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The article analyzes the basic provisions of the draft federal law "On science, technology and innovation activities in the Russian Federation" related to research and innovation infrastructure. The author presents a comparative analysis of the draft law and the norms of the current federal legislation and other normative acts regulating research and innovation infrastructure. The main methods of the research are comparative, technical, analytical and descriptive. In comparison with the current laws, the draft law gives a fuller description of the research infrastructure, in particular, the definitions of its main objects and components (research equipment, scientific collection, unique scientific installation, core facility, megascience installation, fund to support science, etc.). However, there is still no systematic approach to the issue: the draft law doesn't contain neither the definitions of the research infrastructure and its structural features, nor the precise formulation of the relationship between research and innovation infrastructure. All these gaps don't allow obtaining a single interpretation of the research infrastructure, and is a significant disadvantage of the bill. In its further development, the author also recommends taking into account the foreign experience, especially in regulating scientific collections. For example, it is necessary to consider enshrining scientific collections as bioresource centers to provide an opportunity for their subsequent integration with international databases. The article considers the novel about the core facility as an independent legal entity. In addition, the need for creation of the Registry of core shared research facilities, which is stated in the bill, is questionable, given that the web-portal "Research infrastructure of the Russian Federation" (http://ckp-rf.ru) has been successfully operating since 2011. The latest contains information not only about the core facilities, but also unique scientific installations, as well as the results of their ...

In diesem Artikel werden Kernzuschreibungen von Open Science und Citizen Science in der europäischen Wissenschaftspolitik analysiert und zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Beide Konzepte postulieren und forcieren eine zukünftige Öffnung von Wissenschaft – wobei die Open-Science-Politik vor allem auf den Prozess von Wissenschaft abhebt, während bei der Konzeptualisierung von Citizen Science die Akteure und ihre Interaktionen stärker im Vordergrund stehen. Beiden Ansätzen gemeinsam ist der Anspruch an einen transparenten Forschungsprozess und frei zugängliche Forschungsergebnisse. Es gibt Synergien, was die Einbindung von Bürgerinnen und Bürger sowie die Zugänglichkeit von Forschungsergebnissen und -prozessen angeht. Risiken bestehen, wenn Citizen Science lediglich instrumentalisiert wird, ohne Bürgerinnen und Bürgern eine echte Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. ; This article analyzes core attributes of the concepts of Open Science and Citizen Science in European science policy and relates them to one another. Both concepts postulate and advocate a future opening of science – with Open Science policy focusing on the research process and the conceptualization of Citizen Science placing more emphasis on the actors and their interactions. Both approaches claim transparency with regard to both the research process itself and its results. There are synergies in terms of the involvement of citizens and the accessibility of research results and processes. And there are risks when Citizen Science is merely instrumentalized without allowing for effective participation by citizens.

Ich setze voraus, dass Erfordernisse auf Wissenschaft beinhalten: (1) nicht-physische Ursachen für physische Wirkungen auszuschließen; (2) auch unbewiesene Annahmen und ungeprüfte Dogmen auszuschließen; (3) politisch autonom zu sein; (4) sich auf eine methodische Grundlage zu stützen und (5) im Rahmen der sog. vertikalen Konzeptintegration' zu arbeiten. Ich zeige, dass Strafrechtsdogmatik und Kriminologie, wenn sie Gesellschaft, Recht und die Verbindungen zwischen ihnen beschreiben, Subjekte behaupten, die es nicht gibt. Sie entkleiden Objekte ihrer natürlichen Qualitäten und schreiben ihnen außernatürliche Qualitäten zu. Außerdem behaupten sie Mittel im Kontext dieser Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehungen, die magisch sind, weil ihnen nachvollziehbare natürliche Wirkungen fehlen. ; I presuppose that requirements on science include: (1) to exclude non-physical causes for physical effects; (2) to exclude also unproved assumptions and unchecked dogmata; (3) to be politically autonomous; (4) to rely on a methodical foundation, and (5) to work in the framework of the 'vertical-concept-integration'. I show that criminal law dogmatic and criminology, dealing with society, law and the connections in between them, bring in subjects, which do not exist. They strip objects of their natural qualities and ascribe extra-natural qualities to them. In addition, they claim means in the context of these subject – object- relations which are magical, because they lack comprehensible natural effects.

