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Science is facing a multi-faceted crisis: in terms of quality, of public value, of political legitimacy. To a signi¡cant degree, these problems ¡nd their origin in the widely held belief that unfettered scientif¡c curiosity provides the best starting point or departure for solving bothscientif¡c and social problems. In this article I show how this belief has contributed to a scientif¡c enterprise whose exponentially growing productivity is increasingly decoupled from meeting the standards of high quality or the needs of society. I contrast the ideals of unfetteredscientif¡c inquiry with real stories of how science, innovation, and problem solving came together in the institutional arrangements of the "military-industrial complex" after World War II. Through an array of contemporary and historical examples stronger links, I show how stronger links between the context of knowledge creation, and the context of problem solving, provides the pathway along which science can recover both its integrity and its commitment to society. ; La ciencia enfrenta una crisis multifacética –de calidad, valor público y legitimidad política– cuyo origen es, en gran medida, la creencia de que la simple curiosidad científica ayuda a resolver problemas científicos y sociales. Este artículo muestra que esa creencia afecta cada vez más la capacidad de la empresa científica para satisfacer los estándares de alta calidad y las necesidades de la sociedad, a pesar de su creciente productividad. Contrasta el ideal de la libre investigación con episodios reales de interrelación entre ciencia, innovación y solución de problemas después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Y, con ejemplos actuales e históricos, muestra que es necesario vincular más estrechamente la creación de conocimiento a la solución de problemas para que la ciencia recupere su integridad y cumpla sus promesas y su responsabilidad con la sociedad.

ReseñaTítulo: The Politics of Political Science: Re-Writing Latin American ExperiencesAutor: Paulo RaveccaAño de publicación: 2019Edición: PrimeraPáginas: 292ISBN: 978 0815363088Editorial: Routledge La Política de la Ciencia Política de Paulo Ravecca ofrece un magnífico análisis sobre varios puntos fundamentales dentro de la institucionalización de la ciencia política y su epistemología. El libro de Ravecca es, en esencia, novedoso tanto en los temas que aborda como en su aproximación metodológica: un análisis comparado que triangula con investigación autoetnográfica, una forma poco convencional en la investigación social.

The aim of this project is to provide reliable information about public investment in science, in order to allow citizens to exercise their rights: to be informed in a transparent way, to control their government's actions and to bring their ideas to guide the country's policies on public investment in science. The web application Transparency Science has been developed to cover these needs. It presents the topics and the amount of investment in science by collecting and processing the data from several open sources of the Spanish government. Different visualizations facilitate the understanding of the return of investment in science by citizens. Their participation are promoted through three ways: the first, a voting system; the second, a commenting system for collecting citizens' opinion in natural language; finally, a crowdfunding system for proposed actions/petitions/etc, driven by the citizen himself, based on the detected topics with the feedback system. The application will use the most popular social networks to spread the proposals and promote the participation of the community. Keywords: social network, vote system, crowdfunding, public investment, open data, open government, citizen participation, transparency, data visualization, data mining. Copyright: Copyright is held by the author(s). Contact: liconoc@upv.es, crifonju@ei.upv.es, paumoal@inf.upv.es, dievalhu@inf.upv.es

Introduction: There are differets ways to design a Curriculum for Master of Science in Physiology to train postgraduate students. Objective: to design a Curriculum for Master of Science in Physiology to train postgraduate students in Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) of Uganda. Methods: MUST was founded in 1989 and its Academic programmes are intended to be tailored towards the Government effort of solving Uganda's economic problems by producing the skilled manpower in all relevant areas. There are 7 Degree programmes and 12 Master's Degree Programmes, one of which was Physiology. The Department of Physiology was a pioneer in the Faculty of Medicine and had been training postgraduate students for some time without a proper curriculum. New regulations and guidelines together with the development of science and teaching demanded to generate a new Curriculum for Master in Physiology in order to resume the training at MUST according to the current needs and standards. During one year and under the guidance of the Curriculum Committee Faculty of Medicine, different steps were followed to come up with a product able to satisfy the requirements. Accomplished tasks included: identification of mandatory courses based on the need of a physiologist with knowledge in all areas to be able to train undergraduates through Physiology with research and teaching skills; a large search of curricula followed by several universities in Uganda and abroad; several meetings, discussions, workshops to review contents, objectives, skills and the overall structure according to the guidelines, and review after submissions. Results: The curriculum was designed, presented, reviewed at the different established levels and approved to resume the training of postgraduate students in the area of Physiology by the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MUST. The first group of postgraduates started their training following this curriculum in August 2016.Conclusions: As a result of the request by the Dean, Faculty of ...

