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2017 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The electricity infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is facing several challenges represented by demand growth, high peak demand, high level of government subsidies, and system losses. This dissertation aims at addressing these challenges and proposing a multi-dimensional framework to modernize the electricity infrastructure in Saudi Arabia. The framework proposes four different scenarios—identified by two dimensions—for the future electric grid. The first and second dimensions are characterized by electricity market deregulation and Smart Grid technologies (SGTs) penetration, respectively. The framework analysis estimates global welfare (GW) and economic feasibility of the two dimensions. The first dimension quantifies the impact of deregulating the electricity market in Saudi Arabia. A non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm optimizes consumers surplus, producers surplus, and GW. The model indicates that deregulating the electricity market in Saudi Arabia will improve market efficiency. The second dimension proposes that allowing the penetration of SGTs in the Saudi electricity infrastructure is expected to mitigate the technical challenges faced by the grid. The dissertation examines the priorities of technologies for penetration by considering some key performance indicators (KPIs) identified by the Saudi National Transformation Program, and Saudi Vision 2030. A multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) algorithm—using the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)—evaluates the prioritization of SGTs to the Saudi grid. The algorithm demonstrates the use of triangular fuzzy numbers to model uncertainty in planning decisions. The results show that advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technologies are the top priority for modernizing the Saudi electricity infrastructure; this is followed by advanced assets management (AAM) technologies, advanced transmission operations (ATO) technologies, and advanced distribution operations (ADO) technologies. SGTs prioritization is followed by a detailed cost benefit analysis (CBA) conducted for each technology. The framework analysis aims at computing the economic feasibility of SGTs and estimating their outcomes and impacts in monetary values. The framework maps Smart Grid assets to their functions and benefits to estimate the feasibility of each Smart Grid technology and infrastructure. Discounted cash flow (DCF) and net present value (NPV) models, benefit/cost ratio, and minimum total cost are included in the analysis. The results show that AAM technologies are the most profitable technologies of Smart Grid to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, followed by ADO technologies, ATO technologies, and AMI technologies. Considering the weights resulting from the fuzzy AHP and the economic analysis models for each infrastructure, the overall ranking places AAM technologies as the top priority of SGTs to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, followed by AMI technologies, ADO technologies, and ATO technologies. This dissertation has contributed to the existing body of knowledge in the following areas: • Proposing an econometric framework for electricity infrastructure modernization. The framework takes into account technical, economic, environmental, societal, and policy factors. • Building an NLP algorithm to optimize a counterfactual deregulation of a regulated electricity market. The algorithm comprises short run price elasticity of electricity demand (ε), level of technical efficiency improvement, and discount rate (r). • Proposing an MCDM model using AHP and fuzzy set theory to prioritize SGTs to electricity infrastructures. • Adapting a Smart Grid asset-function-benefit linkage model that maps SGTs to their respected benefits. • Conducting a detailed CBA to estimate the economic feasibility of SGTs to the Saudi electricity infrastructure, This work opens avenues for more analysis on electricity infrastructure modernization. Measuring risk impact and likelihood is one area for future research. In fact, risk assessment is an important factor in determining the economic feasibility of the modernization. Probabilistic economic analysis can be applied to assess the risk associated with the implantation of the previously mentioned dimensions. The parameters used for the economic analysis, such as economic life of a project, and the discount rate, are usually deterministic. However, a probabilistic method can be applied to capture the uncertainty of the parameters. Another area for future research is the integration of both dimensions into one model in which GW resulted from market deregulation and SGTs insertion are summed.

Education is the basis for the development of peoples and the progress of countries, so the Saudi government has made great efforts to develop education, and made this development one of the most important goals of the 2030 vision, and among the most prominent of these efforts and most in keeping with the current local and global conditions is what it provided during the Corona pandemic from the transformation to e-learning and the adoption of education platforms that enable its users to access and benefit from its services. Since the data of this systems users must be kept confidential and secure, this paper was made. This paper focuses on the security aspects of data protection in educational system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in cloud computing environment. This paper involves data protection aspects by protecting data of Saudi educational systems and maintaining their integrity and confidentiality. It also proposes a secure model based on Attribute-based encryption as an access control technique to avoid tampering with data when unauthorized people try to access it, and to protect data the proposed model applies combined encryption system using AES and RSA encryption algorithms.

The practice of pharmacy, as well as pharmacy education, varies significantly throughout the world. In Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, the profession of pharmacy appears to be on the ascendance. This is demonstrated by an increase in the number of pharmacy schools and the number of pharmacy graduates from pharmacy programs. One of the reasons pharmacy is on the ascendance in these countries is government commitment to fund and support competitive, well-run pharmacy programs.

International law does not exist in a vacuum; its development is closely connected with contemporary conditions. The most complex and difficult political-legal problem today is tile drafting of a generally agreed-upon law of the sea convention. The sophistication and Western orientation of the Saudi position on the law of the sea, as well as Saudi Arabia's oil reserves and the wealth and power they confer, make it a worthy subject for examination.

