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AbstractThe ultimate aim of this paper is to examine the compromises which can be made in order to reach a point where measurement and computation are feasible in some of the quantitative aspects of the social sciences.The basic mathematical theories upon which the social sciences depend include:1. Linear attrition theory including Feller's abstract formulation of parabolic equations.2. Utility theory as a branch of the calculus of variations, described, for example, by G. E. Evans.3. Combination of utility theories and competition in many play games, including Bellman's theory of dynamic programming.Basic empirical aspects of the social sciences include:1. The acquisition of information about probability distributions, such as distribution of demand.2. The testing of hypotheses related to reality, such as a hypothesis of rational behavior as formulated and tested by J. Marschak.3. The intelligent formation of a priori Bayes probabilities and their correction as demanded by L. J. Savage in his The Foundations of Statistics and as carried out by W. A. Smith.4. Observations of value of various competitive situations, based on simulation, experience, or other valid means of practical realization of quantities introduced theoretically in dynamic programming studies.Practical considerations require action after limited observation of existing conditions, and limitations of computational facilities may prohibit complete numerical analysis of situations whose underlying parameters are believed to have been accurately evaluated. This leads to an almost epistemological question as to what can be learned through aggregation of data related to seemingly similar situations and to difficult mathematical questions of reducing the computational extent of problems. Some means of examining these questions will be treated, but the paper will not attempt to present a unified theory covering any substantial set of these problems.

For a discipline that lies beyond the boundaries of what traditionally has been considered the domain of the humanities, political science has not fared badly at the endowment established to promote humanistic knowledge. However, that is a subjective judgment: One of the dubious charms of the NEH has been its failure, until recently, to implement a data collection and retrieval system that could yield information concerning the magnitude of support received by a given discipline. At long last an ADP system, known to its friends as AUGUSTUS (its enemies call it other things), is undergoing debugging. It is scheduled to be fully operational by the end of the current fiscal year.Two additional factors make it difficult to isolate grants awarded in political science. The Endowment, unlike the National Science Foundation, divides its workload principally by the type of audiences at which funded projects are aimed—e.g., the general public, research scholars, educators, community groups—rather than by discipline. Thus, just as there is no English program, so there is no political science program at the Endowment. Projects conducted by political scientists are eligible to compete in all of the funding categories administered by the Divisions of Fellowships, Research Grants, Public Programs, and Education Programs. To the extent that they express local or regional interests and involve a general out-of-school public, they may also compete for funds offered by the State Humanities Committees which serve as regrant agencies for the Endowment.

For a discipline that lies beyond the boundaries of what traditionally has been considered the domain of the humanities, political science has not fared badly at the endowment established to promote humanistic knowledge. However, that is a subjective judgment: One of the dubious charms of the NEH has been its failure, until recently, to implement a data collection and retrieval system that could yield information concerning the magnitude of support received by a given discipline. At long last an ADP system, known to its friends as AUGUSTUS (its enemies call it other things), is undergoing debugging. It is scheduled to be fully operational by the end of the current fiscal year.Two additional factors make it difficult to isolate grants awarded in political science. The Endowment, unlike the National Science Foundation, divides its workload principally by the type of audiences at which funded projects are aimed—e.g., the general public, research scholars, educators, community groups—rather than by discipline. Thus, just as there is no English program, so there is no political science program at the Endowment. Projects conducted by political scientists are eligible to compete in all of the funding categories administered by the Divisions of Fellowships, Research Grants, Public Programs, and Education Programs. To the extent that they express local or regional interests and involve a general out-of-school public, they may also compete for funds offered by the State Humanities Committees which serve as regrant agencies for the Endowment.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction: -- Social science aspects of current HIV/AIDS research -- Hugh Klein(1 and Joav Merrick2,3,4,5 -- Introduction -- Social science efforts -- Social aspects -- References -- Social science aspects -- Chapter I -- Condom use measurement in adolescent HIV prevention research: Is briefer better? -- Christopher D. Houck1,*, Angela Stewart2, Larry K. Brown1 and the Project SHIELD Study Group -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Our findings -- Discussion -- Social science implications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter II -- Internet advice on disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners in an era of criminalization -- Bronwen Lichtenstein* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Evolving law on criminal non-disclosure -- Public health models for HIV prevention -- The law versus medicine -- The disclosure dilemma -- The study -- Results -- Priority rankings -- Value rankings -- How useful is the US advice? -- Whose responsibility? -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter III -- Childhood maltreatment and HIV risk-taking among men using the internet specifically to find partners for unprotected sex -- Hugh Klein*1,2 and David Tilley3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Measures used -- Analysis -- Our findings -- Childhood maltreatment and HIV risk practices -- Childhood maltreatment and attitudes toward condom use -- Childhood maltreatment and self-esteem -- Testing the structural equation model shown in figure 2 -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter IV -- Understanding the agreements and behaviors of men who have sex with men who are dating or married to women: Unexpected implications for a universal HIV/STI testing protocol -- Jason W. Mitchell,1 David A. Moskowitz2,* and David W. Seal3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Measures used.