This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...

The main provisions of Criminal Law relating to the economic category of 'value' are discussed in the article. Text analysis of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicates the need for a uniform understanding of this category, regardless of the criminal law. During the investigation and trial of many types of crimes appraisement is signifcant and needs a deeper comprehension. While appointment, production and evaluation of forensic examinations, the resolution of which raises the question of valuation, inevitable complications arise due to the intricacy of determining the content of the specialized knowledge necessary for their implementation. The main provisions of Criminal Law relating to the economic category of 'value' as well as the interpretations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation concerning value determination in the Criminal Law are discussed in the article. The inadmissibility of forensic appraisal examinations appointment and conduct is justifed, since the goals and norms of the legislation on appraisal and appraisal activities do not always correspond to the tasks and methods of forensic expert valuation of goods, services, cultural values. The necessity of development of new and improvement of existing forensic expert valuation methods in the framework of such examinations as forensic product examination, forensic economics, construction forensic etc. is presented. ; В статье рассмотрены основные положения уголовного права, касающиеся экономической категории стоимости. Анализ текста Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации свидетельствует о необходимости единообразного понимания данной категории вне зависимости от уголовно-правовой нормы. Определение стоимости при расследовании и судебном разбирательстве многих видов преступлений имеет важное значение и нуждается в более глубоком ее понимании. При назначении, производстве и оценке судебных экспертиз, на разрешение которых ставится вопрос об определении стоимости, возникают неизбежные трудности, обусловленные сложностью определения содержания специальных знаний, необходимых для проведения исследований. В статье проанализированы основные положения уголовного права, касающиеся экономической категории стоимости, и разъяснения Верховного Суда Российской Федерации по вопросу определения стоимости в уголовном судопроизводстве. Обоснована недопустимость назначения и проведения судебных оценочных экспертиз, так как цели и нормы законодательства об оценке и оценочной деятельности не всегда соответствуют задачам и методикам судебно-экспертного определения стоимости товаров, услуг, культурных ценностей. Показана необходимость создания новых и совершенствования существующих методик судебно-экспертного определения стоимости в рамках таких экспертиз, как судебно-товароведческая, судебно-экономическая, судебная строительно-техническая и др.

The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.

The methodology. Comparative legal, historical and analytical scientific methods were used. The main results, scope of application. Formation of financial-legal theory in both countries took place under the circumstances of political changes. In relation to the Czechoslovak Republic, the attention is focused on the period from the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the formation of the Czech Republic in 1993, and the main emphasis is made on the period of the 21st century. Periodization of financial law and financial science, and also the system of financial law considers the teaching of financial law and financial science at the Faculty of Law, Charles University. The study also characterizes the process of development of financial law and financial science in pre-revolutionary Russia, highlights the Soviet period of development of financial law, focuses on the problems of development of modern financial law. Periodization of financial law, as well as the system of financial law, are presented from the perspective of teaching of the subject of financial law at the faculties of law. The authors suppose that the modern system of financial law and financial science has retained the original division into two parts, general and specific. All sub-branches of the special part of financial law may be divided into three main blocks: (1) sub-branches of the fiscal part of financial law; (2) sub-branches of the non-fiscal part of financial law; common sub-branches of the non-fiscal part of financial law.Conclusions. The hypothesis about the unity of the principles of financial law and financial science, and public finance as the main category, as well as about the independence of this branch of public law was confirmed during the study. Due to the growing volume of legal regulation in both countries, the historical division of the financial law system is not enough, there is an extensive fragmentation of division in the financial law system. We are observing the emergence of new sub-branches, which are likely to tend to the formation of new branches. ; Предметом исследования являются процессы развития финансового права и финансовой науки в России и Чехии. Формирование финансово-правовой теории в обеих странах происходило в условиях перемен. Исследуемый период в Чехословацкой Республике составляет время от ее образования в 1918 г. и до образования Чешской Республики в 1993 г., в частности, акцент делается на периоде XXI в. Периодизация финансового права и финансовой науки, а также система финансового права понимаются с учетом преподавания финансового права и финансовых наук на юридическом факультете Карлова университета. Также дается характеристика процессу развития финансового права и финансовой науки в дореволюционной России, освещвется советский период развития финансового права, делается акцент на проблемах развития современного финансового права. Периодизация финансового права, а также система финансового права представляются сквозь призму преподавания дисциплины финансового права на юридических факультетах российских высших учебных заведений. Цель исследования определяется в установлении общего и различного в развитии финансово-правовой доктрины обеих стран, определении современных тенденций в формировании как отрасли публичного права и, соответственно, научной и учебной дисциплины. В ходе исследования использованы сравнительно-правовой, исторический и аналитический научные методы. Гипотеза о единстве начал финансового права и финансовой науки и публичных финансах как основной категории, а также о самостоятельности и независимости этой отрасли публичного права нашли свое подтверждение в ходе исследования и изложены в качестве выводов

