Suchergebnisse

The proper preservation of both current and historical scientific data will underpin a multitude of ecological, economic and political decisions in the future of our society. The SCIDIP-ES project addresses the long-term persistent storage, access and management needs of scientific data by providing preservation infrastructure services. Taking exemplars from the Earth Science domain we highlight the key preservation challenges and barriers to be overcome by the SCIDIP-ES infrastructure. SCIDIP-ES augments existing science data e-infrastructures by adding specific services and toolkits, which implement core preservation concepts, thus guaranteeing the long-term access to data assets across and beyond their designated communities. ; European Space Agency ESA-ESRIN, Italy, Alliance for Permanent Access, The Netherlands, Science and Technology Facility Council, United Kingdom.

Many major questions in earth science research today are not matters of the behavior of physical systems alone, but of the interaction of physical and social systems. Information and assumptions about human behavior, human institutions and infrastructures, and human reactions and responses, as well as consideration of social and monetary costs, play a role in climate prediction, hydrological research, and earthquake risk assessment. The incorporation of social factors into "physical" models by scientists with little or no training in the humanities or social sciences creates ground for concern as to how well such factors are represented, and thus how reliable the resulting knowledge claims might be. Yet science studies scholars have scarcely noticed this shift, let alone analyzed it, despite its potentially profound epistemic – and potentially social – consequences.

An introduction to combustion in organic materials -- Smouldering fires in natural fuels -- Experimental understanding of wildland fires -- Wildland fire behaviour and danger ratings -- Satellite remote sensing of wildfires -- Understanding the ecological impacts of fires -- Plant adaptations to fire an evolutionary perspective -- Fire and the land surface -- Black carbon in soils and sediments -- Identifying past fire events -- A 21,000 year history of fire -- A 450 million year history of fire -- The atmospheric impact of wildfires -- Experiments on atmospheric oxygen and fire -- Fire feedbacks on atmospheric oxygen -- Biochar and carbon sequestration.

Humans have difficulty thinking at the global scale. Yet as we come to understand our planet as a single, interconnected, complex system and encounter compelling evidence of human impact on Earth's climate and biosphere, the need for a truly global effort is increasingly urgent. In this concise and accessible text, David P. Turner presents an overview of global environmental change and a synthesis of research and ideas from the rapidly evolving fields of earth system science and sustainability science that is suitable for anyone interested in humanity's current predicaments and what we can do about them.The Green Marble examines Earth's past, contemporary human disruption, and the prospects for global environmental governance. Turner emphasizes the functioning of the biosphere—the totality of life on Earth—including its influence on geologic history, its sensitivity to human impacts, and its possible role in ameliorating climate change. Relying on models of the earth system that synthesize vast amounts of monitoring information and recent research on biophysical processes, The Green Marble describes a range of scenarios for our planetary home, exploring the effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and factors such as economic globalization. Turner juxtaposes cutting-edge ideas from both the geosciences and the social sciences to illustrate how humanity has arrived upon its current dangerous trajectory, and how we might pull back from the brink of civilization-challenging environmental change. Growing out of the author's popular course on global environmental change, The Green Marble is accessible to non-science majors and provides a framework for understanding the complex relationship of humanity to the global environment.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Exploring the Microbial World -- 1.2 The DNA Sequencing Revolution: Historical Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 The Architecture of Microbial Genomes -- Introduction -- 2.1 Genome Size, Organization, and Replication -- 2.2 Nucleotide Composition -- 2.3 Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Microbial Genomes -- 2.3.1 The Role of Viruses in Promoting Genomic Diversity -- 2.4 Genomic Diversity in Microbial Communities -- 2.5 Does Genomic Diversity Matter? -- References -- Chapter 3 Application of Omics Approaches to Earth and Environmental Sciences: Opportunities and Challenges -- Introduction -- 3.1 New Perspectives on Microbial Biogeochemistry -- 3.1.1 Redefining the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles -- 3.1.2 Omics as Sensitive and Efficient Tracers of Biogeochemical Processes -- 3.1.3 Omics Data is Valuable for Biogeochemical Models -- 3.1.4 Understanding Biotic Responses and Feedbacks to Global Change -- 3.2 A Genomic Record of Biological and Geochemical Evolution -- 3.3 Challenges and Limitations of Omics Approaches -- 3.4 Omics as a Complement to Other Approaches -- References -- Chapter 4 Overview of Approaches: From Whole-Community Shotgun Sequencing to Single-Cell Genomics -- Introduction -- 4.1 Choosing the Right Approach -- 4.1.1 Whole-Community Approaches -- 4.1.2 Targeted Approaches: Physical, Microbiological, and Isotopic Enrichment -- 4.1.3 Single-Cell Genomics -- 4.2 Experimental Design and Sampling Considerations -- 4.2.1 Replication -- 4.2.2 Estimating Sequencing Effort: How Much Sequencing Do I Need to Do? -- 4.2.3 From Sample to Data: Biases Due to Preservation, Storage, Extraction, and Sequencing -- 4.2.4 Estimating Absolute Abundance with Internal Standards

