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This paper discusses the historical, political, ideological (value), and government policies of women's education in Saudi Arabia implicated within teaching and learning, how women's higher education has changed over time in the realm of Saudi cultural traditions and religious norms. It also highlights the golden era of women's higher education. This paper presets a feminist theoretical framework.

International Journal of Transport Economics, October 1990. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Since the 1973/74 oil price increases, Saudi Arabia has embarked a major program of infrastructure expansion. The purpose of this program is to alleviate the many bottlenecks hindering increases in the country's non-oil productive sectors. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the country's infrastructure program. In particular has the Saudi Arabian government's investment program been successful in reducing inflationary pressures and hence in creating an environment conducive to sustained expansion of the non- -oil private sector economy? On the other hand, has the government's massive investment in infrastructure simply created an additional inflationary source of aggregate demand for the kingdom's scarce domestic resources? The main findings of the study are that the country's infrastructure led growth has been successful in achieving its main aim: the reduction in structural sources of inflationary pressures in the non-oil sectors. In this respect, the government's strategy began paying fairly respectable growth rates, even during periods of slack oil revenues. It still remains to be see however if past infrastructure investments will be able to sustain the growth momentum built up in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The present demand for economically viable construction projects in the Saudi Public Sector is coupled with the need to maximise the efficient use of Saudi Arabian natural resources. The aim of this paper is to investigate sustainability in Saudi Arabia in terms of strategies, policies, barriers and enablers associated with its implementation and as perceived by key decision makers. It also endeavours to define sustainable construction principles as currently being applied in the country. The data used in this study were obtained through a review of related literature, reinforced with information distilled from interviews conducted with people working in or possessing significant experience of the Saudi Public Sector. The findings show that the Saudi government has made significant efforts towards protecting the environment by enacting a number of regulations and policies and by joining a number of global conventions over the past few years. However, the lack of consideration paid to sustainable construction principles during the conceptual phase of design has resulted undesirable consumption rates of materials, water and energy during the construction, operating and maintenance phases of projects. Moreover, there currently appears to be are lack of awareness, regulation, policies, information and leaderships with regard to implementation of sustainable construction. Several relevant principles for sustainable construction in terms of environmental, economic and social have been elaborated upon; and enablers that could accelerate its understanding and implementation in the country have been highlighted.

Saudi Arabia is the largest country in Middle East Asia where this country uses an absolute monarchy form of government with the Koran as its constitution. The form of government affects the legal system in force in a country, including family law. The method used in this paper is descriptive method and the data is obtained from the study of literature and the data is analyzed using a qualitative approach. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe to the reader about family law applied in Saudi Arabia by specifically raising the family law materials adopted there. In the implementation of family law in Saudi Arabia, there are no special rules or laws that regulate in detail about the material content of family law, but only must not violate the Koran as the country's constitution.Keywords: Family Law, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia merupakan negara terbesar di Asia Timur Tengah yang mana negara ini menggunakan bentuk pemerintahan monarki absolut dengan al-Quran dijadikan sebagai konstitusinya. Bentuk pemerintahan mempengaruhi sistem hukum yang berlaku di suatu negara termasuk hukum keluarganya. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah deskriptif yang datanya diperoleh dari studi literatur dan data analisanya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan secara sederhana kepada pembaca tentang hukum keluarga yang diterapkan di Saudi Arabia dengan secara khusus mengangkat materi-materi hukum keluarga dianut di sana. Dalam pelaksanaan hukum keluarga di Saudi Arabia tidak ada aturan atau undang-undang khusus yang mengatur secara rinci tentang muatan materi hukum keluarga melainkan hanya tidak boleh melanggar al-Quran sebagai konstitusi Negaranya.Kata Kunci: Hukum Keluarga, Saudi Arabia

Atheism remains one of the most extreme taboos in Saudi Arabia. It is a red line that no one can cross. Atheists in Saudi Arabia have been suffering from imprisonment, maginalisation, slander, ostracisation and even execution. Indeed, atheists in Saudi are considered terrorists. Efforts for normalisation between those who believe and those who don't remain bleak in the kingdom. Despite constant warnings of Saudi religious authorities of "the danger of atheism", which is, according to them, "equal to disbelieving in God", many citizens in the kingdom are turning their back on Islam. Perhaps inter alia the Saudi dehumanising strict laws in the name of Islam, easy access to information and mass communication are the primary driving forces pushing Saudis to leave religion. Unfortunately, those who explicitly do, find themselves harshly punished or forced to live dual lives.

This thesis examines the development of Wahhabism as an ideology into a rapidly expanding, transportable, contemporary Islamic political system. Serving as the territorial foundation, individuals maintain allegiance to Makkah, the center of the Islamic world, through symbolic Islamic prayer. Along with a central, globally financed economic distributive mechanism, and Wahhabi social and educational institutions emerging from the traditional mosque, Wahhabism serves the demand for an Islamic political system in a late capitalist world. Wahhabism is fluid within contemporary dynamic political systems and rapidly changing international relations. Wahhabism continues to expand at a global level, at times, providing a foundation for new forms of contemporary terrorism. ; 2006-05-01 ; M.A. ; Arts and Sciences, Department of Political Science ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil producer, producing about 13 % of the total globe oil production. Meanwhile, its domestic consumption of oil has also been drastically increasing over the past few years. This increase is due to the high growth of the population and the development of the country's economy. If nothing changes, their consumption of fossil fuels will double in the next 10 years. Saudi Arabia has no choice but to invest in alternative energy sources, such as renewables and nuclear energy, to meet its high demand. Saudi government has announced a plan to construct 16 nuclear reactors by 2040 with a total capacity of 17 GW. Nuclear energy can serve as a clean and reliable base-load energy source. Additionally, it can be very safe provided that all safety precautions are met. However, there are also enormous risks. These precautions and risks will be thoroughly addressed in this thesis.