This article provides an overview of the main Internet-sites for scientiic vacancies. The scientiic labor market is analyzed on the basis of data from the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is revealed that the distribution of vacancies on the portal in diferent areas of science is uneven, most of the vacancies posted on the site are SMET vacancies (Science, Math, Engineering and Technology), there are much fewer vacancies for scientists of the humanitarian proile. The geographical distribution of vacancies is also uneven (with Moscow and Moscow region leading by a large margin). The absolute majority of employers' organizations registered on the portal are government agencies, mostly organizations subordinate to FANO. Average salaries are extremely low, lower than average income by region. Abroad, journals like Science and Nature both have big Internetsites for scientiic vacancies. Placement of announcements about scientiic vacancies on these sites is a paid service. Science is more focused on the American market, while Nature is more international. In any case, both sites have a more extensive geographical coverage in comparison with the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". Moreover, a signiicant part of employers on these sites are private universities commercial enterprises. The average salary for vacancies posted on these sites is much higher than for vacancies on the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is concluded that if the government of the Russian Federation wants to use the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф" as a tool to boost academic mobility in Russia, increase in salary in Russian universities and institutes is necessary, as well as a real representation of these salaries in job descriptions on the website. ; For citation: Malahov VA. The science labor market in Russia and abroad (based on the largest science job portals). Science. Innovation. Education. 2018;4(30): 120–132.

The article concentrates on the most essential elements of a social science as research, whereby research is strictly interpreted as the verification of a theory in a particular field but neither as "theorie sans terrain" nor "terrain sans theorie". Yet even if this particular employment in the field of social science is explicitly conceived of as privileging the logic of discovery and the strictures of proof in opposite to all preconstructed themes, theories and traditions of different disciplines, it cannot simply be reduced to the standpoint of pure logic. Engagement for social science as reflexive research means to further its practical, political acceptance by using the results obtained from research, means fighting for her autonomisation in terms of contributing to the creation of appropriate forms of sociability for its activities and reception (such as the formation of a reading public, discussion forums, effective tools with which to combat social barriers to the attainment of knowledge, etc.). ; The article concentrates on the most essential elements of a social science as research, whereby research is strictly interpreted as the verification of a theory in a particular field but neither as "theorie sans terrain" nor "terrain sans theorie". Yet even if this particular employment in the field of social science is explicitly conceived of as privileging the logic of discovery and the strictures of proof in opposite to all preconstructed themes, theories and traditions of different disciplines, it cannot simply be reduced to the standpoint of pure logic. Engagement for social science as reflexive research means to further its practical, political acceptance by using the results obtained from research, means fighting for her autonomisation in terms of contributing to the creation of appropriate forms of sociability for its activities and reception (such as the formation of a reading public, discussion forums, effective tools with which to combat social barriers to the attainment of knowledge, etc.).

The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.

