Suchergebnisse

The availability of real-time information on sea ice conditions in ice covered seas has always been important, not only to strategic military operations, but to the economies of those countries that border the Arctic and its marginal seas. Knowledge of the thickness and movement of sea ice as well as the locations of open water is required for traversing the Arctic whether in a drill ship, in a cargo vessel or in an ice strengthened ship such as a Coast Guard ice breaker. ; This work has been funded through the Office of Naval Research's Navy Ocean Modeling and Prediction Program (program element 602435), the Office of Naval Research's High Latitude Dynamics Program (program element 61153) and the Naval Space and Warfare Systems Command (program element 603207N).

The Ice Branch of Environment Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service is responsible for providing information about ice conditions in Canada's offshore areas. Principal clients include the Canadian Coast Guard, commercial shipping companies, the oil and gas industry and fishermen, who all require accurate information on ice distribution in near real-time. In order to provide this information, the Ice Branch employs a Challenger jet aircraft equipped with dual wide-swath synthetic aperture radars and a Dash-7 equipped with a real aperture side-looking airborne radar. These aircraft image approximately 100 million sq km annually. Radar image data from these aircraft are downlinked during flight via an S-band telemetry link to Coast Guard icebreakers and to satellite stations in the Ice Reconnaissance Data Network, which relays the data to the Ice Centre in Ottawa. There, the data are integrated with remotely sensed data from satellites and are used as the basis for ice analysis charts produced and distributed by radio facsimile on a daily basis.Key words: sea ice, remotes ensing, Arctic, radar, shipping,s atellite, data communication ; Mots clés: glace de mer, télé-détection, arctique, radar, navigation, satellite, communications digitales

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Sea Ice in the Arctic Paleoenvironments -- Chapter 3. Marginal Ice Zone and Ice-Air-Ocean Interactions -- Chapter 4. Changes in Arctic Sea Ice Cover in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries -- Chapter 5. Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Volume Transformation -- Chapter 6. SAR Sea Ice Type Classification and Drift Retrieval in the Arctic -- Chapter 7. Sea Ice Drift in the Arctic -- Chapter 8. Sea Ice Modelling -- Chapter 9. Operational Forecasting of Sea Ice in the Arctic Using TOPAZ System -- Chapter 10. Current and Projected Sea Ice in the Arctic in the Twenty-First Century -- Chapter 11. Climate Change Impact on the Arctic Economy -- Chapter 12. Annex: SAR Sea Ice Interpretation Guide

Abstract
Forecasts of sea ice evolution in the Arctic region for several months ahead can be of considerable socioeconomic value for a diverse range of marine sectors and for local community supply logistics. However, subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts represent a significant technical challenge, and translating user needs into scientifically manageable procedures and robust user confidence requires collaboration among a range of stakeholders. We developed and tested a novel, transdisciplinary coproduction approach that combined socioeconomic scenarios and participatory, research-driven simulation gaming to test a new S2S sea ice forecast system with experienced mariners in the cruise tourism sector. Our custom-developed computerized simulation game known as "ICEWISE" integrated sea ice parameters, forecast technology, and human factors as a participatory environment for stakeholder engagement. We explored the value of applications-relevant S2S sea ice prediction and linked uncertainty information. Results suggest that the usefulness of S2S services is currently most evident in schedule-dependent sectors but is expected to increase as a result of anticipated changes in the physical environment and continued growth in Arctic operations. Reliable communication of uncertainty information in sea ice forecasts must be demonstrated and trialed before users gain confidence in emerging services and technologies. Mariners' own intuition, experience, and familiarity with forecast service provider reputation impact the extent to which sea ice information may reduce uncertainties and risks for Arctic mariners. Our insights into the performance of the combined foresight/simulation coproduction model in brokering knowledge across a range of domains demonstrates promise. We conclude with an overview of the potential contributions from S2S sea ice predictions and from experiential coproduction models to the development of decision-driven and science-informed climate services.