BACKGROUND: Noise exposure is one of the most common occupational hazards worldwide. Studies have shown that the prevalence of hearing loss and tinnitus is higher in military personnel than in other occupations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hearing impairment in military personnel in Eastern Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 military personnel. A self-administered questionnaire collected data on level of awareness, hearing impairment, and protection of hearing. Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) was conducted on 141 participants to determine the prevalence and pattern of hearing impairment. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the predictors of hearing loss in military personnel. RESULTS: More than half of the participants (54.3%) were unaware of the consequences of noise exposure and none used proper hearing protection. A small percentage (5.9%) complied with the annual hearing examination, and only 23% had had a previous hearing evaluation. More than half of the participants (58.4%) had one or more abnormal hearing-related symptoms, with tinnitus as the most common symptom (43.8%). PTA showed hearing impairment in 71.6% of the participants. Multivariate analysis showed older age as only significant factor associated with hearing impairment in military personnel. CONCLUSION: Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus are common occupational disabilities in military personnel. Hearing conservation programs have to be initiated to ensure the application of hearing protection measures and control the effects of exposure to noise.

The British presence in the Arabian Gulf region dates back to the 19th century. The relations between Britain and Saudi Arabia kingdom are considered the beginning of the modern Saudi state. The sources indicate that Britain supported the Saudi in confronting their opponents inside the Arabian Peninsula. Despite of that Sharif Mecca , Hussein Bin Ali was one of the most important allies of Arabs , They abandoned him in return of its alliance and its relationships with Saudis and developed these relations in spite of the US intervention on the line of alliance with Saudi Arabia Kingdom during that period , but Saudi Arabia has been benefiting from the British defending policy towards it through training military missions and military aids . The British-Saudi dispute might have witnessed some lukewarm relations between Saudi and Britain in the period between 1956-1963 , but it has returned strongly to embrace the training and arming of the special national Guard forces to protect the king and his family.

The legal system of Saudi Arabia is basedon Sharia, derived from the Qu'ran, the Sunnah andalso include Islamic scholarly consensus. Itsinterpretation by judges is influenced by the medievaltexts of the literalist Hanbali school ofIslamic jurisprudence. Laws relating to marriage,divorce, children and inheritance are not codified andfall within the general jurisdiction of the Sharia courts.Polygamy is permitted for men but is limited to fourwives at any one time. There is no minimum age formarriage in Saudi Arabia and with regard to the law ofinheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions ofthe deceased's estate must be left to the socalledQuranic heirs.

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 highlights the development of the health care sector through privatization. This study examines the factors that prompted the privatization of the health care sector in Saudi Arabia. This is a scoping review based on an extensive review of both published and unpublished documents. We have accessed different search engines and databases to collect various research publications, journal articles, government reports, policy and planning documents, and relevant press reports/articles. While privatization of the health care sector in Saudi Arabia has experienced an upward trend, the public health care sector remains vital to bring in overall improvements in the health of all sections of Saudi Arabia's population. Keeping this in view, the government must strengthen its public health care sector to ensure affordable, accessible, and high-quality health care for all. This manuscript focuses on the policy aspect of the privatization of health care and is based on secondary research material. Increased privatization leads to rising expenses in health care, while adversely affecting equity and accountability in the provision of its services. Although this study is an independent analysis of Saudi Arabia's health care system, lessons learned from this context could be used widely for policy-making in other countries with similar socioeconomic settings.

Women are taking the lead as change agents and innovators in the society. The participation of women in economic activities occupied a prominent place in the list of strategic priorities and national development plans in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Fostering the development of entrepreneurship sector in this country is one of the political agenda in empowering the women. Considering that the country has a very young population and a growing youth bulge a fact which leads itself well to the rise of women entrepreneurship. This paper highlights the status of social entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia to illuminate why and how its ventures are implemented. The research objective's end view is to contribute towards the fostering of social entrepreneurship among Saudi women entrepreneurs to boost their confidence in performing the activities that create difference towards progressive development of the socio-economic frames of the country. The study focused on the social entrepreneurship activities prioritized, challenges faced by women social entrepreneurs and strategic measures recommended towards sustainable social entrepreneurship in the Kingdom. The study found out that the basic issue prioritized by social entrepreneurs was training and development; the areas of challenges met were financing, regulatory frameworks and technical support. The strategic measures recommended towards fostering social entrepreneurship in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were focused on access to funding, entrepreneurship culture, tax and regulation, education and training and coordinated support.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is striving to reach the business community of Saudi Arabia from Western and International CSR prospective. However, they are faced with local endogenous CSR factors indicating the distinctive Saudi CSR features and characteristics originating from within Saudi Arabia during the current early CSR initiatives. Saudi Arabia is an advocate for Islamic teaching and practices, throughout the Islamic world abiding comprehensively to the Islamic social care system, which is interlocked with additional unique cultural, national, and social expectations. Those factors overlap with the semi-official governmental endorsements and the private sector's unique conceptualization of CSR, which, in essence, formulate the endogenous distinctive Saudi CSR characteristics (Saudi CSR) considered to be under-researched in comparison to the CSR generic debate in other countries. The research questions are: what are the endogenous Saudi CSR Characteristics? How can they be related to the local Saudi CSR unique conceptualization? And could they be interpreted using Carroll's 1779, 1991, and 3D CSR Models? The study primarily aims to empirically investigate, identify, and analyse the unique origination of the Saudi CSR model and the misconceptualizing it has to the International CSR regulatory framework. It also aims to provide a possible template for the Saudi National CSR strategy respectively. It focuses upon investigating whether the empirically formulated and identified Saudi endogenous CSR's context and characteristics can be aligned, analysed and/or interpreted in light of CSR generic theories, and the international CSR standardization for reporting initiatives, including Carroll's Four dimensions: 1979 and Pyramid 1991, and the Three-Domain 2004 CSR models (Mark et al., 2004). The analytical analysis demonstrates that a Saudi national CSR strategy has not been established yet; hence the current study provides a template for building up such strategy. A conceptualized theoretical framework is ...