The article deals with the problematic issues of the process of unification of criminal procedure legislation. Criminal procedure law as a legal phenomenon is studied through the prism of the science of hermeneutics, which examines the problems associated with the meaning of language, its understanding, explanation, interpretation and other aspects that are important for the unification of legislation. The authors note that following hermeneutic logic, criminal procedure law is a science in the sense in which it operates with general basic concepts and makes it possible to bring a specific fact under a typical generalization developed by this science. In criminal procedure law, as in any other law, it is important to understand, explain and interpret its text. The algorithm of full understanding of the text of articles of the criminal procedure law in aspect of hermeneutic logic is offered. Examples of violation of hermeneutic logic are given in articles of the Code of Criminal Procedure, procedural branches of the Russian law and it is concluded that modern lawmaking should take into account the provisions of hermeneutic science in order to preserve the uniform consolidation and interpretation of the fundamental provisions affecting the practice of law enforcement agencies and the court. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемные вопросы процесса унификации уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Уголовно-процессуальный закон как правовое явление исследуется через призму науки герменевтики, которая рассматривает проблемы, связанные со смыслом языка, его пониманием, объяснением, интерпретацией и другими аспектами, имеющими значение для унификации законодательства. Авторами отмечается, что, следуя герменевтической логике, уголовно-процессуальное право является наукой в том понимании, в каком оно оперирует общими базовыми понятиями и дает возможность конкретный факт подвести под типичное обобщение, выработанное данной наукой. В уголовно-процессуальном законе, как и в любом другом, важное значение имеют понимание, объяснение и интерпретация его текста. Предлагается алгоритм полного понимания текста статей уголовно-процессуального закона в аспекте герменевтической логики. Приводятся примеры нарушения герменевтической логики в статьях УПК РФ, процессуальных отраслях российского права, и делается вывод, что современное законотворчество должно принимать во внимание положения герменевтической науки в целях сохранения единообразного закрепления и толкования основополагающих положений, влияющих на практику работы правоохранительных органов и суда.

Der vorliegende Beitrag plädiert für eine differenzierte Interpretation der Open-Science-Idee, nämlich sowohl als umfassendes strukturelles als auch als kulturelles Phänomen. In der öffentlichen Diskussion wird Open Science oftmals auf die strukturelle Öffnung des Publikationsmarktes für die Nachfrageseite reduziert. Dabei wird vernachlässigt, dass Wissenschaft auch aus darüberhinausgehenden Strukturen besteht, beispielsweise der Sozialstruktur wissenschaftlicher Gemeinden, bei denen Mechanismen der Schließung und Öffnung zu beobachten sind. Open Science sollte darüber hinaus als kulturelles Phänomen interpretiert werden. Unter Verwendung des Begriffs "Wissenskulturen" zeigt der Beitrag, dass sich Open Science in der wissenschaftlichen Praxis als prozesshaftes und heterogenes Phänomen darstellt und dass Offenheit für verschiedene Gruppen der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft unterschiedliche Bedeutungen aufweist. ; This paper argues for a differentiated understanding of Open Science. It suggests two interpretations: as a comprehensive structural and a cultural phenomenon. In public and political debates, Open Science is often reduced to strategies of opening up the structures of the publication market to ensure open access to scientific journal articles. Yet, there are other structures that may form the notion of Open Science, for example, the social structures of the scientific community, which are closed for certain social groups as recent data impressively shows. Furthermore, Open Science is a cultural phenomenon. Drawing on the notion of "epistemic cultures", this paper shows that Open Science is not a universal concept but is performed in quite different ways and has different meanings for different groups in the scientific community.

