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By shipping arms and providing military experts to Central American governments, Israel is repaying an historic debt to these nations for the role they played in the UN in promoting Israeli statehood in the wake of the Second World War. Yet, whereas the debt is owed to liberal Central American regimes, it is being repaid to military dictatorships and to rightist opposition forces like the Nicaraguan Contra rebels

Even if international judicialization is far from being new, after the Second World War the relationships between states have increasingly been handled by international organizations, lead by the United Nations. The consequence of this change has been four folded: diplomats have been replaced by lawyers; the relationship between states has been solidified; conflicts between different industries have been internationalized; and the sovereignty of the state has been jeopardized. L. Pitkaniemi

A review essay on books by (1) Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence. American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Routledge, 2002); (2) Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny. American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995); & (3) Warren Zimmermann, First Great Triumph. How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2002). 20 References.