On Saturday the 7th of December the hyped boxing event, the World Heavyweight Championship match between Anthony Joshua and Andy Ruiz Jr. was staged. For the millions of spectators behind their television screens, the match looked as any other world boxing event - except for the missing ring card girls, a reminder that the match was held in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. While Dubai already in the late 1990s began to use sports as a way of branding itself internationally by hosting international sporting events specially in sports like Golf and Tennis, Qatar began in a decade later hosting events like the 2006 Asian Cup, World men's Handball Championship 2015, and latest the 2019 Athletics World Championships and the 2019 World Beach Games. Qatar is going to host the FIFA 2022 World Championship in Football. For Saudi Arabia, hosting international sporting events is a completely new strategy. While sports will be a part of the government's tools to international image building, this article takes a closer look at the domestic factors that forms the background for this strategy.

Often the greatest symbol of national education is a university. While the first University in Saudi Arabia was King Saud University in Riyadh est. 1957, Saudi Aramco has served as a ―defacto university‖ setting for thousands of Saudi's from all over the Kingdom. While for years there were just a handful of government universities catering to a minority of high school graduates, the number of private universities is helping to take up the slack such as Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University in the Eastern Province which opened its doors in 2006 and was the first to enroll both male and female students in separate facilities. Those modern higher education institutions are being surrounded by a conservative Muslim society that holds many challenges one of which is the waste of the female potential for the societal development. With a reported unemployment rate for women of 21.7% and of men 7.6%, there is a large discrepancy in gender differentiated unemployment. It is often pointed to three conditions that must be met before women can be fully integrated into the wage labor force: need, opportunity and ability. While in the educational realm women are gaining grounds, Saudi Arabia remains a very traditional, conservative society where school to work transition remains a major challenge. However, in order to fully implement the concept of Saudization these traditional gender roles need to be renegotiated.

Mobile technology is considered to be a delivery channel for many organizations around the world. This paper contributes to an understanding of the issues related to the implementation of mobile government services in Saudi Arabia. There is a lack of research and publications looking into m-government services. The few studies that are available focus on the introduction of mobile servicers when the technology was in the first stage of implementation. In 2005, Saudi's mobile government services began with the introduction of an SMS service for citizens' requests. By 2015, the Saudi mobile government services had advanced through the informational level to the interactional level and had reached the transactional level. This paper investigates the available literature relevant to m-government services in Saudi Arabia, provides an outline of the maturity models of m-government services, and ranks m-government services in Saudi Arabia within the stage model to evaluate and compare the degrees of improvement.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 7(9), 2016 ; The road safety is one of the serious challenges faced by most of the governments due to the involvement of various issues. Being perfect in driving is not enough on the roads but tackling the mistakes of other persons is also an important aspect of the present day driving. Dealing with the accidents, injured personals, communicating the emergency services and dealing with other legal formalities is a serious challenge in present conditions. Providing emergency services is a real challenge due to increased population, heavy traffic and communication problems. In this paper, a novel technique is being introduced to avoid delays and major setbacks by emergency services at the time of accidents. The proposed technique works along with traffic control system of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). By introducing such system in the healthcare, the serious drawbacks of communication can be avoided to a maximum extent. The proposed system can prove to be very effective at a place like Saudi Arabia, where millions of Hajj pilgrims visit for socio-religious gatherings. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume7No9/Paper_15-Improving_the_Emergency_Services_for_Accident_Care.pdf

The Middle East encountering a time of dynamic change, testing the universal methodologies of each nearby states. New challenges, opportunities, and dimensions are emerging for the regional and extra-regional states which are driving their foreign policies and making new alliances regionally. Saudi-Iranian relations are one of the most significant competitions characterizing the vital scene of the MENA (the Middle East and North Africa) region. Both states have frequently carried on as genuine opponents, particularly in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia is a territorial business as usual power, while Iran frequently looks for progressive changes all through the Gulf and the more extensive Middle East with shifting notches of power. However, Saudi Arab has strong relations with US and European powers while Iran views the United State as a most hazardous adversary. This article would examine competition of both states through the content analyses and pragmatist approach, and it will develop analytical thinking about methodologies inside the setting of the contention.