaria have been carried out. The analyses revealed that satellite navigation signals serve as basis for a wide range of new applications. The results highlighted that especially the Munich region meets all criteria for becoming a centre in satellite navigation as the region is hosting quite a number of enterprises, research centers, universities, industries and service providers dealing with satellite navigation. Moreover capabilities in the key sectors of communication and IT can be found in this area as well as business in potential fields of application like automobile, chip and software development. This environment will be completed by the financial sector. Besides the in the examination identified strength, weaknesses were detected and methods were presented to compensate them with the objective to reinforce existing capabilities and to foster networking and clustering between research institutes and industry. Therefore a program has been established containing several points to meet the required efforts. The main components which are proposed in this program are: A hub has to be established to coordinate and support the main activities mentioned below. The main tasks are: to reinforce existing capabilities and resources of the Bavarian economy, industry, politics and science, to support the development of networks, to foster transfer of technology and knowledge, to initiate pilot schemes, to support further education and training initiate symposiums, congresses and meetings of experts. Networking and exchange of specialized information were considered to be one of the major tasks. Existing databases should provide specialized information and be accessible for authorized users groups. A technology and application program should be launched which is considered to create key technologies as well as to support core project and related research and development activities. Pilot schemes should be acquired and initiated. Moreover with GATE the German Test and Development Environment, a ground based, realistic test bed is available for receiver manufacturers and application developers to test their products at an early stage. It offers a system test bed for Galileo signal definition, a user test bed for Galileo receiver development as well as for GPS/Galileo application developments and a customized user test bed for special extensions/LBS applications. To intensify the education and further education in the field of satellite navigation and related fields like communication and geo information technology, it was suggested to: found a new study course in satellite navigation at the University FAF Munich, establish specialized training programs, containing a full rang of technical issues on the one hand and on the other hand fitting industrial needs. This training is considered to qualify particularly professionals. To stimulate the development of Galileo based applications and instruments an active policy which facilitates the foundation of new companies as well as the revision of business environments for start-ups and especially for small end medium enterprises have to be taken into account. Together with the network facilities future founders of companies and customers will benefit from the advantages of the regional clustering of industry, science and entrepreneurship. A joint concept has to be created to announce and to illustrate the varied skill of the existing industry, research institutes and universities. This has to be communicated within the Bavarian region as well as at the international level. As the target groups are varied, different actions have to be taken into account like revised internet presence, brochures, school lab… The main objective of this article is to describe in detail the determined measures and efforts as well as their realization towards the improvement of the network of excellence in the Munich region. Besides the aim of the network to foster cooperation on the different national and international levels, to strengthen local and regional competences as well as to enhance the educational sector, one of the main aims is to contribute solutions as the qualified partner in the field of satellite navigation.
The first satellite navigation system called the Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS) or TRANSIT was planned in the USA in 1958. It consisted of 5-6 artificial Earth satellites, was set in motion for the USA military in 1964, and in 1967 for civilian purposes. The frequency shift of received radio waves emitted from the satellite and caused by the Doppler effect was measured. The TRANSIT satellite speed of approaching or moving away was derived from that; the TRANSIT satellites emmited also their own coordinates. Then the ship's position was determined by an intersection of three hyperboloids, which were determined from differences of distances in three time intervals. Maintenance of this navigation system was stopped in 1996, but it is still being used in the USA Navy for exploring the ionosphere. Furthermore, results of Doppler measurements in international projects at the Hvar Observatory from 1982 and 1983. This was the first time in Croatia and the former country that the coordinates of the Hvar Observatory were determined in the unique world coordinate system WGS'72. The paper ends with a brief representation of the Tsiklon Doppler navigation system produced in the former Soviet Union, and there is a list of some of numerous produced and designed satellite navigation systems.Ključne riječi ; Prvi satelitski navigacijski sustav nazvan Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), koji je još nazivan i TRANSIT, planiran je u SAD-u 1958. godine. Sastojao se od 5 do 6 umjetnih Zemljinih satelita, a pušten je u rad za vojsku u SAD-u 1964. godine, dok je za civilnu uporabu dopušteno njegovo korištenje 1967. godine. Mjerio se pomak frekvencije primanih radiovalova odaslanih sa satelita, koji je izazvan Dopplerovim efektom. Iz toga je određena brzina približavanja ili udaljavanja satelita TRANSIT, koji su odašiljali i svoje koordinate položaja. Zatim se položaj broda određivao presjekom triju hiperboloida, koji su određeni iz razlika udaljenosti u tri vremenska intervala. Održavanje toga navigacijskog sustava prekinuto je 31. prosinca 1996., ali se još danas koristi u američkoj mornarici za istraživanje ionosfere. Potom su prikazani rezultati doplerovskih mjerenja u međunarodnim projektima na Opservatoriju Hvar iz 1982. i 1983. godine. Tada su prvi put u Hrvatskoj i bivšoj državi odreðene koordinate položaja Opservatorija Hvar u jedinstvenom svjetskom koordinatnom sustavu WGS'72. Na kraju je vrlo kratko prikazan doplerovski navigacijski sustav Ciklon, izrađen u bivšem SSSR-u, a i pobrojani su neki od mnogobrojnih izvedenih i projektiranih satelitskih navigacijskih sustava.
Over the last several years, interest in utilizing foreign satellite timing and navigation (satnav) signals to augment GPS has grown. Doing so is not without risks; foreign satnav signals must be vetted and determined to be trustworthy before use in military applications. Advanced signal quality monitoring methods can help to ensure that only authentic and reliable satnav signals are utilized. To effectively monitor and authenticate signals, the front-end must impress as little distortions upon the received signal as possible. The purpose of this study is to design, fabricate, and test the performance of a high-fidelity satnav receiver front-end for advanced monitoring of foreign and domestic space vehicle signals.