The development of contemporary scientific knowledge is marked above all by 2 interpenetrating tendencies: differentiation & integration. The emergence of many new branches of science, cybernetics, information theory, bionics, sociometrics, mathematical linguistics, econometry, etc is linked to the opposite tendency of integration. New theories emerge as a rule on the borders of existing science (biochemistry, mathematical logic, etc). The most promising development of scientific knowledge at present appears to be at the cutting edges of different branches; interdisciplinary research is a basic need of our time. The relationship between man & society is analyzed. Although man always bears the stamp of his origins, he is a result & product not of biological evolution but of social development. Man becomes genuinely human when he creates tools, instruments & means of production. Together with human thought emerged articulate speech. The origins of man were closely connected with the use of language. The essence of man is the totality of SR. Human consciousness as well as language can be understood only in connection with societal environment. Thinking is a social function & it is organically linked with articulate speech. Society, consciousness, language (speech), developed simultaneously & are mutually interdependent. A science of man can be created only through a multifaceted approach. Modified AA.

Frontmatter -- Preface: Converging technologies from the nanoscale require enhanced ethics -- Forewords -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction: Overall vision of ethics in nanotechnology developments -- Embedding ethics in nanomedicine: Europe acted promptly -- List of contributing authors -- About the editors -- Part I: International reflection -- 1 Toward a revitalized vision of ethics and safety for the revolutionary nanotechnologies -- Part II: Nanotechnology expansions raising ethical concerns -- 2 Nanotechnology in agrifood sector: Ethical, regulatory, and governance landscape in EU -- 3 Defining nanoscience and nano-ethics: why does the future need nanoproducts? -- 4 Streaching the notion of moral responsibility in nanoelectronics by appying AI -- 5 Risk screening tools for engineered nanomaterials -- 6 Nano-ethics: A view from a developing country -- Part III: Nanotechnology philosophy: Dilemmas and ethical issues -- 7 Christian thinking and acting in nanotechnologies: Reflection based on the principles and values of the Social Teaching of the Church based on apps concerning old people -- 8 Ethical imperatives towards the development prospects of the triad of Dentistry 4.0, dental engineering, and nanoengineering -- 9 Debate: Nanoparticles – a blessing or a curse? -- 10 The broad spectrum of ethics in nanoscience and nanotechnology: A reflection from scientific research to the media -- Part IV: Ethical recommendations for promising technology -- 11 From big statements to anecdotal and incremental regulation: Nanotechnology and the law in the EU -- 12 Emerging nanoregulations: zapping the mythical absence of nanotechnology law -- 13 Contemporary global bioethical challenges of innovation in nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals -- 14 Nanotechnology and ethics in dialogue -- 15 Revitalizing nano-ethics: Nanotechnology at the center of nano-ethics -- 16 Reflections on nano-ethics the way forward toward equitable and safe nanotechnology for all -- Conclusion -- Index