Zielsetzung: Der Beitrag diskutiert, inwiefern es genügt, Open Science, die offene Wissenschaft, auf die rein entgeltfreie Verfügbarkeit von Objekten, z.B. wissenschaftlichen Publikationen im Open Access zu kaprizieren, und welche Rolle Impact-Informationen, die Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftler reaktiv steuern, zukommt sowie, ob diese ebenfalls im Sinne der offenen Wissenschaft neu modelliert werden müssen. Forschungsmethoden: Atbekannte, zitationsbasierte Impact-Metriken und neue, alternative Metriken werden anhand folgender Kriterien daraufhin überprüft, ob sie offene Metriken sind: Wissenschaftliche Überprüfbarkeit und Modellierung, Transparenz in ihrem Zustandekommen und ihrer Methodik, Übereinstimmung mit den Prinzipien des offenen Wissens. Ergebnisse: Weder Zitationsmetriken noch alternative Metriken verdienen das Etikett offen. Es fehlt ihnen allen an wissenschaftlichem Gehalt, meist aber auch an Transparenz und Überprüfbarkeit. Insbesondere können die alternativen Metriken die von ihnen teils erwartete Demokratisierung der Wissenschaftsbewertung nicht bewirken. Schlussfolgerungen: Da weder Zitationsmetriken noch alternative Metriken als offen zu bezeichnen sind, erscheint es notwendig, einen Kriterienkatalog offener Metriken zu erarbeiten. Dieser Katalog umfasst Aspekte wie Begründungen und Dokumentationen bei Auswahl an Datenquellen, offene Bereitstellung der Daten, die der Berechnung der Impact-Scores zugrunde liegen, Möglichkeiten, die Daten und die daraus ermittelten Werte automatisiert abzufragen, logische, wissenschaftliche und dokumentierte Begründungen, anhand welcher Formel oder Parameter die Werte berechnet wurden. ; Objective: The article discusses if it is sufficient to scale down Open Science to a free availability of objects, for example scientific publications (open access), or whether impact metrics that steer science and scientists must also be re-modeled under open science principles. Methods: Well-known, citation-based impact metrics and new, alternative metrics are reviewed using the ...

Zielsetzung— Der Beitrag diskutiert, inwiefern es genügt, Open Science, die offene Wissenschaft, auf die rein entgeltfreie Verfügbarkeit von Objekten, z.B. wissenschaftlichen Publikationen im Open Access zu kaprizieren, und welche Rolle Impact-Informationen, die Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftler reaktiv steuern, zukommt sowie, ob diese ebenfalls im Sinne der offenen Wissenschaft neu modelliert werden müssen.Forschungsmethoden— Altbekannte, zitationsbasierte Impact-Metriken und neue, alternative Metriken werden anhand folgender Kriterien daraufhin überprüft, ob sie offene Metriken sind: Wissenschaftliche Überprüfbarkeit und Modellierung, Transparenz in ihrem Zustandekommen und ihrer Methodik, Übereinstimmung mit den Prinzipien des offenen Wissens.Ergebnisse— Weder Zitationsmetriken noch alternative Metriken verdienen das Etikett offen. Es fehlt ihnen allen an wissenschaftlichem Gehalt, meist aber auch an Transparenz und Überprüfbarkeit. Insbesondere können die alternativen Metriken die von ihnen teils erwartete Demokratisierung der Wissenschaftsbewertung nicht bewirken.Schlussfolgerungen— Da weder Zitationsmetriken noch alternative Metriken als offen zu bezeichnen sind, erscheint es notwendig, einen Kriterienkatalog offener Metriken zu erarbeiten. Dieser Katalog umfasst Aspekte wie Begründungen und Dokumentationen bei Auswahl an Datenquellen, offene Bereitstellung der Daten, die der Berechnung der Impact-Scores zugrunde liegen, Möglichkeiten, die Daten und die daraus ermittelten Werte automatisiert abzufragen, logische, wissenschaftliche unddokumentierte Begründungen, anhand welcher Formel oder Parameter die Werte berechnet wurden. Archiviert in E-LIS ; Objective — The article discusses if it is sufficient to scale down Open Science to a free availability of objects, for example scientific publications (open access), or whether impact metrics that steer science and scientists must also be re-modeled under open science principles.Methods — Well-known, citation-based impact metrics and new, alternative metrics are reviewed using the following criteria to assess whether they are open metrics: Scientific verifiability and modeling, transparency in their construction and methodology, consistency with the principles of open knowledge.Results — Neither citation-based impact metrics nor alternative metrics can be labeled open metrics. They all lack scientific foundation, transparency and verifiability.Conclusions — Since neither citation-based impact metrics nor alternative metrics can be considered open, it seems necessary to draw up a list of criteria for open metrics. This catalog includes aspects such as justifications and documentation for the selection of data sources, open availability of the data underlying the calculation of the impact scores, options to retrieve the data automatically via software interfaces, logical, scientific and documented justifications about the formula or parameters used to calculate impact values. Archived in E-LIS

The article is devoted to the problems of the ideological impact of the law on social processes. The law should have an educational impact on society, this should be a priority for the development of legislation.