The relationship between science and economy is a trendy issue, both in the scientific field as in the entrepreneurial and political arena. The main purpose of this work is to show in a synthetic way the state of the art of this matter. To this aim, we put forward the analysis of science developed by economists, focusing in the controversies between the neoclassical and the evolutionary perspective. We also review the empirical evidence offered by different works and sum up the main arguments of the present debate about how science should be organized. Main conclusions show that science and economy are closely related and that their links are complex and dynamic, so that flexible approaches are required in the management and evaluation of the relationship. ; La relación entre ciencia y economía es un tema de gran actualidad, atrae la atención tanto en el mundo científico como en el empresarial y el político. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consiste en mostrar de forma sintética el estado del arte sobre esta cuestión. Para ello, se presenta el análisis de la ciencia realizado por los economistas, prestando especial atención a las controversias existentes entre la perspectiva neoclásica y evolucionista, se repasa la evidencia empírica existente a partir de trabajos de muy distinta naturaleza y se resumen las líneas principales del debate actual acerca el modelo de organización de la ciencia. Las principales conclusiones del estudio muestran que ciencia y economía se hallan íntimamente relacionadas y que sus vínculos son complejos y dinámicos, por lo que se requieren planteamientos flexibles en la gestión y evaluación de dicha relación.

In this edition of the magazine Papeles we encounter two topics greatly linked to oneother: first, a debate centred on science, its constitutive exactitude and the teachingof it in universities; in particular, the contemporary debate regarding the scientificmethod found in the Social Sciences, with their fundamental pillars: objectivity, thesubject and truth, together functioning as the core concepts of distancing with regardto both natural and formal sciences. Second, it seems right to utilise this monographicpublication as an homage to one of the greatest intellectuals of our time, to a manwho has dedicated his life to the study of two linguistic paths, one being the marvellousworld of the brain, akin to a neuronal network whose role is to permanentlyreconstruct our surrounding reality, and the other, the discursive implications andmanipulations that have led to social and political injustices committed by those whohave manipulated modern society's political and economic power, including appropriatingthe virtues of science in order to subjugate the ignorant. And throughout thisstudy and this particular stance, Noam Chomsky has been a beacon of rigour, and ofthe need to offer support to the discipline of knowledge through intelligible discourse,forever with the interdisciplinary openness required in the field of current-day scientificdevelopment, and forever conscious of the limits of science so as to account forman's complexity.

These notes present a basic overview of the most relevant aspects of the role of scientific journals in open science; for the review, the definition of open science established by the European Union forum is examined. The given concept covers many areas of academic society; furthermore, open science is supported by open data, open source, open access, and open review. It has a clear, free, discovered, broad and expeditious methodology; with open sources in software and hardware that allow the entire community greater accessibility. The purpose of open science is the production of public scientific goods through the exchange of results and collaboration. The characteristics that a scientific journal and its repositories should have are carefully analyzed; as well as, the contradictions in society in the face of open science policies are also studied. The advances of open science in Venezuela are also presented. To conclude that the goal of open science is to promote communication between researchers in an area of knowledge and enable scientific knowledge to reach broader sectors of society for technological development.

A diferencia de las ciencias exactas, las ciencias sociales (en especial la ciencia política) buscan identificar y describir los fenómenos sociales con mayor precisión explicando de una manera convincente lo que ha sucedido en el pasado, los resultados probables que están ocurriendo en el presente e imaginar lo que podría suceder en el futuro. Schmitter en su intento de explicar la complejidad de la política contemporánea con todos los problemas de medición y comprensión que conlleva, busca conceptualizar en este texto la razón por la cual se ejercen ciertas formas de poder y cuáles son sus efectos.