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Predicting Summer Monsoon Rainfall in the Indian Context: Impact and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Impact of Monsoon Rainfall and the Need for Prediction -- Impact of Extremely Heavy Rainfall in a Short Duration of Time -- Impact due to Excess Rainfall over a Long Duration -- Impact of Deficient Rainfall -- Impact of Intraseasonal and Interannual Variability of Rainfall -- Challenges in Predicting Monsoon Rainfall -- History of Predictor Identification -- Predictability of Monsoon Rainfall -- Parameters That Influence Predictability of the Monsoons -- Prediction Skill of Dynamic Models -- Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Monsoon Rainfall Prediction -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Urban Mining of Rare Earth Elements from E-Waste: Progress, Challenges and Perspectives -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Global Rare Earth (RE) Element Reserves -- The Largest REE Producers -- RE Ores and Extraction Processes -- Rare Earth Supply and Demand Trends -- NdFeB Permanent Magnets -- NdFeB Magnet Application Areas -- NdFeB Magnet Recycling -- NdFeB Magnet Production Technology -- Traditional NdFeB Magnet Production from Primary Ores/Metals -- Magnet-to-Magnet NdFeB Recycling Route -- Automotive NdFeB Magnets -- Recycling of Magnets from PM Motors -- Disassembly and Dismantling of Rotor and Stator -- HDD Magnets -- Air Conditioner Compressor NdFeB Magnets -- Wind Turbines -- NdFeB Magnet Recycling -- Resintering of Scrap NdFeB Magnets -- Recasting and Melt Spinning of Sintered NdFeB Magnet Scrap -- Hydrogen Processing of Magnet Scrap (HPMS)/Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD) -- Hydrogen Disproportion Desorption and Recombination (HDDR) Process -- Magnet-to-Magnet Recycling -- Waste-to-REE Recycling -- Leaching REEs from NdFeB Magnets -- Precipitation Separation.

Citizen science can be thought of as a tremendous catalyst for making Digital Earth a participation model of our world. This chapter presents a wide overview of the concept and practice of citizen science in terms of the technologies and social impact. Definitions of citizen science and various existing approaches to citizen involvement are described, from simple contributions to projects proposed by someone else to the design and planning of science as a bottom-up process. To illustrate these concepts, the relevant example of OpenStreetMap is described in detail, and other examples are mentioned and briefly discussed. Social innovation connected with citizen science is focused on to highlight different levels of direct citizen contributions to scientific research and indirect effects on academia, and studies driven by new questions that may support responsible research and innovation (RRI), governments and public administration in making better informed decisions. Despite its growth and success in relatively few years, citizen science has not fully overcome a number of persistent challenges related to quality, equity, inclusion, and governance. These themes and related complex facets are discussed in detail in the last section of the chapter.

'Life, War, Earth' is excitingly speculative yet empirically responsible. Protevi shows that Deleuze's ontology of the virtual, intensive, and actual [or just 'Deleuze's philosophy'] helps us understand crucial new issues in geography, cognitive science and biology. In linking the geo-political, the bio-neuro-political, and the techno-political, 'Life, War, Earth' continues Protevi's unique analysis, begun in 'Political Affect', of 'bodies politic' that go 'above, beyond, and alongside the subject'