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The use of scenic beauty maps to select scenic road corridors rests on two assumptions, which were tested in experiments using color slides of forest scenes. One experiment showed that the scenic quality of an individual scene did not depend on whether the scene was presented to observers as representing a general area or as part of a sequence of views from a road. The second experiment showed that the overall scenic beauty of a short sequence of slides representing a section of road could be predicted by the mean scenic beauty of the individual scenes within the sequence.

Independent groups viewed either an existing designated California Highway Scenic Corridor, a sympathetically modified version consisting of minimum human intrusion, or a more unsympathetic version of the present corridor reflecting greater human intrusion. The introduction of sympathetic or more urbanized development along the scenic roadway reduced overall scenic quality. The development and validation of a suitable, kinetic simulation technique for use in the evaluation of roadside environments is also presented.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- PARTI DEFINING THE EXPERIENCE -- 1 DEFINING THE RECREATION EXPERIENCE -- 2 SHAPING THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE: HISTORIC ORIGINS OF WILDERNESS AND DESERT AESTHETIC -- 3 INTERPRETATION AND VISITOR VALUES -- PART II MEASURING VISUAL PERCEPTIONS -- 4 HUMAN PERCEPTION OF VISUAL AIR QUALITY (LAYERED HAZE) -- 5 EFFECTS OF VISUAL RANGE ON THE BEAUTY OF NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDERNESS AREA VISTAS -- 6 IMPLICATIONS OF NCAR'S URBAN VISUAL AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR PRISTINE AREAS -- 7 PSYCHOPHYSICS, VISIBILITY, AND PERCEIVED ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY -- PART III VISUAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- 8 THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT'S VISUAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -- 9 ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND GENERALIZABILITY OF OBSERVER-BASED VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR THE WESTERN UNITED STATES -- 10 OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF VISUAL VALUES -- PART IV SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO VALUE ASSESSMENT -- 11 A ROLE THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF SCENIC QUALITY JUDGMENTS -- 12 VISUAL AIR QUALITY VALUES: PUBLIC INPUT AND INFORMED CHOICE -- 13 SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS FOR PUBLIC LAND MANAGERS -- 14 AN EXAMINATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING THE VALUE OF VISIBILITY -- 15 TWO EXAMPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL VALUES -- 16 ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF VISUAL AIR QUALITY DEGRADATION ON VISITOR ENJOYMENT -- 17 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CANONICAL ANALYSIS TO VISUAL VALUE RESEARCH -- 18 ALTERING THE VISUAL QUALITY OF A RECREATION RESOURCE AND ACTIVITY DISPLACEMENT -- PART V ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO VALUE ASSESSMENT -- 19 THE VALUE TO VISITORS OF IMPROVING VISIBILITY AT MESA VERDE AND GREAT SMOKY NATIONAL PARKS -- 20 ECONOMIC VALUATION OF POTENTIAL SCENIC DEGRADATION AT BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK.

How to promote the consumption of tourists has become the most prominent issue in the current tourism industry, which also brings great business opportunities for the tourism shopping market. However, there are still various problems in the tourism shopping in scenic areas. In this paper, the author takes the Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area as an example. After visiting, investigating and interviewing stall owners there, the author finds that there exist problems both in goods and scenic area management for the tourism shopping in the scenic areas.To address these two problems, it is suggested that the first step should be to improve the quality, variety, and art appreciation value of goods. The scenic area managers and government agencies should strengthen the management for the vicious competition among stall owners and for other sales orders, improve the sales status of tourism shopping and enhance sales effect in scenic areas.

The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

Este texto constituye una versión revisada de la conferencia pronunciada por el Dr. Henk Staats en las III Jornadas de Psicología Ambiental, celebradas en Sevilla del 6 al 8 de noviembre de 1991, organizadas por la Agencia de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía y el Departamento de Psicología Social de la Universidad de Sevilla. ; Las investigaciones sobre preferencia ambiental han constituido, en los veinte últimos años, una de las áreas de mayor actividad en el marco general de los estudios de psicología ambiental impulsadas, a instancias políticas en los paises más desarrollados por la problemática derivada de la relocalización y gestión de los denominados «recursos escénicos» (paisajes de elevado valor que era necesario proteger, conservar u optimizar). El propósito fundamental que persigue este trabajo es el de realizar un acercamiento general a las cuestiones más importantes que caracterizan este reciente ámbito de estudio. En primer lugar, se comenta, sucintamente, el estado actual de la psicología ambiental en el contexto geográfico del autor, así como se ofrece una definición de dicha disciplina. Posteriormente, se abordan las tres líneas de investigación que contribuyen, en opinión del autor, ejemplos de cuestiones científicas relevantes para el progreso teórico y aplicado de la disciplina señalada: a) la influencia del tiempo en la preferencia por ambientes; b) las diferentes posiciones teóricas existentes (categorías); c) las relaciones que pueden establecerse entre las características objetivas del paisaje y los juicios psicológicos subjetivos (realidad). ; Environmental preference research has constituted, in the last 20 years, one of the most active fields in the general scope of environmental psychology studies. Such research have fundamentally been promoted by governments, in the most conuntries, in order to manage the so-called scenic resources (valued landscapes which are necessary to preserve or improve). The principal aim pursued in this papper is to present a general view about the foremost questions which characterize this active study field. Initially, state of art of the environmental psychology in The Netherlands has been, briefly, introduced and a definition of this discipline is offered. Subsequently, three lines of investigation in invironmental preference have been pointed out which are, according to the author, examples of scientific questions that are directly relevant for theoretical .and applied progress in the mentioned discipline:a) the influence of time on preference for environments; b) the different theoretical views (categories); c) the relationships between objective characteristics and psychological subjective judgements of landscapes (the real world).