El periodista científico es uno de los principales responsables en la cadena de transmisión e interpretación hacia la sociedad de toda noticia, novedad o avance de carácter científico. A su vez, una información científica rigurosa, comprensible y de calidad es, además, un indicador del desarrollo social. La demanda de este tipo de información crece cada día en nuestras sociedades, tanto por parte de los gobiernos como de los ciudadanos. Por este motivo, y con el objetivo de esclarecer cuál es el perfil de los periodistas científicos que deben lidiar con tal responsabilidad, cómo se han formado y cómo ellos mismos creen que deberían haber sido formados, en esta investigación analizamos los perfiles académicos (tanto el real como el ideal) de estos profesionales en España. Utilizando una metodología etnográfica, basada en entrevistas, cuestionarios y focus group con periodistas científicos que trabajan en los principales medios españoles, analizamos su trayectoria académica y sus consideraciones y propuestas al respecto. Los resultados muestran un escenario complejo y heterogéneo, pero también revelan que la mayoría de los periodistas científicos no solo no goza de una titulación universitaria en el ámbito científico, sino que tampoco la considera necesaria. Los periodistas científicos son críticos con el sistema educativo y consideran que la mejor forma de aprender es trabajar en los medios, más que estudiar ; Science journalists are mainly responsible for publicly communicating science, which, in turn, is a major indicator of the social development of democratic societies. The transmission of quality scientific information that is rigorously researched and understandable is therefore crucial, and demand for this kind of information from both governments and citizens is growing. We analyzed the academic profiles of a representative sample of practicing science journalists in Spain to clarify what training they had received and how they perceived the quality and scope of this training. Using an ethnographic methodology based on a survey, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with science journalists working for the main Spanish media (mainly printed press, audiovisual, Internet and news agencies), we analyze their academic backgrounds and collect information on their opinions and proposals. Our findings depict a complex and heterogeneous scenario and also reveal that most science journalists not only do not have any scientific training, but also do not even consider this to be necessary to exercise as science reporters. They also criticize the current system for training journalists and consider that the best way of learning the profession is by acquiring experience on the job

Balanced multilingualism in science ; In this paper, I propose balanced multilingualism as a useful concept for governing the tensions between strategies for internationalization and excellence in research on the one hand and strategies for promoting societal relevance, responsibility and impact of research on the other. I demonstrate that balanced multilingualism can be a dynamic and empirically based concept with which it will be possible to promote both types of strategies at the same time. The concept is first introduced in relation to some main research policies and instruments of the European Union (The European Research Area; The European Research Council; Responsible Research and Innovation; Open Science; Citizen Science) and to the situation in Morocco as it was mirrored and discussed at the international conference on Research Evaluation: Issues, methods and tools in Rabat in December 2017. Then follows two examples of how the concept of balanced bilingualism has already influenced policies for research funding and scholarly publishing in Norway. I conclude with a summary of the requirements for making use of the concept to align policies for international excellence and societal responsibility in research. ; publishedVersion

SUMARIO EditorialBelandria, Margarita Artículos La nueva concepción de la Ley en la Constitución venezolana de 1999 The new conception of law in the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution González R., Javier La justicia, ¿Una virtud necesaria? The justice, A necessary virtue? Guarisma Mérida, Aidalíz Derechos humanos, interculturalidad y racionalidad de resistencia Human rights and rationality of resistance Herrera Flores, Joaquín El estado de apertura (Erschlossenheit) y la esencia del lenguaje The state of disclosure and the essence of language Hocevar, Drina El problema de la libertad The problem of freedom Jáuregui, Ramón M. De la violencia a la retórica en la construcción de la civilidad (O de los espacios prepolíticos a los espacios deliberativos) From violence to rhetoric in civility construction (Or from prepolitical spaces to deliberative spaces) Pino de Casanova, Malin ¿Historia universal o local? Una cuestión de especial trascendencia en el campo de la jurisprudencia Universal or local history? A matter of special transcendence in the field of jurisprudence Puy Muñoz, Francisco Contra la democracia Against democracy López Corredoira, Martín Un punto de vista práctico sobre el derecho A practical point of view about law Otero Parga, Milagros El derecho en Antígona ¿Natural o positivo? Law in Antigone. Natural or positive law? Parodi Remón, Carlos Por la democracia For democracy Suzzarini, Andrés La ciencia según Hegel Science according Hegel Vásquez, Eduardo Responsabilidad civil y responsabilidad moral. Hacia una responsabilidad civil más objetiva Civil responsibility and moral responsibility. Towards a more objective civil responsibility Vielma Mendoza, Yoleida Recensiones Finnis, John: El autor y su obra Reseñado por: Hoèevar, Mayda Aguayo, Enrique: Introducción al pensamiento jurídico-filosófico de Eduardo García Máynez Reseñado por: González R., Javier ; eduardovasquez@cantv.net ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

An interview with Richard Levins, a scientist who never accepted divisions between disciplines, nor between science and other human activities, such as politics, for example.

The following article summarizes the meta-analysis of policies towards gender equality in science and research across Europe spanning the years 1980 to 2008. Observed overarching trends in the research literature are summarized, including the impact of higher education restructuring on gender equality in science and research and measures for advancing women's science careers. The article closes by stressing three key challenges: first, the integration of gender policy assessment with theories of social change; second, the gendering of innovation policy; and third, re-addressing the question of power and political struggle in relation to policy.