Doing Business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies— from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over time. Regulations affecting 12 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, employing workers, and contracting with the government. The employing workers and contracting with the government indicator sets are not included in this year's ranking on the ease of doing business. Data in Doing Business 2020 are current as of May 1, 2019. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents indicators for Saudi Arabia; for 2020, Saudi Arabia ranks 62.

[Purpose] To review the physical therapy educational program model, professional curriculum, and gender representation at major universities, as well as the quality and scope of physical therapy practice in Saudi Arabia. [Methods] Information regarding course curriculum, gender representation, and the quality and scope of physical therapy practice was collected from six universities in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Physical Therapy Association, and the Saudi Health Commission. [Results] The first bachelor's degree course of physical therapy was started in Saudi Arabia more than 30 years ago. In the last 10 years, the number of universities offering a bachelor's degree in physical therapy has risen from 6 to 16, of which 14 are governmental and two are private. The 5- to 6 year bachelor's degree program in physiotherapy includes an internship and preparatory prerequisite courses. Postgraduate study in physical therapy was introduced in 2000. Most universities offer segregated physical therapy courses for male and female students. [Conclusion] The enrollment of students in physical therapy programs in Saudi Arabia is gradually increasing. There are many opportunities to extend the scope of practice and contribute to the health needs of the Arab population and international communities.

In this article, the authors discuss the feminist movement obstacles in Saudi Arabia and the mechanism for decreasing them. Therefore, this paper attempted to achieve two objectives. First, a prospective study was conducted through a social survey of 130 women in leadership positions in government. Using a purposive sample technique, the private sector was focused on in the following ministries: Education, social affairs, health and the Shura Council. This survey was followed by two main questions: What are obstacles to the feminist movement in Saudi Arabia; and what are the mechanisms for decreasing this obstacles and activating a leadership role and effective participation in society for Saudi women to achieve the national objectives? By applying SPSS software, the questionnaires were then verified to test the indications of reliability and validity, which, in turn, will ensure the validity and reliability of the answers regarding empowering Saudi Women.

This report provides an overview of the reform issue in Saudi Arabia, and issues surrounding U.S. policies to support liberalization in Saudi Arabia.

This article provides a historical overview of the evolution of health education in Saudi Arabia. It outlines milestones in the development of the health education profession and traces the roles of various health sectors and their achievements in the health education field. Additionally, this review seeks to describe the status of health education professionals in Saudi Arabia.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the evolution of emergency medical services (EMS) in Saudi Arabia to describe its history, organisational service providers, governance, EMS statistics and the educational development of the field with the disparity of educational approaches. Background: The EMS is an important part of the healthcare system as it is often the first point of contact for medical emergencies. The EMS in Saudi Arabia has seen a number of positive changes over the past decade, some of which include the development of several university and college programs dedicated to teaching EMS, the evaluation of the profession from a post-employment first aid model into a pre-employment bachelor's degree model, the generous governmental scholarship grants overseas and the official accreditation of EMS as a profession. It has been approximately nine years since the first EMS bachelor's degree programs were developed in Saudi Arabia, some of which were directly adopted from universities in developed countries such as Australia. Despite these positive changes, the current EMS system in Saudi is faced with many challenges, both organisational and educational, including the lack of research, community involvement, the educational status of practitioners and the inconsistencies of statistics relating to response time and rate of transfer. This paper describes the history of EMS in Saudi Arabia with a specific focus on identifying the disparity in the educational outcomes and approaches adopted by colleges and universities in the Kingdom. Methods: The data utilised for the research of the EMS profession in Saudi Arabia were obtained from the literature using search tools such as MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Saudi health journals, Saudi university websites, government reports and statistics. Conclusion: The EMS profession in Saudi Arabia has advanced greatly in the past 12 years. Yet there is still scope for considerable improvement, especially with regards to developing empirically identified ...

Merchandise imports in Saudi Arabia is growing steadily and very rapidly, at an average growth rate of 10.04 percent/year during 1975-2011. So, this study is very important to know the merchandise imports determinants in Saudi Arabian economy. This study empirically estimates the critical parameters of merchandise import demand determinants for Saudi Arabia by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach and Error Correction model during the period (1975-2011). The empirical results obtained show that, in both long run and short run, there are positive and significant relationships between the demand for merchandise import and real gross domestic product, gross capital formation expenditure, private consumption expenditure, government consumption expenditure and the relative price of imports to domestic price. On the other hand, there are positive but insignificant relationship between the demand for merchandise import and international reserves either in the long run or the short run.

The Basic Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not guarantee gender equality. To the contrary, gender inequality is built into Saudi Arabia's governmental and social structures, and is integral to the country's statesupported interpretation of Islam, which is derived from a literal reading of the Koran and Sunna.1 In issuing religious opinions, state-funded ulema (religious scholars) generally avoid consideration of judicial precedent and evolving social contexts, so that their offi cial posture resists pressure for change, especially when it comes to controlling women's behavior.