According to the 'Climate Programme' the municipality of Amsterdam has the ambition to reduce the CO2 emissions within the city limits by 40% in the year 2025 compared to the year 1990. To realize this ambition substantial CO2 savings have to be realized at the 375,000 current houses in the city. A special challenge is formed by the houses of historic and visual importance, as the implementation of standard energy saving measures may conflict with the ambition to protect their cultural and historic values. Nyenrode Business University was asked to study the possibilities for a successful combination of ambitions in both fields. This article shows an overview of suggestions that focus on the combination of technical and process orientated innovations which can contribute to the acceleration of the reduction of CO2 emissions in houses of historic and visual importance. The article therefore addresses political and technical as well as financial and process related aspects in implementing energy saving measures in this category of buildings. ; Architecture

According to the 'Climate Programme' the municipality of Amsterdam has the ambition to reduce the CO2 emissions within the city limits by 40% in the year 2025 compared to the year 1990. To realize this ambition substantial CO2 savings have to be realized at the 375,000 current houses in the city. A special challenge is formed by the houses of historic and visual importance, as the implementation of standard energy saving measures may conflict with the ambition to protect their cultural and historic values. Nyenrode Business University was asked to study the possibilities for a successful combination of ambitions in both fields. This article shows an overview of suggestions that focus on the combination of technical and process orientated innovations which can contribute to the acceleration of the reduction of CO2 emissions in houses of historic and visual importance. The article therefore addresses political and technical as well as financial and process related aspects in implementing energy saving measures in this category of buildings.

Intro -- NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS -- NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: AIR QUALITY: MULTI-POLLUTANT LEGISLATION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S PROPOSALS -- PROPOSED LEGISLATION AND LEGISLATIVE ACTION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- APPENDIX. COMPARISON OF MULTI-POLLUTANT CONTROL PROPOSALS -- Chapter 2: NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS THROUGH 2007 -- HIGHLIGHTS -- AIR POLLUTION -- SIX COMMON POLLUTANTS -- GROUND-LEVEL OZONE -- PARTICLE POLLUTION -- LEAD -- TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS -- ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION -- VISIBILITY IN SCENIC AREAS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR QUALITY -- INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTION -- Chapter 3: PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5): IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1997 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESIGNATION PROCESS -- DEMONSTRATING ATTAINMENT WITH THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS -- RECENT ACTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ACHIEVING ATTAINMENT OF THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTION RELATED TO PARTICULATES NAAQS IMPLEMENTATION -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS: TIMELINE AND DELAYS -- Chapter 4: 2006 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD FOR FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5): DESIGNATING NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- EPA'S 2006 CHANGES TO THE PARTICULATES NAAQS -- DESIGNATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- DEMONSTRATING ATTAINMENT WITH THE 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX A. COMPARATIVE TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 1997 AND 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS -- APPENDIX B. COMPARISON OF RECOMMENDED NONATTAINMENT AREAS FOR THE 2006PM2.5 NAAQS AND THE FINAL NONATTAINMENT DESIGNATIONS FOR THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS.

Based on panel data on 124 prefecture-level and above cities from 2003 to 2018, this study investigated the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development and the moderating effect of time-limited rectification by comprehensively using the quasi-DID model, the static spatial Durbin model, and the dynamic spatial Durbin model. The results showed that the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development has a heterogeneous characteristic in terms of tourists and revenue. In addition, the spatial spillover effect and the path dependence have effectively promoted tourism economic development. Furthermore, the effectiveness of time-limited rectification has been proved in this study, while the "beggar-thy-neighbor" effect has, to some extent, weakened the promotional effect of CNSAs on tourism economic development, especially in terms of international tourists and international tourism revenue. Finally, relevant policy implications for the superior department in charge, local governments, and the management department of CNSAs are outlined to provide a practical reference for promoting the high-quality development of the tourism economy in China.

Based on panel data on 124 prefecture-level and above cities from 2003 to 2018, this study investigated the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development and the moderating effect of time-limited rectification by comprehensively using the quasi-DID model, the static spatial Durbin model, and the dynamic spatial Durbin model. The results showed that the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development has a heterogeneous characteristic in terms of tourists and revenue. In addition, the spatial spillover effect and the path dependence have effectively promoted tourism economic development. Furthermore, the effectiveness of time-limited rectification has been proved in this study, while the "beggar-thy-neighbor" effect has, to some extent, weakened the promotional effect of CNSAs on tourism economic development, especially in terms of international tourists and international tourism revenue. Finally, relevant policy implications for the superior department in charge, local governments, and the management department of CNSAs are outlined to provide a practical reference for promoting the high-quality development of the tourism economy in China.